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Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957.[1] The need to develop formal guidelines for human gene names and symbols was recognized in the 1960's and full guidelines were issued in 1979 (Edinburgh Human Genome Meeting).[2] Several other species-specific research communities (e.g., Drosophila, mouse) have adopted nomenclature standards, as well, and have published them on the relevant model organism websites and in scientific journals, including the Trends in Genetics Genetic Nomenclature Guide.[3][4] Scientists familiar with a particular gene family may work together to revise the nomenclature for the entire set of genes when new information becomes available.[5] For many genes and their corresponding proteins, however, an assortment of alternate names is in use across the scientific literature and public biological databases, thus posing a challenge to effective organization and exchange of biological information.[6] This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ...
A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ...
Trends in Genetics (ISSN 0168-9525) is a monthly review journal, and one of fourteen Trends titles that each focus on different areas of life science. ...
A gene family is a set of genes defined by presumed homology, i. ...
A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
As of 2004, there are around 500 public and commercial biological databases. ...
Nomenclature guidelines
Species-specific resources The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is responsible for providing human gene naming guidelines and approving new, unique human gene names and symbols (short form abbreviations). For some non-human species, model organism databases serve as central repositories of guidelines and help resources, including advice from curators and nomenclature committees. In addition to species-specific databases, approved gene names and symbols for many species can be located in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's Entrez Gene database. Hugo is a masculine name. ...
A biocurator is a professional scientist who collects, annotates, and validates information that is disseminated by biological and model organism databases. ...
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM), which is a branch of the US National Institutes of Health. ...
Invertebrates Binomial name Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 [1] Drosophila melanogaster (from the Greek for black-bellied dew-lover) is a two-winged insect that belongs to the Diptera, the order of the flies. ...
Binomial name Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 Caenorhabditis elegans (IPA: ) is a free-living nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. ...
Plants - Maize (Zea mays): A Standard For Maize Genetics Nomenclature at MaizeGDB.
- Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana): Arabidopsis Nomenclature at The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR).
species ssp. ...
Binomial name Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. ...
Slime molds - Dictyostelid (Dictyostelium discoideum): Nomenclature Guidelines at dictyBase.
Vertebrates - Human (Homo sapiens): Guidelines for Human Gene Nomenclature.
- Mouse (Mus musculus) and rat (Rattus norvegicus): Rules for Nomenclature of Genes, Genetic Markers, Alleles, and Mutations in Mouse and Rat at Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI).
- Frog (Xenopus laevis and tropicalis): Suggested Xenopus Gene Name Guidelines at Xenbase.
- Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Zebrafish Nomenclature Guidelines at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database (ZFIN).
Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man) is the scientific name for the human species. ...
Binomial name Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 Mus musculus is the common house mouse. ...
Binomial name Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) The Brown Rat or Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the most well-known and common rats, and also one of the largest. ...
Binomial name Xenopus laevis Daudin, 1802 The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis, also known as platanna) is a species of South African aquatic frog of the genus Xenopus. ...
Binomial name Danio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) The Zebra Danio or Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio or Danio rerio) is a tropical fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae). ...
Yeast Binomial name Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of budding yeast. ...
Binomial name Candida albicans (C.P. Robin) Berkhout 1923 Synonyms Candida stellatoidea [1] Candida albicans is a diploid asexual fungus (a form of yeast), and a causal agent of opportunistic oral and vaginal infections in humans. ...
Binomial name Schizosaccharomyces pombe Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called fission yeast, is a species of yeast. ...
Vertebrate gene symbol formatting The research communities of vertebrate model organisms have adopted guidelines whereby genes in these species are given, whenever possible, the same names as their human orthologs. The use of prefixes on gene symbols to indicate species (e.g., "Z" for zebrafish) is discouraged. The recommended formatting of printed gene and protein symbols varies between species. Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man) is the scientific name for the human species. ...
Binomial name Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 Mus musculus is the common house mouse. ...
Binomial name Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) The Brown Rat or Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the most well-known and common rats, and also one of the largest. ...
Binomial name Xenopus laevis Daudin, 1802 The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis, also known as platanna) is a species of South African aquatic frog of the genus Xenopus. ...
Binomial name Danio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) The Zebra Danio or Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio or Danio rerio) is a tropical fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae). ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
In evolutionary biology, homology is any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. ...
Human Gene symbols generally are italicised, with all letters in uppercase (e.g., SHH, for sonic hedgehog). Italics are not necessary in gene catalogs. Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol, but are not italicised; all letters are in uppercase (SHH). mRNAs and cDNAs use the same formatting conventions as the gene symbol.[7] Sonic hedgehog homolog (SHH) is one of three proteins in the mammalian hedgehog family, the others being desert hedgehog (DHH) and Indian hedgehog (IHH). ...
Mouse and rat Gene symbols generally are italicised, with only the first letter in uppercase and the remaining letters in lowercase (Shh). Italics are not required on web pages. Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol, but are not italicised; all letters are in uppercase (SHH).[8]
Frog (Xenopus sp.) Gene symbols are not italicised and all letters are in lowercase (shh). Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol, are not italicised, and all letters are in uppercase (SHH).[9]
Zebrafish Gene symbols are italicised, with all letters in lowercase (shh). Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol, but are not italicised; the first letter is in uppercase and the remaining letters are in lower case (Shh).[10]
References - ^ Report of the International Committee on Genetic Symbols and Nomenclature (1957). Union of International Sci Biol Ser B, Colloquia No. 30.
- ^ About the HGNC
- ^ Genetic nomenclature guide (1995). Trends Genet.
- ^ The Trends In Genetics Nomenclature Guide (1998). Elsevier, Cambridge.
- ^ Guidelines for Human Gene Nomenclature
- ^ Fundel and Zimmer (2006). Gene and protein nomenclature in public databases. BMC Bioinformatics 7:372.
- ^ Guidelines for Human Gene Nomenclature
- ^ Rules for Nomenclature of Genes, Genetic Markers, Alleles, and Mutations in Mouse and Rat
- ^ Suggested Xenopus Gene Name Guidelines
- ^ Zebrafish Nomenclature Guidelines
External links - The Council of Science Editors (CSE) - Resources for Genetic and Cytogenetic Nomenclature
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