The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is the name of a set of British qualifications, taken by secondary school students at age of 14-16 in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (in Scotland, the equivalent is the Standard Grade). It is usually taken between these ages although some students may have the opportunity to take one or more GCSEs early. The education systems of other British territories, such as Gibraltar and ex-British (influenced) territory South Africa, also use the qualifications as supplied by the same examination boards. The International "version" of GCSE is IGCSE, which can be applied to the whole world and which includes some more options, such as coursework options, language options, etc. When GCSEs are taken in secondary school, they can often be combined with other certifications such as a GNVQ. GCSE is an acronym that can refer to: General Certificate of Secondary Education global common subexpression elimination - an optimisation technique used by some compilers This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Secondary school is a term used to describe an institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. ... For other uses, see Student (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: ) is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... This article is about the country. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Secondary school is a term used to describe an institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. ... A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ, is a certificate of vocational education in the United Kingdom. ...

Structure

GCSE courses are taken in a variety of subjects, which are usually decided by the students themselves in Year 9 (age 13-14). Study of chosen subjects begins at the start of Year 10 (age 14-15), and final examinations are then taken at the end of Year 11 (age 15-16).

GCSEs are not compulsory, but they are by far the most common qualification taken by 14-16-year-old students. The only legal requirement is that English, Mathematics, Science, Religious Education and Physical Education are studied during Key Stage 4 (the GCSE years of school); in England, some form of ICT and Citizenship must also be studied and, in Wales, Welsh must also be studied. These subjects do not have to be taught for any examination (or even be discrete lessons), though it is normal for at least English, Mathematics and Science to be studied to GCSE level. English studies is an academic discipline that includes the study of literatures written in the English language (including literatures from the U.K., U.S., Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the Philippines, India, South Africa, and the Middle East, among other areas), English linguistics (including English phonetics, phonology... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Religious education teaches the doctrines of a religion. ... Physical education (PE) is the interdisciplinary study of all area of science relating to the transmission of physical knowledge and skills to an individual or a group, the application of these skills, and their results. ... Key Stage 4 is the legal term for the last two years of compulsory schooling in maintained schools in England and Wales normally known as Year 10 and Year 11, when pupils are aged between 14 and 16. ... For information technology in general, see Information technology. ... “Citizen” redirects here. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...

For the reasons above, virtually all candidates take GCSEs in English, Mathematics and Science. In addition, many schools also require that students take English Literature, at least one Modern Foreign Language, at least one Design and Technology subject, Religious Education, (often a short, or 'half', course) and ICT (though increasingly this is the DiDA, rather than the GCSE). Students can then fill the remainder of their timetable (normally totalling nine different subjects) with their own choice of subjects (see list below). Short Course GCSEs (worth half a regular GCSE) or other qualifications, such as BTECs, can also be taken. The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S... // Technological Education, Scotland Technological education is part of the Scottish secondary school curriculum. ... This article is about the British qualification. ... The Business & Technology Education Council (BTEC) was a subdegree-conferring council in the United Kingdom until 1996, when its functions were transferred to Edexcel. ...

At the end of the two-year GCSE course, each student receives a grade for each subject. These grades, from best to worst, are:

• A* (pronounced 'A-star')
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• U (ungraded)

Those who fail a course are given a U (unclassified) and the subject is not included on their certificates. Receiving five or more A*-C grades is often a requirement for taking A-levels in the school sixth form, at a sixth form college or at a further education college after leaving secondary school. Most universities typically require a C or better in English and Mathematics, regardless of a student's performance in their A-level or Foundation Degree course after leaving school. Many students who fail to get a C in English and Mathematics (and, increasingly, ICT) will retake their GCSEs in those subjects at a later date. The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in the United Kingdom, usually taken by students during the optional final two years of secondary school (Years 12 & 13, commonly called the Sixth Form), or at a separate sixth form college or further education college... England, Wales, Northern Ireland The sixth form, in the English, Welsh and Northern Irish education systems, is the term used to refer to the final two years of secondary schooling (when students are about sixteen to eighteen years of age), during which students normally prepare for their GCE A-level... A sixth form college is an educational institution in England, Wales or Northern Ireland where students aged 16 to 18 complete post-compulsary further education qualifications, such as A Levels. ... Further education (often abbreviated FE) is post-secondary, post-compulsory education (in addition to that received at secondary school). ... The Foundation Degree is a vocational qualification introduced by the UK government in September 2001. ...

In most subjects, one or more coursework assignments may also be completed. Coursework can contribute to anything from 20-75% of a student's final grade, with more practical subjects, such as Design and Technology and Music, often having a heavier coursework element. The rest of a student's grade (normally the majority) is determined by their performance in examinations. These exams may either be terminal exams at the end of Year 11, a series of modular examinations taken throughout the course, or a combination of the two. Students can sometimes resit modular examinations later in the course and attempt to improve their grade. Coursework refers to work carried out by students while they are studying a course at university or school that contributes towards their overall grade, but which is assessed separately from their final exams. ... // Technological Education, Scotland Technological education is part of the Scottish secondary school curriculum. ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... To examine somebody or something is to inspect it closely, hence an examination is a detailed inspection or analysis of an object or person. ...

In many subjects, there are two different 'tiers' of examination offered: Higher, where students can achieve grades A*-D, and Foundation, where they can achieve grades C-G. If a candidate fails to obtain a G on the Foundation tier or a D on the Higher tier they will fail the course and receive a U (though there is a safety net allowing those who narrowly miss a D on the Higher tier to receive an E). In non-tiered subjects, the examination paper allows candidates to achieve any grade. Coursework also always allows candidates to achieve any grade.

Some subjects, such as Science, can be split up into several different subjects: it is possible to be examined on Science as a whole, with one, or more often two, GCSEs (typically known as Double Award Science), or with Biology, Chemistry, and Physics separately (where three GCSEs are awarded, one for each science - also known as Triple Award, or separate, Science). Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek: βίος, bio, life; and λόγος, logos, knowledge), also referred to as the biological sciences, is the study of living organisms utilizing the scientific method. ... For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... This is a discussion of a present category of science. ...

There are now five examination boards offering GCSEs: AQA, OCR, Edexcel, the WJEC and the CCEA; while all boards are regulated by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) - a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) - the boards are self-sufficient organisations. Traditionally, there were a larger number of regional exam boards, but changes in legislation allowed schools to use any board before a series of mergers reduced the number to five. The Joint Council for Qualifications (JCQ) acts as a single voice for the Awarding Bodies, and assists them to create common standards, regulations and guidance. An examination board is an organization that sets examinations and is responsible for marking them and distributing results. ... AQA logo The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance, or AQA, is the largest exam board in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. ... OCR (Oxford, Cambridge and RSA) is a British examination board that sets examinations and awards qualifications (including GCSEs and A-levels). ... Edexcel is a London-based for-profit company and one of England, Wales and Northern Irelands five main examination boards. ... The Welsh Joint Education Committee (WJEC) is an examination board traditionally serving Wales, but now also serving England and Northern Ireland. ... The Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment (CCEA) is an examination board in Northern Ireland. ... The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) is an Executive Non-Departmental Public Body (NDPB) of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom. ... The Department for Education and Skills is a department in the United Kingdom government created in 2001. ...

Students receive the results of their GCSEs in the fourth week of August (the week after A Level results). The CCEA publish their results on the Tuesday and the other examination boards publish theirs on the Thursday. Normally, students have to go to their school to collect their results.

From September 2009, there will be a major overhaul of the current GCSE system. Most coursework will be removed, including Mathematics, Science and History.

History

GCSEs were introduced for teaching in September 1986, and replaced both the O-level GCE (Ordinary level General Certificate of Education) and the CSE (Certificate of Secondary Education) qualifications, which suffered problems due to the two-tier nature of the system. Grade C of the GCSE was set at equivalent to O Level Grade C and CSE Grade 1. Thus the final students to sit the former O'Level/CSE examinations were those of May-June 1987 and the subsequent retakes in September 1987. Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... The General Certificate of Education or GCE was introduced in England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 1951, replacing the older SC and HSC. It was intended to cater for the increased range of subjects available to pupils since the raising of the school leaving age from 14 to 15 in... The General Certificate of Education or GCE is a secondary-level academic qualification, which was used in Britain and continues to be used in some former British colonies. ... The Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) was a former English school leaving qualification which was available along with the GCE O Levels between the period from 1965 to 1987. ...

The table below shows what each GCSE grade is equivalent to (note that the O Level grades are the ones used at the end of the system):^{[citation needed]}

The format of the GCSE has been basically the same since its inception, though many minor changes have been made. Initially, there were three tiers for examinations: Higher (grades A-C), Intermediate (grades B-E) and Basic (grades D-G). Basic was renamed to Foundation fairly quickly. During the 1990s, all subjects except Mathematics moved to the current two tier system (see above) and Mathematics eventually followed suit in 2006 (for the first examination in 2008).

In 1994, the A* grade was introduced to distinguish the very top end of achievement.

Introduced in 2000 was the Vocational GCSE, which encouraged students to take the work-related route and included courses such as Engineering and Manufacture, Applied Business, ICT and leisure and tourism. From September 2004, the word 'Vocational' was dropped and a Vocational GCSE is now known simply as a GCSE. This is to show that the vocational side is 'on par' with the traditional academic side. Engineering is the applied science of acquiring and applying knowledge to design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, making by hand) is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Science GCSEs were overhauled in 2006 (for first examination in 2008). The most popular course, Double Science, where students received two identical grades for a course with twice the content as the normal Science GCSE, was scrapped. Students studying for two Science GCSEs now study the single Science GCSE (known as Core Science)and then one of two complementary GCSEs: Additional Science (which has a more academic focus) or Applied Science (which has a more vocational focus). Students now receive separate grades for their Science GCSEs.

Special educational needs

For students with learning difficulties, an injury/RSI (repetitive strain injury), or a disability there is help offered in these forms:

• Extra-time (the amount depends on the severity of the learning difficulty/disability/injury/RSI)
• An amanuensis (somebody, (normally a teacher) types or handwrites as the student dictates, this is normally used when the student cannot write due to an injury, RSI, or disability.
• A word processor (without any spell checking tools) can be used by students who have trouble writing legibly or who are unable to write quickly enough to complete the exam
• A different format exam paper (large print, Braille, printed on coloured paper etc.)
• A 'reader' (a teacher/exam invigilator can read out the words written on the exam, but they cannot explain their meaning)
• A different room (sometimes due to a disability a student can be placed in a room by themselves, this also happens when an amanuensis is used, so as not to disturb the other candidates)

There are other forms of help available, but these are the most commonly used.

Criticism

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Some commentators^[Who?] feel that the GCSE system is a dumbing down from the old GCE / O-level system (as it took the focus away from the theoretical side of many subjects and taught students about real-world implications and issues relating to ICT and Citizenship), joking that it stands for "General Certificate for Sitting an Exam"; some^[Who?]. Furthermore, considering only slightly more than half of students sitting GCSE exams achieve the 5 A* to C grades required for further education[1] (and less than half when including English and maths), they might be said to in fact, be difficult. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... from http://www. ... Dumbing down is a usually derogatory term which refers to the simplifying of a subject, often education, news and TV amongst others. ... Information and communication technology spending in 2005 Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ... “Citizen” redirects here. ... English studies is an academic discipline that includes the study of literatures written in the English language (including literatures from the U.K., U.S., Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the Philippines, India, South Africa, and the Middle East, among other areas), English linguistics (including English phonetics, phonology... ...

In recent years, concern about standards has led some public schools to go as far as to remove GCSEs from their curricula and to take their pupils straight to A-level or the International Baccalaureate.^{[citation needed]} Other private schools are replacing the GCSEs with IGCSEs in which there is an option to do no coursework^{[citation needed]}. The new Science syllabus has led to many independent schools switching to the IGCSE Double Award syllabus.^{[citation needed]} The term public school has two contrary meanings: In England, one of a small number of prestigious historic schools open to the public which normally charge fees and are financed by bodies other than the state, commonly as private charitable trusts; here the word public is used much as in... The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in the United Kingdom, usually taken by students during the optional final two years of secondary school (Years 12 & 13, commonly called the Sixth Form), or at a separate sixth form college or further education college... The IB World School logo The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (often incorrectly referred to as just the IB) is an educational programme taught in one of three languages - English, French or Spanish - and is intended for students in their final two years of secondary school, often before entering university. ... The International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) is an international qualification for school students. ...

Proponents^[Who?] of the GCSE system contend that the exam is just as hard as the old GCE O-level system it replaced and that the recently rising numbers of top grades is due to better teaching and pupils working ever harder. The GCSE's adherents^[Who?] further assert that it enables the ability of the student to be assessed over the duration of the course, through coursework. Opponents of the GCSE^[Who?] argue that coursework offers too much scope for plagiarism and undue help from parents, especially since the advent of the internet. The coursework system is in the process of being re-structured to stop plagiarism by making all coursework be completed under strict environments inside school ^[1]. Opponents^[Who?] cite the view that the former GCE O-levels were designed for students to fail, and hence only the very brightest students passed with A-C grades. They^[Who?] argue that GCSEs have been deliberately structured for students to pass at grade C or above unless students represent the lowest possible denominator of overall applied intelligence outside of the special needs range. However, many^[Who?] would say that in reality a pass grade today is a C rather than the pass grade previously being an E, and that this confuses many outside the education system.

List of GCSE subjects

Note: Many of the subjects in this list are not offered by every school. Also note that subjects that are extremely rare, such as minor languages or subjects taught by only one or two schools, are not listed below.

English studies is an academic discipline that includes the study of literatures written in the English language (including literatures from the U.K., U.S., Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the Philippines, India, South Africa, and the Middle East, among other areas), English linguistics (including English phonetics, phonology... The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek: βίος, bio, life; and λόγος, logos, knowledge), also referred to as the biological sciences, is the study of living organisms utilizing the scientific method. ... For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... This is a discussion of a present category of science. ... Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek: βίος, bio, life; and λόγος, logos, knowledge), also referred to as the biological sciences, is the study of living organisms utilizing the scientific method. ... For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... This is a discussion of a present category of science. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Bengali or Bangla (IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit, Pāli and Sanskrit languages. ... Standard Cantonese is a variant, and is generally considered the prestige dialect of Cantonese Chinese. ... Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Chinese, Modern Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... Gujarati (ગુજરાતી GujÇŽrātÄ«; also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, and Guujaratee[3]) is an Indo-Aryan language descending from Sanskrit, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. ... The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ... Hindi (हिन्दी) is a language spoken mainly in North and Central India. ... “Farsi” redirects here. ... Punjabi (also Panjabi; in GurmukhÄ«, PanjābÄ« in ShāhmukhÄ«) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Categories: Language stubs | Judaism-related stubs | Canaanite languages | Hebrew language ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... // Technological Education, Scotland Technological education is part of the Scottish secondary school curriculum. ... This article is about the engineering discipline. ... Engineering is the applied science of acquiring and applying knowledge to design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, making by hand) is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale. ... The food technology room at Marling School in Stroud, Gloucestershire. ... Information technology (IT) or information and communication technology (ICT) is the technology required for information processing. ... The Diploma in Digital Applications (DiDA) is an optional information and communication technology (ICT) course studied by Key Stage 4 (ages 14-16) students in the United Kingdom. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... HIStory - Past, Present and Future, Book I is a double-disc album (one half greatest hits, one half studio album) by American musician Michael Jackson released in June of 1995 by the Epic Records division of Sony BMG. The first disc, (HIStory Begins) contains fifteen hit singles from the past... The humanities are those academic disciplines which study the human condition using methods that are largely analytic, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural and social sciences. ... Islamic Studies is the academic discipline which focuses on Islamic issues. ... Jewish studies also known as Judaic studies is a subject area of study available at many colleges and universities in the Western World. ... The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ... For other uses, see Ethics (disambiguation). ... Religious studies is the designation commonly used in the English-speaking world for a multi-disciplinary, secular study of religion that dates to the late 19th century in Europe (and the influential early work of such scholars as Friedrich Max Müller, in England, and Cornelius P. Tiele, in the... Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ... “Citizen” redirects here. ... Although the term social is a crucial category in social science and often used in public discourse, its meaning is often vague, suggesting that it is a fuzzy concept. ... Look up care, carer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Family and consumer sciences, or home economics, is an academic discipline concerning consumer science, nutrition, cooking, parenting, interior decoration, textiles, gardening, and other subjects related to home management. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Family and consumer sciences, or home economics, is an academic discipline concerning consumer science, nutrition, cooking, parenting, interior decoration, textiles, gardening, and other subjects related to home management. ... The updated USDA food pyramid, published in 2005, is a general nutrition guide for recommended food consumption. ... For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... A relaxing afternoon of leisure: a young girl resting in a pool. ... “Tourist” redirects here. ... Psychology (from Greek: ψυχή, psukhÄ“, spirit, soul; λόγος, logos, knowledge) is both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. ... The social sciences are groups of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge) is an academic and applied discipline that studies society and human social interaction. ... Example of a cup figuring a tortise. ... All Saints Chapel in the Cathedral Basilica of St. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fine art refers to arts that are concerned with beauty or which appealed to taste (SOED 1991). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Ancient Egyptian ceramic art: Louvre Museum. ... For other uses, see Dance (disambiguation). ... All Saints Chapel in the Cathedral Basilica of St. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Fashion (disambiguation). ... All Saints Chapel in the Cathedral Basilica of St. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Media Studies is the academic study of the constitution and effects of media. ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... Photography [fÓ™tÉ‘grÓ™fi:],[foÊŠtÉ‘grÓ™fi:] is the process of recording pictures by means of capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a film or electronic sensor. ... A sculpture is a three-dimensional object, which for the purposes of this article is man-made and selected for special recognition as art. ... This July 2007 does not cite any references or sources. ... GCSE Astronomy is a GCSE type qualification available to students in England and Wales, which is intended to provide a greater depth of learning in the subject of Astronomy than is given in GCSE Science syllabuses. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Communication is a process that allows organisms to exchange information by several methods. ... Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. ... Physical education (PE) is the interdisciplinary study of all area of science relating to the transmission of physical knowledge and skills to an individual or a group, the application of these skills, and their results. ... This article is about the field of statistics. ...

See also

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Category:GCSE

Education Portal

• A Levels
• IGCSE
• Standard Grade

Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... Image File history File links Nuvola_apps_bookcase. ... The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in the United Kingdom, usually taken by students during the optional final two years of secondary school (Years 12 & 13, commonly called the Sixth Form), or at a separate sixth form college or further education college... The International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) is an international qualification for school students. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• GCSE Grade Analyser
• Directgov: GCSEs
• Directgov: GCSEs: applied and short course
• The Guardian, 25 August 2005, "It really is that bad" - GCSE standards
• The Guardian, 3 September 2005, "Top independent school to ditch GCSE science"

The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Revision

Although there are many different revision websites covering different exam board syllabuses and subjects at various skill levels, below are some of the more popular websites used by schools for student revision and coursework preparation.

• BBC GCSE Bitesize
• Sam Learning
• GCSE.com
• Target Language
• Channel 4 Learning
• AllHonours.co.uk - A Levels & GCSE Q&A service & Nationwide Private Tutor Directory
• Andrew Moore's Teaching Resource Site - This is a website for help with all English Revison,GCSE and A Level.

Examination boards

• Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA)
• Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA)
• Edexcel Limited
• Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations (OCR)
• Welsh Joint Education Committee (WJEC)
• Cambridge International Examinations

UK government education bodies

• Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
• Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA)
• National Assessment Agency (NAA)
• Joint Council For Qualifications (JCQ)