Map of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. The country has a high central plateau that varies from 1,800 to 3,000 m (6,000 to 10,000 ft) above sea level, with the highest mountain reaching 4,533 m (14,872 ft). Elevation is generally highest just before the point of descent to the Great Rift Valley, which splits the plateau diagonally. A number of rivers cross the plateau -- notably the Blue Nile rising from Lake Tana. The plateau gradually slopes to the lowlands of the Sudan on the west and the Somali-inhabited plains to the southeast. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1010x1215, 222 KB) Shaded relief map of Ethiopia. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1010x1215, 222 KB) Shaded relief map of Ethiopia. ... Nations of the Horn of Africa. ... Northern section of the Great Rift Valley. ... The Blue Nile Blue Nile Falls in Ethiopia The Blue Nile is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. ... Lake Tana from space, April 1991 Lake Tana (also spelled Tana; older spellings include Tsana and Dambea) is the source of the Blue Nile and is the largest lake in Ethiopia. ...

The climate is temperate on the plateau and hot in the lowlands. At Addis Ababa, which ranges from 2,200 to 2,600 m (7,000 to 10,000 ft), maximum temperature is 26 °C (80 °F) and minimum 4 °C (40 °F). The weather is usually sunny and dry, but the short (belg) rains occur from February to April and the big (meher) rains from mid-June to mid-September. Map of Ethiopia highlighting Addis Ababa (in red). ...

Physical Features

Topography

Nabro and Mallahle Volcanoes, Eritrea and Ethiopia - SRTM Colored Height and Shaded Relief. [1]

Between the valley of the Upper Nile and Ethiopia's border with Eritrea is a region of elevated plateaus from which rise various mountain ranges. These tablelands and mountains constitute the Ethiopian Highlands. On nearly every side, the walls of the plateaus rise abruptly from the plains, constituting outer mountain chains. The highlands are thus a clearly marked orographic division. In Eritrea, the eastern wall of this plateau runs parallel to the Red Sea from Ras Kasar (18° N.) to Annesley Bay (also known as the Bay of Zula) (15° N.) It then turns due south into Ethiopia and follows closely the line of 40° E. for some 400 miles (600 km). About 9° N. there is a break in the wall, through which the Awash River flows eastward. The main range at this point trends southwest, while south of the Awash Valley, which is some 3000 ft (1000 m) below the level of the mountains, another massif rises in a direct line south. This second range sends a chain (the Harar hills) eastward toward the Gulf of Aden. The two chief eastern ranges maintain a parallel course south by west, with a broad upland valley in between — in which valley are a series of lakes — to about 3° N., the outer (eastern) spurs of the plateau still keeping along the line of 40° E. The southern escarpment of the plateau is highly irregular, but has a general direction northwest and southeast from 6° N. to 3° N. It overlooks the depression in which is Lake Turkana and — east of that lake — the southern Sidamo region (part of the larger Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region). The western wall of the plateau from 6° N. to 11° N. is well marked and precipitous. North of 11° N. the hills turn more to the east and fall more gradually to the plains at their base. On its northern face the plateau falls in terraces to the level of the eastern Sudan. The eastern escarpment is the best defined of these outer ranges. It has a mean height of 7000 to 8000 ft (2,100 to 2,400 m), and in many places rises almost perpendicularly from the plain. Narrow and deep clefts, through which descend mountain torrents that lose themselves in the sandy soil of the Eritrean coast, afford means of reaching the plateau, or the easier route through the Awash Valley may be chosen. On surmounting this rocky barrier, the traveller finds that the encircling rampart rises little above the normal level of the plateau. Shown here are a few of the volcanoes of the Afar Triangle. ... Shown here are a few of the volcanoes of the Afar Triangle. ... The Nile (Arabic: النيل an-nÄ«l), in Africa, is the longest river on Earth. ... In geology and earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat open country if the uplift was recent in geologic history. ... A mountain range (Sierra in the Spanish language) is a group of mountains bordered by lowlands or separated from other mountain ranges by passes or rivers. ... The Ethiopian Highlands are a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia and Eritrea in northeastern Africa. ... In geography, a plain is a large area of land with relatively low relief. ... Location of the Red Sea Image:Red Seaimage. ... Zula is a small town in Eritrea near the head of Annesley Bay (also known as the Bay of Zula) on the African coast of the Red Sea. ... The Awash (sometimes spelled Hawash) is a major river of Ethiopia. ... In geology, a massif is a section of the Earths crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. ... The Gulf of Aden is located in the Indian Ocean between Yemen on the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula and Somaliland in Africa. ... View over Lake Turkana Lake Turkana, formerly known as Lake Rudolf, is a lake in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya (although the far northern end of the lake crosses into Ethiopia), which covers a surface area of 6405 km² (2473 mi²), making it the worlds largest permanent desert... Sidamo was a province in the southern part of Ethiopia, with its capital city at Irgalem, and later at Awassa. ... Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples region. ...

The physical aspect of the highlands is impressive. The northern portion, lying mainly between 10° and 15° N., consists of a huge mass of Archaean rocks with a mean height of 7000 to 7500 ft (2,200 m) above sea level, and is flooded in a deep central depression by the waters of Lake Tana. Above the plateau rise several irregular and generally ill-defined mountain ranges which attain altitudes of from 12,000 to just under 15,000 ft (3,700 to 4,600 m). Many of the mountains are of unusual shape. Characteristic of the country are the enormous fissures which divide it, formed over time by the erosive action of water. They are in fact the valleys of the rivers which, rising on the uplands or mountain sides, have cut their way to the surrounding lowlands. Some of the valleys are of considerable width; in other cases the opposite walls of the gorges are but two or three hundred meters apart, and fall almost vertically thousands of feet, representing an erosion of many millions of cubic feet of hard rock. One result of the action of the water has been the formation of numerous isolated flat-topped hills or small plateaus, known as ambas, with nearly perpendicular sides. The highest peaks are found in the Simien and Gojam ranges. The Semien Mountains lie northeast of Lake Tana and culminate in the snow-covered peak of Ras Dejen, which has an altitude of 14,872 ft (4,533 m). A few miles east and north respectively of Ras Dejen are Mounts Biuat and Abba Yared, whose summits are a few feet only below that of Ras Dejen. In the Chok Mountains in Gojam, Agsias Fatra attains a height of 13,600 ft (4,150 m). The Archean is a geologic eon; it is a somewhat antiquated term for the time span between 2500 million years before the present and 3800 million years before the present. ... Lake Tana from space, April 1991 Lake Tana (also spelled Tana; older spellings include Tsana and Dambea) is the source of the Blue Nile and is the largest lake in Ethiopia. ... Grand Canyon, Arizona canyon, or gorge, is a valley walled by cliffs. ... Severe soil erosion in a wheat field near Washington State University, USA. Erosion is the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock, and other particles) by the agents of wind, water, ice, movement in response to gravity, or living organisms (in the case of bioerosion). ... Gojjam, or Gojam, was a province in the north-eastern part of Ethiopia, with its capital city at Debra Markos. ... The Simien Mountains lie in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gonder. ... Ras Dashen (alternately Ras Dashan or Ras Dejen) is the highest mountain in Ethiopia, and is the fourth-highest mountain in Africa. ...

Parallel with the eastern escarpment are the heights of Baila, 12,500 ft (3,810 m), Mount Abuna Yosef, 13,780 ft (4,200 m), and Kollo, 14,100 ft (4,300 m), the last-named being southwest of Magdala. The valley between these hills and the eastern escarpment is one of the longest and most profound chasms in Ethiopia. Between Lake Tana and the eastern hills are Mounts Guna, 13,800 ft (4,210 m), and Uara Sahia, 13,000 ft (3,960 m). (These figures are approximate.) Below 10° N., the southern portion of the highlands has more open tableland than the northern portion and fewer lofty peaks. Though there are a few heights between 10,000 and 12,000 ft (3,000 and 4,000 m), the majority do not exceed 8000 ft (2,400 m), but the general character of the southern regions is the same as in the north: a much-broken hilly plateau. Amba Mariam is a village in the Amhara region of central Ethiopia. ...

Hydrology

Lake Tana, Ethiopia - ASAR - 31 March 2004.Credit: ESA 2004.

Most of the Ethiopian uplands have a decided slope to the north-west, so that nearly all the large rivers find their way in that direction to the Nile. Such are the Tekezé River in the north, the Abay in the center, and the Sobat in the south, and about four-fifths of the entire drainage is discharged through these three arteries. The rest is carried off by the Awash, which runs out in the saline lacustrine district along the border with Djibouti; by the Webi Shebeli and the Jubba, which flow southeast through Somalia, though the Shebeli fails to reach the Indian Ocean; and by the Omo, the main feeder of the closed basin of Lake Turkana. Download high resolution version (1417x849, 679 KB) Image number: SEMMYL77ESD Caption: Lake Tana, Ethiopia - ASAR - 31 March 2004 Credits: ESA 2004 http://search. ... Download high resolution version (1417x849, 679 KB) Image number: SEMMYL77ESD Caption: Lake Tana, Ethiopia - ASAR - 31 March 2004 Credits: ESA 2004 http://search. ... Lake Tana from space, April 1991 Lake Tana (also spelled Tana; older spellings include Tsana and Dambea) is the source of the Blue Nile and is the largest lake in Ethiopia. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... There is also Nile, a death metal band from South Carolina, USA. The Nile in Egypt Length 6 695 km Elevation of the source 1 134 m Average discharge 2 830 m³/s Area watershed 3 400 000 km² Origin Africa Mouth the Mediterranean Basin countries Uganda - Sudan - Egypt The... The Tekezé River is a major river of Ethiopia, and forms a section the westernmost border of Ethiopia and Eritrea for part of its course. ... The Abay River is a river in Ethiopia. ... The Awash (sometimes spelled Hawash) is a major river of Ethiopia. ... The Shabele River (with numerous spelling variations, including Shabelle and Shabell, sometimes with Wabe or Webi prepended, Shabeelle in Somalia) begins in the highlands of Ethiopia, and then flows southeast into Somalia towards Mogadishu. ... The Jubba River is a river in Somalia. ... Omo River empties into Lake Turkana, August 1995 The Omo is an important river of southern Ethiopia. ... The shores of Lake Hart, an endorheic desert lake in South Australia In geography, an endorheic basin is a watershed from which there is no outflow of water (either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material)(also called closed basin). ... View over Lake Turkana Lake Turkana, formerly known as Lake Rudolf, is a lake in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya (although the far northern end of the lake crosses into Ethiopia), which covers a surface area of 6405 km² (2473 mi²), making it the worlds largest permanent desert...

The Tekezé River, which is the true upper course of the Atbarah River, has its headwaters in the central tableland; and falls from about 7000 to 2500 ft (2,100 to 750 m). in the tremendous crevasse through which it sweeps west, north, forming part of the border with Eritrea, and west again down to the western terraces, where it passes from Ethiopia to Sudan. During the rains the Tekezé (i.e. the "Terrible") rises some 18 ft (5 m) above its normal level, and at this time forms an impassable barrier between the northern and central regions. In its lower course, the river is known by the Arabic name Setit. In Sudan, the Setit is joined (14° 10' N., 36° E.) by the Atbarah, a river formed by several streams which rise in the mountains west and northwest of Lake Tana. The Gash or Mareb, which forms part of the border with Eritrea, is the most northerly of the highland rivers which flow toward the Nile valley. Its headwaters rise on the landward side of the eastern escarpment within 80 km of Annesley Bay on the Red Sea. It reaches the Sudanese plains near Kassala, beyond which place its waters are dissipated in the sandy soil. The Mareb is dry for a great part of the year, but like the Takazze is subject to sudden freshets during the rainy season. Only the left bank of the upper course of the river is in Ethiopian territory. The Atbarah River in northeast Africa rises in northwest Ethiopia, approximately 50 km north of Lake Tana and 30 km west of Gondar. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... The Atbarah River in northeast Africa rises in northwest Ethiopia, approximately 50 km north of Lake Tana and 30 km west of Gondar. ... Lake Tana from space, April 1991 Lake Tana (also spelled Tana; older spellings include Tsana and Dambea) is the source of the Blue Nile and is the largest lake in Ethiopia. ... The Mareb River (or Gash River), is the most northerly of the highland rivers of Ethiopia which flow to the northwest, and forms part of the border with Eritrea. ... Kassala is the capital of the state of Kassala in northeastern Sudan. ...

The Abay — that is, the upper course of the Blue Nile — has its source near Mount Denguiza in the Gojam highlands (about 11° N. and 37° E.), and first flows for 70 miles (110 km) nearly due north to the south side of Lake Tana. Tana, which stands 2500 to 3000 ft (750 to 1000 m) below the normal level of the plateau, has somewhat the physical aspect of a flooded crater. It has an area of about 1100 mi² (2,800 km²), and a depth in some parts of 250 ft (75 m). At the southeast corner the rim of the crater is, as it were, breached by a deep crevasse through which the Abay escapes, and here makes a great semicircular bend like that of the Tekezé, but in the reverse direction — east, south and north-west — down to the plains of Sennar, where it takes the name of Bahr-el-Azrak or Blue Nile. The Abay has many tributaries. Of these, the Bashilo rises near Magdala and drains eastern Amhara; the Jamma rises near Ankober and drains northern Shoa; the Muger rises near Addis Ababa and drains south-western Shoa; the Didessa, the largest of the Abai's affluents, rises in the Kaffa hills and has a generally south-to-north course; the Yabus runs near the western edge of the plateau escarpment. All these are perennial rivers. The right-hand tributaries, rising mostly on the western sides of the plateau, have steep slopes and are generally torrential in character. The Bolassa, however, is perennial, and the Rahad and Dinder are important rivers in flood-time. The Blue Nile Blue Nile Falls in Ethiopia The Blue Nile is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. ... The Bashilo River is located in the African nation of Ethiopia. ... Amhara (አማራ) may refer to: Amhara, an ethnic group of Ethiopia. ... Shewa (also spelled Shoa) is a historical region of Ethiopia. ... Map of Ethiopia highlighting Addis Ababa (in red). ... Shewa (also spelled Shoa) is a historical region of Ethiopia. ... The Didessa River is an Ethiopian river which rises in the mountains of Gomo. ... Kaffa is the name of several geographical locations: Crimean city of Kaffa or Caffa is currently known as Feodosiya; The Kingdom of Kaffa; The former province of Kaffa in Ethiopia This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

In the mountains and plateaus of Gambela and Kaffa in southwestern Ethiopia rise the Baro, Gelo, Akobo and other chief affluents of the Sobat tributary of the Nile. The Akobo, in about 7° 50' N. and 33° E., joins the Pibor, which in about 8° 30' N. and 33° 20' E. unites with the Baro, the river below the confluence taking the name of Sobat. These rivers descend from the mountains in great falls, and like the other Ethiopian streams are unnavigable in their upper courses. The Baro on reaching the plain becomes, however, a navigable stream affording an open waterway to the Nile. The Baro, Pibor and Akobo form for 250 miles (400 km) the western and southwestern frontiers of Ethiopia. Gambela is one of the nine ethnic divisions (kililoch) of Ethiopia. ... The Baro River is a tributary of the Garo, both rivers in southwestern Ethiopia. ...

The chief river of Ethiopia flowing east is the Awash River (or Awasi), which rises in the Shoan uplands and makes a semicircular bend first southeast and then northeast. It reaches the Afar Depression through a broad breach in the eastern escarpment of the plateau, beyond which it is joined on its left bank by its chief affluent, the Germama (Kasam), and then trends round in the direction of the Gulf of Tadjoura. Here the Awash is a copious stream nearly 200 ft (60 m) wide and 4 ft (1.2 m) deep, even in the dry season, and during the floods rising 50 or 60 ft (15 to 20 m) above low-water mark, thus inundating the plains for many miles along both its banks. Yet it fails to reach the coast, and after a winding course of about 500 miles (800 km), it passes (in its lower reaches) through a series of badds (lagoons) to Lake Abhe Bad (or Abhe Bid) on the border with Djibouti and some 60 or 70 miles (100 km) from the head of the Gulf of Tadjoura. In this lake the river is lost. This remarkable phenomenon is explained by the position of Abhe Bad in the centre of a saline lacustrine depression several hundred feet below sea level. While most of the other lagoons are highly saline, with thick incrustations of salt round their margins, Abhe Bad remains fresh throughout the year, owing to the great body of water discharged into it by the Awash. The Awash (sometimes spelled Hawash) is a major river of Ethiopia. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Gulf of Tadjoura is a gulf or basin of the Indian Ocean in the Horn of Africa, lying to the south of the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, or the entrance to the Red Sea. ... Lake Abbe or Lake Abhe Bad is a salt lake lying on the Ethiopia-Djibouti border, and is one of a chain of six connected lakes which also includes (from north to south) lakes Gargori, Laitali, Gummare, Bario and Afambo. ...

Another lacustrine region extends from the Shoan heights southwest to the Samburu (Lake Turkana) depression. In this chain of scenic upland lakes — some fresh, some brackish, some completely closed, others connected by short channels — the chief links in their order from north to south are: Zway, communicating southwards with Hara and Lamina, all in the Arusi Oromo territory; then Abai with an outlet to a smaller turn in the Baroda and Gamo areas, skirted on the west sides by grassy slopes and wooded ranges from 6000 to nearly 9000 ft (2,000 to 3,000 m) high; lastly, Lake Chew Bahir (formerly known as Lake Stephanie) which is completely closed and falling to a level of about 1800 ft (550 m) above sea level. To the same system obviously belongs the neighbouring Lake Turkana, which is larger than all the rest put together. This lake receives at its northern end the waters of the Omo, which rises in the Shoan highlands and is a perennial river with many affluents. In its course of some 370 miles (600 km) it has a total fall of about 6000 ft (2,000 m) (from 7600 ft at its source to 1600 ft at lake level), and is consequently a very rapid stream, being broken by the Kokobi and other falls, and navigable only for a short distance above its mouth. The chief rivers of Somalia, the Webi Shabele and the Jubba, have their rise on the south-eastern slopes of the Ethiopian escarpment, and part of their course is through territory belonging to Ethiopia. Brackish redirects here. ... Lake Zway is one of the freshwater Rift Valley lakes of Ethiopia. ... The Oromo, sometimes called Galla (this usage has now become pejorative, but was widely used into the 20th century) are an African ethnic group found in Ethiopia and to a lesser extent Kenya. ... Lake Chew Bahir, also called Stefanie, Basso Naebor and Chuwaha, is a lake in northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia, lying in 370 east, between 4°25 and 5° north, and measuring some 40 miles by 15 miles. ...

There are numerous hot springs in Ethiopia (Sodere, for example). Green Dragon Spring at Norris Geyser A hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature (which is usually around 55~57 F or... Sodere is a spa town in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. ...

Seismology

Earthquakes are common in Ethiopia.

Geology

The East African tableland is continued into Ethiopia. Since the visit of W. T. Blanford in 1870 the geology has received little attention from travellers. The following formations are represented:

Sedimentary and Metamorphic

• Recent: Coral, alluvium, sand
• Tertiary: Limestones of Harrar
• Jurassic: Antalo Limestones
• Triassic: Adigrat Sandstones
• Archaean: Gneisses, schists, slaty rocks

Igneous

• Recent: Aden Volcanic Series
• Tertiary, Cretaceous: Magdala group
• Jurassic: Ashangi group

Archaean.--The metamorphic rocks compose the main mass of the tableland, and are exposed in every deep valley in Tigre and along the valley of the Blue Nile. Mica schists form the prevalent rocks. Hornblende schist also occur and a compact felspathic rock in the Suris defile. The foliae of the schists strike north and south. Tertiary period was previously one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, from the end of the Cretaceous period about 65 million years ago to the start of the Quaternary period about 1. ... The Jurassic period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 200 Ma (million years ago) at the end of the Triassic to 146 Ma at the beginning of the Cretaceous. ... The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 245 to 202 Ma (million years ago). ... The Archean is a geologic eon; it is a somewhat antiquated term for the time span between 2500 million years before the present and 3800 million years before the present. ... The Archean is a geologic eon; it is a somewhat antiquated term for the time span between 2500 million years before the present and 3800 million years before the present. ...

Triassic.--In the region of Adigrat the metamorphic rocks are invariably overlain by white and brown sandstones, unfossiliferous, and attaining a maximum thickness of 1000 feet. They are overlain by the fossiliferous limestones of the Antalo group. Around Chelga and Adigrat coal-bearing beds occur, which Blanford suggests may be of the same age as the coal-bearing strata of India. The Adigrat Sandstone possibly represents some portion of the Karroo formation of South Africa. The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 245 to 202 Ma (million years ago). ...

Jurassic.--The fossiliferous limestones of Antalo are generally horizontal, but are in places much disturbed when interstratified with trap rocks. The fossils are all characteristic Oolite forms and include species of Hemicidaris, Pholadomya, Ceromya, Trigonia and Alaria. The Jurassic period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 200 Ma (million years ago) at the end of the Triassic to 146 Ma at the beginning of the Cretaceous. ...

Igneous Rocks.--Above a height of 8000 ft the country consists of bedded traps belonging to two distinct and unconformable groups. The lower (Ashangi group) consists of basalts and dolerites often amygdaloidal. Their relation to the Antalo limestones is uncertain, but Blanford considers them to be not later in age than the Oolite. The upper (Magdala group) contains much trachytic rock of considerable thickness, lying perfectly horizontally, and giving rise to a series of terraced ridges characteristic of central Ethiopia. They are interbedded with unfossiliferous sandstones and shales. Of more recent date (probably Tertiary) are some igneous rocks, rich in alkalis, occurring in certain localities in southern Ethiopia. Of still more recent date are the basalts and ashes west of Massawa and around Annesley Bay and known as the Aden Volcanic Series. With regard to the older igneous rocks, the enormous amount they have suffered from denudation is a prominent feature. They have been worn into deep and narrow ravines, sometimes to a depth of 3000 to 4000 ft. Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock (magma) cools and solidifies, with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks. ...

Climate

The climate of Ethiopia and its dependent territories varies greatly. The Somali Region and the Danakil lowlands in the Afar Region have a hot, dry climate producing semi-desert conditions; the country in the lower basin of the Sobat is hot, swampy and malarious. But over the greater part of Ethiopia as well as the Oromia highlands the climate is very healthy and temperate. The country lies wholly within the tropics, but its nearness to the equator is counterbalanced by the elevation of the land. In the deep valleys of the Tekezé and Abay, and generally in places below 4000 ft, the conditions are tropical and diseases such as malaria are prevalent. On the uplands, however, the air is cool and bracing in summer, and in winter very bleak. The mean range of temperature is between 60 °F and 80 °F (15 °C to 25 °C). On the higher mountains the climate is Alpine in character. The atmosphere on the plateaus is exceedingly clear, so that objects are easily recognizable at great distances. In addition to the variation in climate dependent on elevation, the year may be divided into three seasons. Winter, or the cold season, lasts from October to February, and is followed by a dry hot period, which about the middle of June gives place to the rainy season. The rain is heaviest in the Tekezé basin in July and August. Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Somali region. ... Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Afar region. ... The Sobat River is a river of Northeastern Africa. ... Oromo flag The land of the Oromo Nation is known as Oromia (sometimes spelled Oromiya). ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... The equator is an imaginary circle drawn around a planet (or other astronomical object) at a distance halfway between the poles. ... The Tekezé River is a major river of Ethiopia, and forms a section the westernmost border of Ethiopia and Eritrea for part of its course. ... The Abay River is a river in Ethiopia. ... Red blood cell infected with Malaria, derived from mala aria (Medieval Italian for bad air) and formerly called ague or marsh fever in English, is an infectious disease which causes about 350-500 million infections with humans and approximately 1. ... For the climate of the mountains named the Alps, see climate) for a region above the tree-line. ...

In the former provinces of Gojjam and Welega heavy rains continue till the middle of September, and occasionally October is a wet month. There are also spring and winter rains; indeed rain often falls in every month of the year. But the rainy season proper, caused by the southwest monsoon, lasts from June to mid-September, and commencing in the north moves southward. In the region of the headwaters of the Sobat the rains begin earlier and last longer. The rainfall varies from about 30 in (750 mm) a year in Tigray and Amhara to over 40 in (1000 mm) in parts of Oromia. The rainy season is of great importance not only to Ethiopia but to the countries of the Nile valley, as the prosperity of the eastern Sudan and Egypt is largely dependent upon the rainfall. A season of light rain may be sufficient for the needs of Ethiopia, but there is little surplus water to find its way to the Nile; and a shortness of rain means a low Nile, as practically all the flood water of that river is derived from the Ethiopian tributaries. Gojjam, or Gojam, was a province in the north-western part of Ethiopia, with its capital city at Debra Markos. ... Welega was a province in the western part of Ethiopia, with its capital city at Nekemte. ... Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Tigray region. ... Amhara (አማራ) may refer to: Amhara, an ethnic group of Ethiopia. ...

Flora and Fauna

As in a day's journey the traveller may pass from tropical to almost Alpine conditions of climate, so great also is the range of the flora and fauna. In the valleys and lowlands the vegetation is dense, but the general appearance of the plateaus is of a comparatively bare country with trees and bushes thinly scattered over it. The glens and ravines on the hillside are often thickly wooded, and offer a delightful contrast to the open downs. In Botany a Flora (or Floræ) is a collective term for plant life and can also refer to a descriptive catalogue of the plants of any geographical area, geological period, etc. ... Fauna is a collective term for animal life. ...

These conditions are particularly characteristic of the northern regions; in the south the vegetation on the uplands is more luxuriant. Among the many varieties of trees and plants found are the date palm, mimosa, wild olive, giant sycamores, junipers and laurels, the myrrh and other gum trees (gnarled and stunted, these flourish most on the eastern foothills), a magnificent pine (the Natal yellow pine, which resists the attacks of the white ant), the fig, orange, lime, pomegranate, peach, apricot, banana, and other fruit trees; the grape vine (rare), blackberry, and raspberry; the cotton and indigo Plants, and occasionally the sugar cane. There are in the south large forests of valuable timber trees; and the coffee plant is indigenous in the Kaffa country, whence it takes its name. Many kinds of grasses and flowers abound. Large areas are covered by the kussa, a hardy member of the rose family, which grows from 8 to 10 ft high and has abundant pendent red blossoms. The flowers and the leaves of this plant are highly prized for medicinal purposes. The fruit of the hurarina, a tree found almost exclusively in Shoa, yields a black grain highly esteemed as a spice. On the tableland a great variety of cereals and vegetables are cultivated. A fibrous plant, known as the sansevieria, grows in a wild state in the semi-desert regions of the north and south-east. Species Mimosa hostilis Mimosa nuttallii Mimosa pudica Mimosa strigillosa and about 400 other species. ... Binomial name Olea europaea L. 19th century illustration The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from Syria and the maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian... MEG ILLIF 1630 260 2894 ... Species See text. ... The name Laurel is widely used in English, once being a moderately common name typically for girls; also as Laurie. ... 100g of Myrrh. ... Species About 800, including: Ficus altissima Ficus americana Ficus aurea Ficus benghalensis- Indian Banyan Ficus benjamina- Weeping Fig Ficus broadwayi Ficus carica- Common Fig Ficus citrifolia Ficus coronata Ficus drupacea Ficus elastica Ficus godeffroyi Ficus grenadensis Ficus hartii Ficus lyrata Ficus macbrideii Ficus macrophylla- Moreton Bay Fig Ficus microcarpa- Chinese... Orange—specifically, sweet orange—refers to the citrus tree Citrus sinensis and its fruit. ... Binomial name Citrus X aurantifolia {{{author}}} Limes cut in half Lime (Citrus X aurantifolia) is a citrus tree originating from the Malay Achipelago. ... Species  L.  Balf. ... Binomial name Prunus persica (L.) Batsch A peach dessert The Peach (Prunus persica) is a tree native to China that bears a juicy fruit of the same name. ... Binomial name Prunus armeniaca L. The Apricot (Prunus armeniaca, syn. ... Species Hybrid origin; see text A banana plant is a herb, in the genus Musa, which because of its size and structure, is often mistaken for a tree. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Species Rubus fruticosus- Common Blackberry and hundreds more microspecies (the subgenus also includes the dewberries) See also Black Raspberry, a fruit sometimes confused with blackberries. ... Binomial name Rubus idaeus L. The Raspberry or Red Raspberry, (Rubus idaeus) is a plant that produces a tart, sweet, red composite fruit in late summer or early autumn. ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... Kaffa is the name of several geographical locations: Crimean city of Kaffa or Caffa is currently known as Feodosiya; The Kingdom of Kaffa; The former province of Kaffa in Ethiopia This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Subfamilies There are 7 subfamilies: Subfamily Arundinoideae Subfamily Bambusoideae Subfamily Centothecoideae Subfamily Chloridoideae Subfamily Panicoideae Subfamily Pooideae Subfamily Stipoideae The true grasses are monocotyledonous plants (Class Liliopsida) in the Family Poaceae, also known as Gramineae. ... Clivia miniata right hereflowers. ... Species About 100, see text A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa, and the flower of this shrub. ... Shoa may have the following meanings Shoah, or Holocaust Shoa, Ethiopia Part of a famous quote by Brandon ripper Vedas This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Shop with spices in Morocco A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative substance used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a food additive for the purpose of flavouring. ... This article is about grains in general. ... Vegetables in a market Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. ... Species See text Sansevieria is a genus of about 70 species of flowering plants in the family Ruscaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. ... Semi-arid generally describes regions that receive low annual rainfall (25 to 50 cm /10 to 20 in) and generally have scrub or grass vegetation. ...

In addition to the domestic animals enumerated below (sec. 8) the fauna is very varied. Elephant and rhinoceros are numerous in certain low-lying districts, especially in the Sobat valley. The Ethiopian rhinoceros has two horns and its skin has no folds. The hippopotamus and crocodile inhabit the larger rivers flowing west, but are not found in the Hawash, in which, however, otters of large size are plentiful. Lions abound in the low countries and in Somaliland. In central Ethiopia the lion is no longer found except occasionally in the river valleys. Leopards, both spotted and black, are numerous and often of great size; hyenas are found everywhere and are hardy and fierce; the lynx, wolf, wild dog and jackal are also common. Boars and badgers are more rarely seen. The giraffe is found in the western districts, the zebra and wild ass frequent the lower plateaus and the rocky hills of the north. There are large herds of buffalo and antelope, and gazelles of many varieties and in great numbers are met with in most parts of the country. Among the varieties are the greater and lesser kudu (both rather rare); the duiker, gemsbuck, hartebeest, gerenuk (the most common--it has long thin legs and a camel-like neck); klipspringer, found on the high plateaus as well as in the lower districts; and the dik-dik, the smallest of the antelopes, its weight rarely exceeding 5 kg (10 lb), common in the low countries and the foothills. The civet is found in many parts of Ethiopia, but chiefly in the Galla regions. Squirrels and hares are numerous, as are several kinds of monkeys, notably the guereza, gelada, guenon and dog-faced baboon. They range from the tropical lowlands to heights of 10,000 ft. Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas recki † Stegodon † Mammuthus † Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea. ... Genera Ceratotherium Dicerorhinus Diceros Rhinoceros Coelodonta (extinct)Elasmotherium (extinct) The rhinoceros (commonly called rhino for short) is any of five surviving species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae. ... Binomial name Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758 The Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius a. ... Genera Mecistops Crocodylus Osteolaemus See full taxonomy. ... Genera Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura Otters are aquatic or marine carnivorous mammals, members of the large and diverse family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, and others. ... Binomial name Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) The Lion (Panthera leo) is a mammal of the family Felidae. ... Binomial name Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) Leopards (Panthera pardus) are one of the four big cats of the genus Panthera. ... Genera Crocuta Hyaena Parahyaena Proteles Hyenas (or Hyænas) are moderately large terrestrial carnivores native to Africa and Asia. ... The range of the lynx. ... Wolf Wolf Man Mount Wolf Wolf Prizes Wolf Spider Wolf 424 Wolf 359 Wolf Point Wolf-herring Frank Wolf Friedrich Wolf Friedrich August Wolf Hugo Wolf Johannes Wolf Julius Wolf Max Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf Maximilian Wolf Rudolf Wolf Thomas Wolf As Name Wolf Breidenbach Wolf Hirshorn Other The call... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Puppy redirects here. ... Species Canis aureus Canis adustus Canis mesomelas Canis simensis A jackal is any of four small to medium-sized members of the family Canidae, found in Africa and Asia. ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domesticated pig. ... For other uses, see Badger (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Giraffa camelopardalis Linnaeus, 1758 The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest of all land-living animal species. ... Species Equus zebra Equus quagga Equus hartmannae Equus grevyi Zebras (members of the Horse family), are native to central and southern Africa. ... Species Bubalus arnee Bubalus depressicornis Bubalus quarlesi Bubalus mindorensis Bubalus is a genus of bovines, the English name of which is buffalo. ... Genera Aepyceros Alcelaphus Antidorcas Antilope Cephalophus Connochaetes Damaliscus Gazella Hippotragus Kobus Madoqua Neotragus Oreotragus Oryx Ourebia Pantholops Procapra Sylvicapra Taurotragus Tragelaphus and others Antelopes are a group of herbivorous African and Asian animals of the family Bovidae, distinguished by a pair of hollow horns on their heads. ... Species Several, see text A gazelle is an antelope of the genus Gazella. ... The Kudu are two species of antelope: Greater Kudu Lesser Kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis Greater Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu: has a symbolic role in Hindu and Buddhist architecture. ... Genera Cephalophus Sylvicapra A duiker is any of about 19 small to medium-sized antelope species native to sub-Saharan Africa. ... Binomial name Oryx gazella (Linnaeus, 1758) The Gemsbok or gemsbuck Oryx gazella, is a large African Oryx antelope. ... Binomial name Alcelaphus buselaphus Pallas, 1766 The Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) is a grassland antelope found in West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa. ... Binomial name Litocranius walleri (Brooke, 1878) The Gerenuk (Litocranius walleri) is an antelope-like animal, closely related to the gazelle, found in East Africa. ... Binomial name Oreotragus oreotragus (Zimmerman,, 1783) The Klipspringer (literally rock jumper in Afrikaans), Oreotragus oreotragus, is a small African antelope that lives from the Cape of Good Hope all the way up East Africa and into Ethiopia. ... The dik-dik is a small antelope named for the sound it makes when alarmed that lives in the brush of southern and eastern Africa. ... Genera Aepyceros Alcelaphus Antidorcas Antilope Cephalophus Connochaetes Damaliscus Gazella Hippotragus Kobus Madoqua Neotragus Oreotragus Oryx Ourebia Pantholops Procapra Sylvicapra Taurotragus Tragelaphus and others Antelopes are a group of herbivorous African and Asian animals of the family Bovidae, distinguished by a pair of hollow horns on their heads. ... Subfamilies Cryptoproctinae Euplerinae Hemigalinae Paradoxurinae Viverrinae The 35 species of civet, (pronounced sǐvǐt), genet, and linsang make up the family Viverridae. ... The Oromo are an African ethnic group (pejoratively termed Galla) found in Ethiopia and to a lesser extent Kenya. ... Genera Many, see the article Sciuridae. ... Species Many, see text Hares and jackrabbits belong to family Leporidae, and mostly in genus Lepus. ... Cynomolgus Monkey at Batu Caves, Malaysia Monkeys, Mori Sosen (1749-1821) A monkey is any member of two of the three groupings of simian primates. ... Binomial name Colobus guereza Rüppell, 1835 The Mantled Guereza (Colobus guereza), also known simply as the Guereza or the Abyssinian Black-and-white Colobus, is a colobus monkey, a kind of Old World monkey. ... Binomial name Theropithecus gelada (Rüppell, 1835) Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is a species of Old World monkey, found only in the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea. ... Type species Simia diana Linnaeus, 1758 Species see text The guenons are the genus Cercopithecus of Old World monkeys. ... Type Species Simia hamadryas Linnaeus, 1758 Species Papio hamadryas Papio papio Papio anubis Papio cynocephalus Papio ursinus The baboons are some of the largest non-hominid members of the primate order; only the Mandrill and the Drill are larger. ...

Birds are very numerous, and many of them remarkable for the beauty of their plumage. Great numbers of eagles, vultures, hawks, bustards and other birds of prey are met with; and partridges, duck, teal, guineafowl, sandgrouse, curlews, woodcock, snipe, pigeons, thrushes and swallows are very plentiful. A fine variety of ostrich is commonly found. Among the birds prized for their plumage are the marabout, crane, heron, blacks bird, parrot, jay and hummingbirds of extraordinary brilliance, Orders Many - see section below. ... Genera Several, see below. ... A Nubian Vulture Vultures are scavenging birds, feeding mostly from carcasses of dead animals. ... The term hawk refers to birds of prey in any of three senses: Strictly, to mean any of the species in the genera Accipiter, Micronisus, Melierax, Urotriorchis, and Megatriorchis. ... Genera Perdix Alectoris Lerwa Bambusicola Ptilopachus Rollulus Haematortyx Caloperdix Arborophila Xenoperdix Melanoperdix †See also Pheasant, Quail, Grouse Partridges are birds in the pheasant family, Phasianidae. ... Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Merginae For other uses, see Duck (disambiguation). ... Teal may mean: Look up Teal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary A type of duck, for example The Common Teal, Anas crecca The Green-winged Teal, Anas carolinensis The Black Teal, Aythya novaeseelandiae The Brown Teal, Anas aucklandica The Silver Teal, Anas versicolor The Cape Teal, Anas capensis teal (color... Genera  Agelastes  Numida  Guttera  Acryllium The guineafowl are a family of birds in the same order as the pheasants, turkeys and other game birds. ... Genera Pterocles Syrrhaptes The sandgrouse are a group of 16 near passerine bird species in the order Pteroclidiformes. ... Genera Numenius Bartramia Numenius redirects here. ... Species Eurasian Woodcock, Amami Woodcock, Bukidnon Woodcock, Dusky Woodcock, Sulawesi Woodcock, Moluccan Woodcock, American Woodcock, The woodcock are a group of seven very similar wading bird species in the genus Scolopax, characterised by a long slender bill and cryptic brown and blackish plumage. ... Genera Coenocorypha Gallinago Lymnocryptes A Snipe is any of 18 very similar wading bird species, characterised by a very long slender bill and cryptic plumage. ... Pigeon redirects here. ... Genera 22 genera, see text The Thrushes, family Turdidae, are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. ... Genera Many, see text. ... Binomial name Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758 The ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a flightless bird native to Africa. ... Genera Grus Anthropoides Balearica Bugeranus Cranes are large, long-legged with large talons and long-necked birds of the order Gargoyles, and family Gruesome killers. ... Genera Ardea Zebrilus Philherodias Tigrisoma Ardeola Bubulcus Egretta Agamia Butorides Tigriornis Tigrisoma Gorsachius Syrigma Zonerodius Nycticorax see also: Bittern Heron and reeds, Haronobu Suzuki (1754-1770) Herons are medium to large long-legged, long-necked wading birds of the family Ardeidae, which also includes the egrets and bitterns. ... Families Cacatuidae Psittacidae Parrots or Psittacines (order Psittaciformes) includes about 353 species of bird which are generally grouped into two families: the Cacatuidae or cockatoos, and the Psittacidae or true parrots. ... Genera Many, see text Jay is a common name for several species of medium-sized, usually colorful and noisy passerine or perching birds in the family Corvidae, or crow family. ... Genera Many, see text. ...

Among insects the most numerous and useful is the bee, honey everywhere constituting an important part of the food of the inhabitants. Of an opposite class is the locust. There are thousands of varieties of butterflies and other insects. Snakes are not numerous, but several species are poisonous. Classes & Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrate animals of the Class Insecta, the largest and (on land) most widely-distributed taxon within the phylum Arthropoda. ... Families Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae Megachilidae Melittidae Stenotritidae Bee collecting pollen Bees (Apoidea superfamily) are flying insects, closely related to wasps and ants. ... Honey honey comb A capped frame of honeycomb Honey is a sweet and viscous fluid produced by honeybees and other insects from the nectar of flowers. ... Desert locust Nymph of Locust (Schistocera americana) with distinct wing-rudiments Locust from the 1915 Locust Plague For other meanings of the word Locust, see Locust (disambiguation). ... Families Superfamily Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae Superfamily Papilionoidea: Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae A butterfly is an insect of the Order Lepidoptera, and belongs to one of the superfamilies Hesperioidea (the skippers) or Papilionoidea (all other butterflies). ... Superfamilies and Families Henophidia Aniliidae Anomochilidae Boidae Bolyeriidae Cylindrophiidae Loxocemidae Pythonidae Tropidophiidae Uropeltidae Xenopeltidae Typhlopoidea Anomalepididae Leptotyphlopidae Typhlopidae Xenophidia Acrochordidae Atractaspididae Colubridae Elapidae Hydrophiidae Viperidae Snakes (from Old English snaca, and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European base snag- or sneg-, to crawl), also known as ophidians, are cold blooded... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Statistics

Location

Eastern Africa, west of Somalia

Geographic coordinates

8°00′N 38°00′E

Map references

Africa

Area

• Total: 1,127,127 km&sup2
• Land: 1,119,683 km&sup2
• Water: 7,444 km&sup2

Area - comparative

Slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries

• Total: 5,311 km
• Border countries: Djibouti 337 km, Eritrea 912 km, Kenya 830 km, Somalia 1,626 km, Sudan 1,606 km

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims

None (landlocked)

Climate

Tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

Terrain

High plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley

Elevation extremes

• Lowest point: Danakil, -125 m
• Highest point: Ras Dejen, 4,533 m

Natural resources

Small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower

Land use

• Arable land: 12%
• Permanent crops: 1%
• Permanent pastures: 40%
• Forests and woodland: 25%
• Other: 22% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land

1,900 km&sup2 (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

Geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts

Environment - current issues

Deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements

• Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection
• Signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Geography - note

Landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993

See also: Ethiopia Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Ras Dashen (alternately Ras Dashan or Ras Dejen) is the highest mountain in Ethiopia, and is the fourth-highest mountain in Africa. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Atomic mass 195. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic brown Atomic mass 63. ... Potash Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) mixed with other potassium salts. ... Many stoves use natural gas. ... Rainforests are the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of life. ... UNFCCC logo. ... Ship stranded by the retreat of the Aral Sea Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities. ... The endangered Sea Otter An endangered species is a population of organisms (usually a taxonomic species), which is either (a) so few in number or (b) threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters that it is at risk of becoming extinct. ... note - abbreviated as Environmental Modification opened for signature - December 10, 1976 entered into force - October 5, 1978 objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations parties - (66) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria... Admiralty law (usually referred to as simply admiralty and also referred to as maritime law) is a distinct body of law which governs maritime questions and offenses. ... The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes and was opened for signature in New York on 24 September 1996, when it was signed by 71 States, including the five nuclear weapon states at the time (which did not... A landlocked country is one that has no coastline. ... May 24 is the 144th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (145th in leap years). ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

External links

• Maps of Ethiopia - Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas at Austin

The University of Texas at Austin, often called UT or Texas, is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• This article contains material from the CIA World Factbook which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain. Ethiopia. URL accessed on March 26, 2005.