Gene doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency as "the non-therapeutic use of cells, The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hook from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell. POOP Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ...

SOPHIE and ANNIEBM4L!

 genes, genetic elements, or of the modulation of gene expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance". [1] A complex ethical and philosophical issue develops on what exactly defines "gene doping", especially in the context of bioethical debates about human enhancement.[1] 

An example of gene doping would involve gene therapies to treat muscle-wasting disorders and will soon be entering human clinical trials. Among these are therapies that give patients a synthetic gene, which can last for years, producing high amounts of naturally occurring muscle-building hormones such as insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I). The chemicals are indistinguishable from their natural counterparts and are only generated locally in the affected tissue. Nothing unusual enters the bloodstream, so officials will have nothing to detect in a blood or urine test. This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Gene expression, or simply expression, is the process by which a genes DNA sequence is converted into the structures and functions of a cell. ... Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the science (study) of morality. In philosophy, ethical behavior is that which is good or right. ... Philosophy (from the Greek words philos and sophia meaning love of wisdom) is understood in different ways historically and by different philosophers. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Human enhancement describes any attempt, whether temporary or permanent, to overcome the current limitations of human cognitive and physical abilities, whether through natural or artificial means. ... Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an individuals cells and tissues to treat a disease, and hereditary diseases in which a defective mutant allele is replaced with a functional one. ... In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ... Synthetic biology is a new area of research that combines science and engineering in order to design and build novel biological functions and systems. ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek όρμή - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. ... Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ... Blood tests are laboratory tests done on blood to gain an appreciation of disease states and the function of organs. ... A urinalysis (or UA) is an array of tests performed on urine, usually used in medical diagnosis. ...

With the possibility of introducing completely new synthetic genes in addition the thousands of existing genes available for overexpression, gene therapy (and therefore gene doping) is limited only by the current level of genetic knowledge and the imagination of researchers. Gene expression, or simply expression, is the process by which a genes DNA sequence is converted into the structures and functions of a cell. ...

The historical development of policy associated with gene doping began in 2001 when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission met to discuss the implications of gene therapy for sport. It was shortly followed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which met in 2002 to discuss genetic enhancement at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. Also in 2002, the United States President’s Council on Bioethics met twice to discuss the ethics of genetic technology related to sport. In 2003, WADA decided to include a prohibition of gene doping within their World Anti-Doping Code, which is formalised in its 2004 World Anti-Doping Code. As well, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) met in 2003 and 2004 to discuss the science and ethics of gene transfer technology for sport. Stamp The International Olympic Committee is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23, 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 396 AD. Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committees. ... The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). ... The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) is a research and educational institution, consisting of science laboratories located in Cold Spring Harbor, New York on Long Island, USA. The Laboratory has research programs focusing on cancer, neurobiology, plant genetics, genomics and bioinformatics, and has a broad educational mission, including the recently... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). ... The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between scientists, defends scientific freedom, encourages scientific responsibility and supports scientific education for the betterment of all humanity. ...

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has already asked scientists to help find ways to prevent gene therapy from becoming the newest means of doping. In December 2005, the World Anti-Doping Agency hosted its second landmark meeting on gene doping, which took place in Stockholm. At this meeting, the delegates drafted a declaration on gene doping which, for the first time, included a strong discouragement on the use of genetic testing for performance. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). ... The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). ...

The first product to be associated with genetic doping emerged on the approach to the Torino 2006 Olympic Winter Games, where repoxygen was discussed as a possible substance in use at the Games. Neve and Gliz, the 2006 Olympics mascots, on display in Turin Italian €2 commemorative coin of 2006 celebrating the Turin games The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in Turin, Italy from February 10, 2006, through February 26, 2006. ... Repoxygen™ is the tradename for a type of gene therapy that induces controlled release of erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low oxygen concentration in mice. ...

See also

• Doping
• Gene therapy
• World Anti-Doping Agency
• The Champion Maker

Doping drugs on display at The Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland In sports, doping refers to the use of performance-enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids, particularly those that are forbidden by the organizations that regulate competitions. ... Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an individuals cells and tissues to treat a disease, and hereditary diseases in which a defective mutant allele is replaced with a functional one. ... The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). ... The Champion Maker is a novel about running, that falls within the suspense thriller genre. ...

References

Andy Miah is a lecturer in media, bioethics, and cyberculture at theUniversity of Paisley, Scotland and a Tutor in the Ethics of Science & Medicine in the Graduate School of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland. ...

External links

• Gene Doping Documentary from Michigan State University
• World Anti-Doping Agency Website
• Genetically Modified Athletes: Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping and Sport (Routledge, 2004), by Andy Miah
• Bioethics & Sport Blog
• Scientific American July 2004 - Gene Doping
• Miah, A. (2003) Gene Doping: Sport, Values & Bioethics. In Glasa, J. (Ed.) The Ethics of Human Genetics. Strasburg, Council of Europe, pp.171-180
• Forum for the Analysis of Sport Technology
• Scientific American Magazine (July 2004 Issue) Gene Doping