Gender studies Portal

Gender studies is a field of interdisciplinary study which analyzes the phenomenon of gender. Esh EshIt examines both cultural representations of gender and people's lived experience. Gender Studies is sometimes related to studies of class, race, ethnicity and location.^[1] Image File history File links Portal. ... // What is science? There are different theories of what science is. ... Interdisciplinary work is that which integrates concepts across different disciplines. ... Gender in common usage refers to the sexual distinction between male and female. ... Look up Experience in Wiktionary, the free dictionary This article discusses the general concept of experience. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... For other uses, see Race. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ...

The philosopher Simone de Beauvoir said: “One is not born a woman, one becomes one.”^[2] In Gender Studies the term "gender" is used to refer to the social and cultural constructions of masculinities and femininities. It does not refer to biological difference, but rather cultural difference.^[3] The field emerged from a number of different areas: the sociology of the 1950s and later (see Sociology of gender); the theories of the psychoanalyst Jaques Lacan; and the work of feminists such as Judith Butler. Each field came to regard "gender" as a practice, sometimes referred to as something that is performative.^[4] Feminist theory of psychoanalysis, articulated mainly by Julia Kristeva^[5] (the "semiotic" and "abjection") and Bracha Ettinger^[6] (the "matrixial trans-subjectivity" and the "primal mother-phantasies"), and informed both by Freud, Lacan and the Object relations theory, is very influential in Gender studies. La Beauvoir redirects here; also see: Beauvoir (disambiguation). ... Social scientists and literary scholars have claimed that many things are social constructions or social constructs, or that they have been socially constructed. ... The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... Sociology of gender is a prominent subfield of sociology. ... Jacques Lacan Jacques Lacan (April 13, 1901 – September 9, 1981) was an influential French psychoanalyst as well as a structuralist who based much of his theories on Ferdinand de Saussures theories on language. ... Image:J Butler. ... The Performative is the part of speech representing the information conveyed by the fact that a speaker chose to say a particular sentence. ... Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical, ground. ... Today psychoanalysis comprises several interlocking theories concerning the functioning of the mind. ... Julia Kristeva in 2007 Julia Kristeva (Bulgarian: ) (born 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist, and, most recently, novelist, who has lived in France since the mid-1960s. ... Bracha L. Ettinger (also known as Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger, Bracha Ettinger, Hebrew: ברכה אטינגר, ברכה ליכטנברג-אטינגר) is a renowned artist, painter, photographer, theorist and psychoanalyst. ... Sigmund Freud His famous couch Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior. ... In psychodynamics, Object relations theory is the idea that the ego-self exists only in relation to other objects, which may be external or internal. ...

Studying gender

Studies of gender have been undertaken in many academic areas, such as literary theory, drama studies, film theory, performance theory, contemporary art history, anthropology, sociology, psychology and psychoanalysis. These disciplines sometimes differ in their approaches to how and why they study gender. For instance in anthropology, sociology and psychology, gender is often studied as a practice, whereas in cultural studies representations of gender are more often examined. Gender Studies is also a discipline in itself: an interdisciplinary area of study that incorporates methods and approaches from a wide range of disciplines. Literary theory is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism. ... Film theory debates the essence of the cinema and provides conceptual frameworks for analyzing, among other things, the film image, narrative structure, the function of film artists, the relationship of film to reality, and the film spectators position in the cinematic experience. ... This article is about the academic discipline of art history. ... This article is about the social science. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the scientific or systematic study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous... {redirect|Psychological science|the journal|Psychological Science (journal)}} Not to be confused with Phycology. ... Today psychoanalysis comprises several interlocking theories concerning the functioning of the mind. ... Interdisciplinarity is the act of drawing from two or more academic disciplines and integrating their insights to work together in pursuit of a common goal. ...

Influences of gender studies

Gender studies and psychoanalytic theory

Sigmund Freud

Some feminist critics have dismissed the work of Sigmund Freud as sexist, because of his view that women are 'mutilated and must learn to accept their lack of a penis' (in Freud's terms a "deformity").^[7] On the other hand, feminist theorists such as Juliet Mitchell, Nancy Chodorow, Jessica Benjamin, Jane Gallop, Bracha Ettinger, Shoshana Felman, Griselda Pollock^[8] and Jane Flax have argued that psychoanalytic theory is vital to the feminist project and must, like other theoretical traditions, be adapted by women to free it from vestiges of sexism. Shulamith Firestone, in "Freudianism: The Misguided Feminism", discusses how Freudianism is almost completely accurate, with the exception of one crucial detail: everywhere that Freud writes "penis", the word should be replaced with "power". Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Juliet Mitchell (* 1940 in New Zealand) is a British feminist. ... Nancy Chodorow is a feminist sociologist and psychoanalyst born 20 January 1944 in New York City. ... Jane Gallop is a Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. ... Bracha L. Ettinger (also known as Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger, Bracha Ettinger, Hebrew: ברכה אטינגר, ברכה ליכטנברג-אטינגר) is a renowned artist, painter, photographer, theorist and psychoanalyst. ... Shoshana Felman is Woodruff Professor of Comparative Literature and French at Emory University. ... Shulamith Firestone (1945, also called Shulie Firestone) was a founding member of the Chicago Womens Liberation Union in 1969, and was a member of Redstockings and the New York Radical Feminists. ...

Jacques Lacan

Lacan's theory of sexuation organizes femininity and masculinity according to different unconscious structures. Both male and female subjects participate in the "phallic" organization, and the feminine side of sexuation is "supplementary" and not opposite or complementary.^[9] Sexuation (sexual situation) — the development of gender-roles and role-play in childhood — breaks down concepts of gender identity as innate or biologically determined.^[10] Critics like Elizabeth Grosz accuse Jacques Lacan of maintaining a sexist tradition in psychoanalysis.^[11] Others, such as Judith Butler and Jane Gallop have used Lacanian work to develop gender theory.^[12][13] Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French pronounced ) (April 13, 1901 – September 9, 1981) was a French psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, and doctor, who made prominent contributions to the psychoanalytic movement. ...

Julia Kristeva

Main article: Julia Kristeva

Julia Kristeva has significantly developed the field of Semiotics. In her work on abjection, she structures subjectivity upon the abjection of the mother and argues that the way in which an individual excludes (or abjects) their mother as means of forming an identity is similar to the way in which societies are constructed. She contends that patriarchal cultures, like individuals, have had to exclude the maternal and the feminine so that they can come into being.^[14][15] Julia Kristeva in 2007 Julia Kristeva (Bulgarian: ) (born 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist, and, most recently, novelist, who has lived in France since the mid-1960s. ... The term Abjection literally means the state of being cast off. ...

Bracha Ettinger

Main article: Bracha L. Ettinger

Bracha Ettinger worked from the late Lacanian theory to expose Freudian and Lacanian blind spots concerning the feminine, the maternal, and the female specisicities in the bodily Real, and developed their potential for thinking subjectivity and transforming the Symbolic. She articulated a feminine, pre-maternal and maternal "matrixial" sexual difference.^[16] Ettinger articulated the matrixial borderspace unconscious sphere of "subjectivity as encounter" where "I" and "non-I" emerge in jointmess without rejection and without symbiosis, starting from the infant's primordial contact (transconnectivity) with female body, phantasy and trauma (before birth). The matrixial is a feminine difference that informs gender^[17] and has particular relevance to mother-daughter relations. ^[18] Ettinger structures subjectivity with a "trans-subjective" dimension and reattunement of jointness-in-differentiation, and suggests that primary access to the maternal and the other occurs via aesthetic proto-ethical affects of "fascinance" and "primary compassion", which arise before and also beside "abjection". She argues that blindness to these processes, as well as the therapist's production of "ready-made mother-monster" harm women by destroying or harming the transformational potentiality of mother/daughter relations, the mother-daughter transmission and the potential of creativity. Bracha L. Ettinger (also known as Bracha Ettinger, Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger, Hebrew: ברכה אטינגר, ברכה ליכטנברג-אטינגר) is a renowned artist, painter, photographer, theorist and psychoanalyst. ... Bracha L. Ettinger (also known as Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger, Bracha Ettinger, Hebrew: ברכה אטינגר, ברכה ליכטנברג-אטינגר) is a renowned artist, painter, photographer, theorist and psychoanalyst. ...

Literary Theory

Psychoanalytically oriented French feminism focused on visual and literary theory all along. Virginia Woolf's legacy as well as "Adrienne Rich's call for women's revisions of literary texts, and history as well, has galvanized a generation of feminist authors to reply with texts of their own".^[19] Griselda Pollock and other femininsts have articulated Myth and Poetry^[20] and literature^[21],^[22],^[23] from the point of view of gender. For the American writer, see Virginia Euwer Wolff. ... Adrienne Rich (born May 16, 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American poet, essayist, and feminist. ...

Post-modern influence

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The emergence of post-feminism affected gender studies,^[10] causing a movement in theories identity away from the concept of fixed or essentialist gender identity, to post-modern^[24] fluid or multiple identities .^[25] Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... ... Look up Identity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Postmodernity (also called post-modernity or the postmodern condition) is a term used to describe the social and cultural implications of postmodernism. ...

See Donna Haraway, The Cyborg Manifesto, as an example of post-identity feminism. Donna Haraway, born in 1944 in Denver, Colorado, is currently a professor and former chair of the History of Consciousness Program at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. ...

Visual Theory

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The development of gender theory

History of gender studies

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Women's studies

Main article: Women's Studies

Women's studies is an interdisciplinary academic field concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics. It can include feminist theory, women's history, women's fiction and women's health. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ... Feminists redirects here. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical, ground. ... Womens history is a term that refers to information about the past in regard to the female human being. ... Womens fiction is a wide-ranging genre that includes various types of novels one expects would appeal more to women than men. ... Womens health generally refers to health issues and matters specific to human female anatomy. ...

Men's studies

Main article: Men's studies

Men's Studies is an interdisciplinary academic field that includes discussions of men's rights,Men's health, feminist theory, queer theory, patriarchy, as well, social, historical, and cultural representations of men and masculinity. Mens studies - also sometimes called masculinity studies - is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning men, gender, and politics. ... This box:      Mens Rights involves the promotion of male equality, rights, and freedoms in society. ... Mens Health (MH), published by Rodale Press in Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA, is the largest circulation mens lifestyle magazine in the world. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... English family c. ... Manliness redirects here. ...

Judith Butler

Main article: Judith Butler

The concept of gender performativity is at the core of Butler's work, notably in Gender Trouble. In Butler’s terms the performance of gender, sex, and sexuality is about power in society. ^[4] She locates the construction of the "gendered, sexed, desiring subject" in "regulative discourses." A part of Butler's argument concerns the role of sex in the construction of "natural" or coherent gender and sexuality. In her account, gender and heterosexuality are constructed as natural because the opposition of the male and female sexes is constructed as natural.^[4] Image:J Butler. ... Gender Trouble is a 1990 book by Judith Butler that is highly influential in academic feminism and queer theory. ...

Criticism

It has been suggested that some of the information in this article's Criticism or Controversy section(s) be merged into other sections to achieve a more neutral presentation. (Discuss)

Rosi Braidotti has criticized gender studies as: "the take-over of the feminist agenda by studies on masculinity, which results in transferring funding from feminist faculty positions to other kinds of positions. There have been cases...of positions advertised as 'gender studies' being given away to the 'bright boys'. Some of the competitive take-over has to do with gay studies. Of special significance in this discussion is the role of the mainstream publisher Routledge who, in our opinion, is responsible for promoting gender as a way of deradicalizing the feminist agenda, re-marketing masculinity and gay male identity instead."^{[citation needed]}

Calvin Thomas counters that, "as Joseph Allen Boone points out, 'many of the men in the academy who are feminism's most supportive 'allies' are gay,'" and that it is "disingenuous" to ignore the ways in which mainstream publishers such as Routledge have promoted feminist theorists.^{[citation needed]}

Gender studies is criticized by Paul Nathanson and Katherine K. Young for being a discipline that "philosophizes, theorizes and politicizes on the nature of the female gender" as a social construct, to the point of excluding the male gender from analysis. They also assert that the 'gender' in gender studies is "routinely used as a synonym for 'women'.^[26] Such criticism is irrelevant both to Butler who emphasizes performance and to contemporary psychoanalytically informed contemporary Gender studies since Kristeva and Ettinger contribute different insights concerning sexual difference and the maternal, Kristeva in terms of pre-Oedipal and "abjection", and Ettinger in terms of "trans-subjective coemergence", psychic "pregnance" and same-sex differentiation which are concepts and processes that inform gender and identity from beyond social constructs. Authors Paul Nathanson and Katherine K. Young are collaborators on a series of books on the subject of misandry, which they consider to be a form of prejudice and discrimination that has become institutionalized in North American society. ... Social scientists and literary scholars have claimed that many things are social constructions or social constructs, or that they have been socially constructed. ...

Historian and theorist Bryan Palmer argues that the current reliance on poststructuralism — with its reification of discourse and avoidance of the structures of oppression and struggles of resistance — obscures the origins, meanings, and consequences of historical events and processes, and he seeks to counter the current "gender studies" with an argument for the necessity to analyze lived experience and the structures of subordination and power.^[27]

Theorists associated with gender studies

Julia Kristeva in 2007 Julia Kristeva (Bulgarian: ) (born 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist, and, most recently, novelist, who has lived in France since the mid-1960s. ... Charlotte Perkins Gilman (July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935) was a prominent American poet, non-fiction writer, short story writer, novelist, lecturer, and social reformer. ... Otto Weininger (April 3, 1880 – October 4, 1903) was an Austrian philosopher. ... Image:J Butler. ... La Beauvoir redirects here; also see: Beauvoir (disambiguation). ... Bracha L. Ettinger (also known as Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger, Bracha Ettinger, Hebrew: ברכה אטינגר, ברכה ליכטנברג-אטינגר) is a renowned artist, painter, photographer, theorist and psychoanalyst. ... Donna Haraway, born in 1944 in Denver, Colorado, is currently a professor and former chair of the History of Consciousness Program at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. ... Karen Horney Karen Horney (horn-eye), born Danielsen (September 16, 1885 – December 4, 1952) was a German Freudian psychoanalyst of Norwegian and Dutch descent. ... Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born February 24, 1942) is an Indian literary critic and theorist. ... Luce Irigaray (born 1930 Belgium) is a French feminist and psychoanalytic and cultural theorist. ... Hélène Cixous (born 1937) is a French feminist writer, poet, playwright, philosopher and literary critic. ... Evelyn Fox Keller (*1936) is an American physicist, author and feminist and is currently a Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... Gayle Rubin is best known as an activist and influential theorist of sex and gender politics. ... Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (b. ... Judith Halberstam is Professor of English and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California. ... Michel Foucault (pronounced ) (15 October 1926–25 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian, critic and sociologist. ... Gloria Jean Watkins (born on September 25, 1952), better known as bell hooks, is an African-American intellectual, feminist, and social activist. ... Lorde redirects here. ... Kate Bornstein is a transgender author, playwright, performance artist and gender theorist. ... Gayle Rubin is best known as an activist and influential theorist of sex and gender politics. ... Jeff(ery) Richard Hearn (born August 5, 1947 ) is a British sociologist and one of the founders of Critical studies on men. ... Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens (born January 18, 1938) is a British sociologist who is renowned for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. ... Kaja Silverman is an American film critic. ...

See also

• Women's studies and Men's studies
• Femininity and Masculinity
• Feminism and Masculinism
• Gynocentrism and Androcentrism
• Misogyny and Misandry (Sexism)
• Feminine psychology and Masculine psychology
• French Feminism
• Feminist theory
• Sex/gender distinction
• Gender
• Gender Differences
• Gender and sexuality studies
• Gender Identity
• Gender role
• Homophobia and Heterophobia
• Transgender
• Genderqueer
• List of transgender-related topics
• postgenderism
• Queer Theory
• Intersexuality
• Women's movement
• Women's rights
• Feminist theory
• Post-feminism
• Men's movement
• Men's rights
• Men's liberation
• Men and feminism

This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Mens studies - also sometimes called masculinity studies - is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning men, gender, and politics. ... In some cultures, makeup is associated with femininity. ... Manliness redirects here. ... Feminists redirects here. ... Masculinism aims to break negative heterosexual male stereotyping but refuses to be perceived as anti-feminist or anti-gay. ... Gynocentrism (Greek γυνο, gyno-, woman, χεντρον, kentron, center) is the practice, often consciously adopted, of placing female human beings or the female point of view at the center of ones view of the world and its culture and history. ... Androcentrism (Greek ανδρο, andro-, man, male, χεντρον, kentron, center) is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at the center of ones view of the world and its culture and history. ... In Eva Prima Pandora, by Jean Cousin (Louvre Museum), Eve, the equivalent of Pandora embodies Original Sin Misogyny (pronounced ) is hatred or strong prejudice against women; an antonym of philogyny. ... Look up Misandry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The sign of the headquarters of the National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage Sexism is commonly considered to be discrimination and/or hatred towards people based on their sex rather than their individual merits, but can also refer to any and all systemic differentiations based on the sex of the... Feminine psychology is a term sometimes used to describe and categorize issues concerning the gender related psychology of female human identity, as well as the issues that females confront during their lives. ... Robert A. Johnsons He: Understanding Masculine Psychology Masculine psychology is a term sometimes used to describe and categorize issues concerning the gender related psychology of male human identity, as well as the issues that males confront during their lives. ... French feminism (which is a phrase mostly used in English-speaking countries) refers to the work of a group of feminists in France from the 1970s to the early 1990s. ... Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical, ground. ... The sex/gender distinction is a concept in feminist theory, political feminism, and sociology which distinguishes sex, a natural or biological feature, from gender, the cultural or learned significance of sex. ... Gender in common usage refers to the sexual distinction between male and female. ... This article is about gender differences in humans. ... Gender and sexuality studies is a collective term for the interdisciplinary study of human gender and sexuality. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... A bagpiper in Scottish military clan-uniform. ... A protest by The Westboro Baptist Church, a group identified by the Anti-Defamation League as virulently homophobic. ... Heterophobia is a term used to describe prejudice or discrimination against heterosexuals, or the belief that heterosexuality is an inferior sexuality to others. ... A transwoman with XY written on her hand, at a protest in Paris, October 1, 2005. ... Genderqueer or intergender is a gender identity of both, neither or some combination of man and/or woman. In relation to the gender binary (the view that there are only two genders), genderqueer people generally identify as more both/and or neither/nor, rather than either/or. ... Transgender is a very complex topic, where consensual and precise definitions have not yet been reached. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... Intersexuality is the state of a person whose sex chromosomes, genitalia and/or secondary sex characteristics are determined to be neither exclusively male nor female. ... Suffrage parade in New York City on May 6, 1912 The Feminist movement (also known as the Womens Movement and Womens Liberation) campaigns on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, discrimination and sexual violence. ... The term women’s rights typically refers to freedoms inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized or ignored and/or illegitimately suppressed by law or custom in a particular society. ... Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical, ground. ... ... The mens movement is a social movement that includes a number of philosophies and organizations that seek to support men, change the male gender role and improve mens rights in regard to marriage and child access and victims of domestic violence. ... This box:      Mens Rights involves the promotion of male equality, rights, and freedoms in society. ... Mens liberation is a stream of the modern mens movement, it holds that men are hurt by the male gender role and patriarchy and that mens lives are alienating, unhealthy and impoverished. ...

References

Karen Horney Karen Horney (horn-eye), born Danielsen (September 16, 1885 – December 4, 1952) was a German Freudian psychoanalyst of Norwegian and Dutch descent. ... Image:J Butler. ...

Bibliography

• Armstrong, Carol and de Zegher, Catherine (eds) (2006). Women Artists as the Millennium. Cambridge Massachusetts: October Books, MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01226-3
• Boone, Joseph Allen and Michael Cadden, eds., 1990. Engendering Men, New York: Routledge. ISBN 04159-0255-X
• Butler, Judith, 1993. "Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of 'Sex", New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415-90366-1
• Butler, Judith, "Feminism by Any Other Name", in differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies June, 1994. ISSN: 1040-7391
• Butler, Judith, 1999. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. ISBN 04159-2499-5
• Cante, Richard C. (March 2008). Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture. London: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0 7546 7230 1. 
• Cranny-Francis, Anne, Joan Kirkby, Pam Stavropoulos, Wendy Waring, eds., 2003. "Gender studies : terms and debates", Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0333-77612-7
• De Beauvoir, Simone, 1989. The Second Sex. New York: random House Inc. ISBN 06797-2451-6
• Ettinger, Bracha L., 2001. "The Red Cow Effect." Reprinted in: Mica Howe & Sarah A. Aguiar (eds.), He Said, She Says. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2001. 57-88. ISBN 0-8386-3915-1
• Ettinger, Bracha L., 2006 (Essays 1994-1999). The Matrixial Borderspace, University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3587-0
• Ettinger, Bracha L., 2006. "From Proto-ethical Compassion to Responsibility: Besidedness, and the three Primal Mother-Phantasies of Not-enoughness, Devouring and Abandonment". Athena: Philosophical Studies. Vol. 2. ISSN 1822-5047.
• Foucault, Michel, 1988. "Care of the Self the History of Sexuality", Random House Inc. ISBN 0394-74155-2
• Foucault, Michel, 1990. "History of Sexuality: An Introduction", London: Random House Inc. ISBN 06797-2469-9
• Foucault, Michel, 1990. "Use of Pleasure: The History of Sexuality", London: Random House Inc. ISBN 0394-75122-1
• Foucault, Michel, 1995. "Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison", translated by Allen Sheridan, London: Random House Inc. ISBN 0679-75255-2
• Fraser, Nancy, Judith Butler, Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, 1995. "Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange." New Yotk: Routledge. ISBN 0415-91086-2
• Frug, Mary Joe. "A Postmodern Feminist Legal Manifesto (An Unfinished Draft)," in "Harvard Law Review", Vol. 105, No. 5, March, 1992, pp. 1045 - 1075. ISSN: 0017-811X
• Grebowicz, Margaret, (2007). Gender After Lyotard. NY: Suny Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6956-9
• Healey, Joseph F., 2003. Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class : the Sociology of Group Conflict and Change. London: Pine Forge. ISBN 07619-8763-0
• Kristeva, Julia, 1982. "Powers of Horror. Trans. Leon Roudiez." New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 02310-5347-9
• Palmer, Bryan D., "Descent into Discourse: The Reification of Language and the Writing of Social History", Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999, ISBN 08772-2720-9
• Pollock, Griselda, 2001. "Looking Back to the Future". G&B Arts. ISBN 90-5701-132-8
• Pollock, Griselda, 2007. Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space and the Archive. Routledge. ISBN 0415413745.
• Wright, Elizabeth, 2000. Lacan and Postfeminism. London: Icon Books Ltd. ISBN 18404-6182-9
• McElroy, Wendy, 2001. Sexual Correctness: The Gender-Feminist Attack on Women, Jefferson: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0786-41144-9
• Oyewumi, Oyeronke, ed., 2005. African Gender Studies: A Reader, London: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1403-96283-9
• Scott, Joan W. "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis," in Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).
• Spector, Judith A, ed., 1986. Gender Studies: New Directions in Feminist Criticism, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0879-72351-3
• Thomas, Calvin, ed., 2000. "Introduction: Identification, Appropriation, Proliferation", in Straight with a Twist: Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252-06813-0
• Zajko, Vanda and Leonard, Miriam, 2006. "Laughing with Medusa". Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927438-X
• de Zegher, Catherine (ed.) (1996). Inside the Visible. MIT Press, Boston.

External links

• Department of Gender Studies from Indiana University Bloomington
• xy: men, masculinities and gender politics
• WikEd - Gender Inequities in the Classroom
• Children’s Gender Beliefs
• Goddard College Individualized MA Program with specialties available in gender studies

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