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A general anaesthetic drug is an anaesthetic (or anesthetic AE) drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness. These drugs are generally administered by an anaesthetist (CE) (or anesthesiologist AE) in order to induce or maintain general anaesthesia to facilitate surgery. American English (AmE) is the dialect of the English language used mostly in the United States of America. ...
Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise such key features as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ...
An anesthesiologist (American English), or anaesthetist (British English), is a medical doctor trained to administer Australia, for example, training is overseen by the United States, anesthesiologists are medical doctors (MD). ...
Commonwealth English is intended as a collective term for the perceived standard English language used in the Commonwealth of Nations1, applying in theory to Australian English, British English, Caribbean English, Canadian English, Hiberno-English (Irish English)2, Hong Kong English3, Indian English (includes Pakistani English), formal Malaysia English, New Zealand...
An anesthesiologist (American English), or anaesthetist (British English), is a medical doctor trained to administer anesthesia. ...
American English (AmE) is the dialect of the English language used mostly in the United States of America. ...
This article may be confusing for some readers, and should be edited to be clearer. ...
A typical modern surgery operation Surgery (from the Greek cheirourgia meaning hand work) is the medical specialty that treats diseases or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. ...
Drugs given to induce or maintain general anaesthesia are either given as:
Most commonly these two forms are combined, with an injection given to induce anaesthesia and a gas used to maintain it, although it is possible to deliver anaesthesia solely by inhalation or injection. Inhalational anaesthetics are gases or vapours possessing anaesthetic qualities. ...
Inhalational anaesthetic substances are either volatile liquids or gases and are usually delivered using an anaesthesia machine. An anaesthesia machine allows composing a mixture of oxygen, anaesthetics and ambient air, delivering it to the patient and monitoring patient and machine parameters. Liquid anaesthetics are vaporized in the machine. Volatile is the name of more than one concept: A financial instrument with high volatility is considered volatile in economics. ...
A liquid will assume the shape of its container. ...
A gas is one of the four main phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma), that subsequently appear as a solid material is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. ...
Anaesthetists use anaesthetic machines to support the administration of anaesthesia. ...
Many compounds have been used for inhalation anaesthesia, but only a few are still in widespread use. Desflurane and sevoflurane are the most widely used volatile anaesthetics today. They are often combined with nitrous oxide. Older, less popular, volatile anesthetics, include isoflurane (used commonly in veterinary medicine), halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane. Researchers are also actively exploring the use of xenon as an anaesthetic. Desflurane is a highly flourinated ether used for maintenance of general anaesthesia. ...
Sevoflurane (2, 2, 2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) ethyl ether), also called fluoromethyl, is a halogenated ether used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. ...
The volatile anaesthetics are a class of general anaesthetic drugs. ...
Nitrous oxide, also known as dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide, is a chemical compound with chemical formula N2O. Under room conditions it is a colourless non-flammable gas, with a pleasant, slightly sweet odor. ...
Isoflurane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether used for inhalation anesthesia. ...
Structural formula of halothane Halothane vapour is an inhalational general anaesthetic. ...
Enflurane is an outdated halogenated ether that was commonly used for inhalation anesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 131. ...
Injection anaesthetics are used for induction and maintenance of a state of unconsciousness. Anaesthetists prefer to use intravenous injections as they are faster, generally less painful and more reliable than intramuscular or subcutaneous injections. Among the most widely used drugs are: In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ...
Intramuscular injection is an injection of a substance directly into a muscle. ...
In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ...
Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent used for the induction of general anesthesia in adult patients and pediatric patients older than 3 years of age; maintenance of general anesthesia in adult patients and pediatric patients older than 2 months of age; and intensive care unit (ICU) sedation for intubated, mechanically...
Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ...
Methohexital is a short-acting intravenous anaesthetic induction agent, that is, used to commence anaesthesia. ...
Sodium thiopental (also called sodium pentothal (™ of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental (or thiopentone) sodium) is a rapid-onset, short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. ...
Sodium thiopental (also called sodium pentothal (™ of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental (or thiopentone) sodium) is a rapid-onset, short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. ...
The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ...
Midazolam, also known by the trade names Versed®, Hypnovel® and Dormicum®, is a benzodiazepine drug with an imidazole structure. ...
Diazepam, market under brand names of: Valium, Seduxen; and in Europe Apozepam, Diapam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative, which possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. ...
Ketamine is a general dissociative anaesthetic for human and veterinary use. ...
Ketamine is a general dissociative anaesthetic for human and veterinary use. ...
Mechanism of action
Researchers agree that ion channels are the ultimate site of action of general anaesthetics, and are now determining the exact molecular mechanisms. However, the sites of action of general anaesthetics proved difficult to identify until the last decade. The wide variation in structure, ranging from complex steroids to the inert monatomic gas xenon, led to several now outdated theories of anaesthetic action. A steroid is a lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 131. ...
It is now known that general anaesthetics act on the central nervous system by modifying the electrical activity of neurons at a molecular level by modifying the function of ion channels. This may occur by anaesthetic molecules binding directly to ion channels or by their disrupting the function of molecules that maintain ion channels. A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
Another, unrelated ion channeling process is part of ion implantation. ...
Scientists have cloned forms of receptors in the past decade, adding greatly to knowledge of the proteins involved in neuronal excitability. These include: A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ...
Voltage-gated ion channel is a ion channel that is specifically activated, or gated, by the surrounding potential difference near the channel (or near the cell, neuron or synapse). ...
Ligand-gated ion channel is a broad term that refers to any ion channel that is gated (i. ...
In cell biology, G-protein-coupled receptors, also known as GPCR, seven transmembrane receptors, heptahelical receptors, or 7TM receptors, are a class of transmembrane receptors. ...
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