NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Geography of Pakistan

Pakistan geologically overlaps both with the Indian and the Eurasian landplates. The provinces of Sindh and Punjab are found in the northwestern corner of the Indian tectonic plate; Balochistan and most of the North West Frontier Province exist on the Eurasian Plate tectonic plate; the Iranian plateau is part of both the Middle East and Central Asia. The Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir also lie mainly in Central Asia along the edge of the Indian plate and as a result are prone to severe earthquakes where Eurasian and the Indian plates collide. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Pk-map. ... The Eurasian plate, shown in green The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate covering Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia) except that it does not cover the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Verkhoyansk Range in East Siberia. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ, UrdÅ«: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ... This article is about the Pakistani province. ... The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. ... Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: Ø¨Ù„ÙˆÚ†Ø³ØªØ§Ù†) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ... The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)-(also known as, Subha Sarhad)- is the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Pashtuns (Afghans) and various other groups. ... The Eurasian plate, shown in green The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate covering Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia) except that it does not cover the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Verkhoyansk Range in East Siberia. ... The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. ... Topographic map of the Iranian plateau connecting to Anatolia in the west and Hindu Kush and Himalaya in the east Iranian plateau is both a geographical area of South or West Asia, home of ancient civilizations[1], and a geological area of Eurasia north of the great folded mountain belts... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ... This article details only the area administered by Pakistan. ...

Pakistan's western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the South Asia. The Khyber Pass, also referred to as The Khyber (also spelt the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) (Urdu: Ø¯Ø±Û Ø®ÛŒØ¨Ø±) (altitude: 1,070 m , 3,510 ft) is the mountain pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan. ... The Bolan Pass (Urdu: Ø¯Ø±Û Ø¨ÙˆÙ„Ø§Ù†) is a gap through the Toba Kakar Range of mountains in western Pakistan, 120 kilometers from the Afghanistan border. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...

Pakistan International Boundaries

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan occupies a position of great geo-strategic importance, bordered by Iranian held Baloch nation on the west, named by them as Sistan va Baluchistan province by the Persians, states of Afghanistan on the northwest, China (PRC) on the northeast, the Union of India on the east, and the Arabian Sea on the south (see fig. 1). The total land area is estimated at 880,940 square kilometers or 340,403 square miles of National Territory (including P.A.K/Pakistani Kashmir: Azad Jammu and Kashmir Divisions and the F.A.N.A). Apart from the 1,064 kilometers or 650 miles of the Pakistani coastline, on the Arabian Sea the Islamic Republic of Pakistan’s interior land or external international boundaries totaling to 6,774 kilometers of boundaries with its neighbours on all four sides. Categories: Iran geography stubs | Provinces of Iran ... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named FÃ¢rsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... ... The Arabian Sea (Arabic: Ø¨ØØ± Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨; transliterated: Bahr al-Arab) is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia... National can refer to: Look up national in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Azad is a fictional game played in the Empire of Azad in the book The Player of Games by Iain M. Banks. ... This article is about the area administered by India. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Border (disambiguation). ...

South Western Boundary

The boundary with the Islamic Republic of Iran, is 909 kilometers in length or 565 miles long, was first delimited by a British commission in 1893, separating Iran from what was then the Balochistan region of British India. In 1957 Pakistan signed a frontier agreement with Iran, in Rawalpindi and since then the international border between the two countries has not been a subject of serious dispute between Islamabad and Tehran. Look up commission in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Chief Commissioners Province of Baluchistan was a former province of Pakistan located in the northern parts of modern Balochistan province. ... Anthem God Save The King The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (until 1912), New Delhi (after 1912) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1858-1901 VictoriaÂ¹ - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George VI ViceroyÂ² - 1858... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... Rawalpindi (Urdu: Ø±Ø§ÙˆÙ„Ù¾Ù†ÚˆÛŒ) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistans capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. ... A controversy is a contentious dispute, a disagreement over which parties are actively arguing. ... Islamabad (Urdu: Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯) is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ...

Geographic coordinates: 30°00′N, 70°00′E Image File history File links Earthquake_Information_for_Pakistan. ... Image File history File links Earthquake_Information_for_Pakistan. ...

North Western Boundary

Pakistan's International boundary with Afghanistan is about 2,640 kilometers long or 1,640 in length. In the north, it runs along the ridges of the Hindu Kush (meaning Hindu Killer) mountains and the Pamirs, where a narrow strip of Afghan-Occupied Gorno-Badakhshan territory called the Wakhan Corridor extends between Pakistan and Tajikistan. The Hindu Kush was traditionally regarded as the last northwestern outpost where migrants Pakistani Hindus could venture out in safety. The boundary line with Afghan Kingdom was drawn in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand, then foreign secretary in British India, and was acceded to by the Amir of Afghanistan in that same year. This boundary, called the Durand Line, was not in doubt when Pakistan became independent in 1947, although its legitimacy was in later years disputed periodically by the Afghan nationalistic government was and is baseless as well as by Pakhtun tribes straddling the Pakistan-Afghanistan border in Afghania province. On the one hand, Afghanistan claimed that the Durand Line had been imposed by a stronger power upon a weaker one, and it favored the establishment of still another separatist state to be called Pashtunistan or Pakhtunistan (see Independent Pakistan, Ch. 1; Foreign Policy , Ch. 4). On the other hand, Pakistan, as the legatee of the British in the region, insisted on the legality and permanence of the external boundary. The Durand Line remained in effect in 1994. The Hindu Kush or Hindukush (هندوکش in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ... A photograph of Ismail Samani Peak (then known as Peak Communism) taken in 1989. ... Gorno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km northeast of Milan and about 25 km northeast of Bergamo. ... Badakhshan is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and of Tajikistan. ... The Wakhan Corridor or Wakhan Salient (also spelt as Vakhan; ÙˆØ®Ø§Ù† in Persian) is a narrow (in some places less than 10 mi. ... Pakistans Hindus number somewhere between 2. ... Anthem SurÅ«d-i MillÄ« Capital (and largest city) Kabul Official languages Pashto, Persian (DarÄ«)1 Government Islamic Republic - President Hamid Karzai - Vice President Ahmad Zia Massoud - Vice President Karim Khalili Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - Declared August 8, 1919 - Recognized August 19 1919 Area... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Mortimer Durand was the creator of the Durand Line, the border between Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan. ... The title of Foreign Secretary has been traditionally used to refer to the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. ... Anthem God Save The King The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (until 1912), New Delhi (after 1912) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1858-1901 VictoriaÂ¹ - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George VI ViceroyÂ² - 1858... The Durand Line is the term for the poorly marked 2,640 kilometer (1,610 mile) border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, or ethnic Afghan; in referring to the period of the British Raj or earlier, sometimes Pathan) are an ethnic/religious group of people, living primarily in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India who follow Pashtunwali, their indigenous religion. ... http://www. ... North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... Pashtunistan (Pashto, Persian: Ù¾Ø´ØªÙˆÙ†Ø³ØªØ§Ù†) or Pakhtunistan (Pashto, Persian: Ù¾Ø®ØªÙˆÙ†Ø³ØªØ§Ù†), is what many Pashtun nationalists call the Pashtun-dominated areas of Pakistan. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...

North Eastern Boundary

In the northeastern tip of the country, Pakistan politically and militarily controls about 84,159 square kilometers of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, that is geographically and culturally Islamic in nature. This area consists of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, a territorial strip, physically, historically, and geographically part of Pakistan, but not amalgamated constitutionally because of its anomalous sensitive status. It is an highly contested region territorially disputed area between Islamabad and New Delhi, along with the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir as a whole, only to be divided by a cease-fire. Either of the Kashmirs does not constitutionally form a part of Pakistani or Indian annexed regions of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh Divisions (11,639 square kilometers) and most of the Federally Administered Northern Areas (F.A.N.A) (72,520 square kilometers), which includes Gilgit and Baltistan district. It is regarded as one of the most visually stunning regions of the Islamic Republic, ‘Northern Pakistan’, also popularly known as the Eighth Wonderer of the World. The Northern Areas has five of the world's seventeen highest peaks along with highest range of mountains the Karakoram and Himalayas. It also has such extensive glaciers that it has sometimes been called the "Third Pole." The international border-line has been a matter of pivotal dispute between Pakistan and India ever since 1947, and the Siachen Glacier in northern Kashmir has been an important arena for fighting between the two sides since 1984, although far more soldiers have died of exposure to the cold than from any skirmishes in the conflict between their National Armies facing each other. A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince and is thus a principality taken in the broad sense. ... This article is about the area administered by India. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Azad Kashmir (formally the Islamic Republic of Azad Jammu and Kashmir) is part of the Pakistani-controlled part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, along with the Northern Areas. ... Islamabad (Urdu: Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯) is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Jammu (Hindi: à¤œà¤®à¥à¤®à¥‚, Urdu: Ø¬Ù…ÙˆÚº) is one of the three regions comprising the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... , Ladakh (Tibetan script: à½£à¼‹à½‘à¾à½‚à½¦à¼‹; Wylie: la-dwags, Ladakhi IPA: , Hindi: à¤²à¤¦à¥à¤¦à¤¾à¤–à¤¼, Hindi IPA: , Urdu: Ù„Ø¯Ù‘Ø§Ø®; land of high passes) is a region in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in Northern India sandwiched between the Kuen Lun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by people... For other uses, see Gilgit (disambiguation). ... Baltistan (Urdu: Ø¨Ù„ØªØ³ØªØ§Ù†) , also known as Ø¨Ù„ØªÛŒÙˆÙ„ (Baltiyul) in the Balti language, is a region to the north of Kashmir, bordering Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. ... An Islamic republic, in its modern context, has come to mean several different things, some contradictory to others. ... Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh and Baltistan. ... Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ... For other uses, see Mountain (disambiguation). ... Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh and Baltistan. ... For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ... This article is about the geological formation. ... The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border at approximately . ... The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border at approximately . ...

From the eastern end of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, a boundary of about 523 kilometers or 325 miles runs generally southeast between PRC (China) and Pakistan (IRP), ending near the Karakoram Pass. This line was determined from 1961 to 1965 in a series of agreements between China and Pakistan and finally upon 3rd March 1963 both governments’ Islamabad and Beijing formally agreed. By mutual agreement, a new boundary treaty is to be further negotiated between China and Pakistan in the future when the dispute over Kashmir is finally resolved between India and Pakistan. The Pakistan-India cease-fire line runs from the Karakoram Pass west-southwest to a point about 130 kilometers northeast of Lahore. This line, about 770 kilometers long, was arranged with United Nations (UNO) assistance at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48. The cease-fire line came into effect on January 1, 1949, after eighteen months of fighting between Indian forces and Afridi tibals which Pakistan had send to occupy Kashmir and was last adjusted and agreed upon by the two countries according to the Simla Accord Agreement of July 2, 1972 between Indira Gandhi and Bhutto. Since then, it has been generally known as the Line of Control or the (LoC). The Karakoram Pass (5,575 m or 18,291 ft) is the highest pass on the ancient caravan route between Leh, Ladakh and Yarkand in the Tarim Basin. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Islamabad (Urdu: Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯) is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. ... Peking redirects here. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Shimla Accord (named after Shimla) is a treaty signed between India (Prime Minister Indira Gandhi) and Pakistan (Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) after their 1972 war. ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A young Indira Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, during one of the latters fasts Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: ) (19 November 1917 - October 31, 1984) She was the Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in... Bhutto may refer to: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Also spelled Bhuto) was former Pakistani Prime Minister, deposed by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1970s. ...

Eastern and South-eastern boundaries

The Pakistan-India boundary continues irregularly southward for about 1,280 kilometers, following the line of the 1947 Radcliffe Award, named for Sir Cyril Radcliffe, the head of the British boundary commission on the partition of the Punjabs of Pakistan and Indian-annexed Khalistan in Pre-Pakistani territories and in united Bengal of Bharat (India) into Pakistan’s Eastern wing of Mashriq-e-Bengal on 13th August 1947. Although this boundary with India referring only to present-day Pakistan and not aimed at formerly East Pakistan borders except only all three governments claiming the status of the district of Ferozpur and Pathankot between Pakistan and India. It remains another unresolved issue although it is not formally disputed; passions still run very high indeed on both sides of the international border. Many had expected the original boundary line to run farther to the west, thereby ceding the Lahore region to India, possibly granting them all of Gujranwala Division: Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat, districts and Sheikhupura, Okara, Kasur districts of Lahore Division; and others had expected the line to run much farther east, possibly granting them control of Delhi, the imperial capital of the Mughal Empire including an east Punjab state for Sikhs of their own to govern. Viscount Cyril John Radcliffe KBE GBE PC (1899 - 1977) was a British lawyer and law lord most famous for his partitioning of the British Imperial territory of India. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... Ferozpur (also spelled Ferozepur) is an ancient city located on the banks of the Sutlej River, 20 km north-west of Mudki in the state of Punjab, India. ... , Pathankot (Punjabi: à¨ªà¨ à¨¾à¨¨à¨•à©‹à¨Ÿ, Hindi: à¤ªà¤ à¤¾à¤¨à¤•à¥‹à¤Ÿ, Pashto: Ù¾Ù¹Ú¾Ø§Ù† ÚªÙˆÙ½) a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Indian state of Punjab. ... Gujranwala Division was an administrative division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. ... Narowal (Urdu/Punjabi: Ù†Ø§Ø±ÙˆÙˆØ§Ù„) is a city in the north-east of Pakistan in Punjab province. ... Gujrat (Urdu/Punjabi: Ú¯Ø¬Ø±Ø§Øª) is a city in Pakistan located in Gujrat District in the Punjab Province. ... Sheikhupura or Shekhupura (Urdu: Ø´ÙŠØ®ÙˆÙ¾ÙˆØ±Û) is an industrial city in the province of Punjab slightly northwest to Lahore in Pakistan. ... Okara is a yellowish pulp consisting of the insoluble parts of soybeans, which remains when pureed soybeans are filtered in the production of soy milk. ... Kasur (Urdu/Punjabi: Ù‚ØµÙˆØ±), the city of Bulleh Shah, located 55 km southeast of Lahore, is one of the oldest cities in Pakistan. ... Districts are a form of local government in several countries. ... Lahore Division was a former administrative division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy List of Mughal emperors - 1526-1530 Babur - 1530â€“1539 and after restoration 1555â€“1556 Humayun - 1556â€“1605 Akbar - 1605â€“1627 Jahangir - 1628â€“1658 Shah Jahan - 1659â€“1707 Aurangzeb History - Established April 21, 1526 - Ended September 21...

The southern borders are far less contentious than those in Northern Pakistan (Kashmir). The Thar Desert in the province of Sindh is separated in the south from the salt flats of the Rann of Kachchh (Kutch) by a boundary that was first delineated in 1923-24. After partition and dissolution of Empire, Independent and free Pakistan contested the southern boundary of Sindh, and a succession of border incidents resulted. They were less dangerous and less widespread, however, than the conflict that erupted in Kashmir in the Indo-Pakistani War of August 1965 started with this decisive core of issues. These southern hostilities were ended by British mediation during Harold Wilson’s era, and both sides accepted the award of the Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal designated by the UN secretary general himself. The tribunal made its award on February 19, 1968; delimiting a line of 403 kilometers that was later demarcated by joint survey teams, Of its original claim of some 9,100 square kilometers, Pakistan was awarded only about 780 square kilometers. Beyond the western terminus of the tribunal's award, the final stretch of Pakistan's border with India is about 80 kilometers long, running west and southwest to an inlet of the Arabian Sea. Sindh (SindhÄ«: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ, UrdÅ«: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ... The Arabian Sea (Arabic: Ø¨ØØ± Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨; transliterated: Bahr al-Arab) is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia...

Land boundaries:
total: 6,961 km
border countries: Afghanistan 2,640 km, China 500 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nautical miles (44 km)
continental shelf: 200 nautical miles (370 km) or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370 km)
territorial sea: 12 nautical miles (22 km) A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ...

Geographical Regions

Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands; the Indus River plain, with two major subdivisions corresponding roughly to the provinces of Punjab and Sindh; and the Balochistan Plateau. Some geographers designate additional major regions. For example, the mountain ranges along the western border with Afghanistan are sometimes described separately from the Balochistan Plateau, and on the eastern border with India, south of the Sutlej River, the Thar Desert may be considered separately from the Indus Plain. Nevertheless, the country may conveniently be visualized in general terms as divided in three by an imaginary line drawn eastward from the Khyber Pass and another drawn southwest from Islamabad down the middle of the country. Roughly, then, the northern highlands are north of the imaginary east-west line; the Balochistan Plateau is to the west of the imaginary southwest line; and the Indus Plain lies to the east of that line. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1626x2000, 1256 KB) Pakistan http://hdl. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1626x2000, 1256 KB) Pakistan http://hdl. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 609 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,726 Ã— 1,698 pixels, file size: 3. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 609 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,726 Ã— 1,698 pixels, file size: 3. ... The Indus River (Urdu: Sindh; Sindhi: Sindhu; Sanskrit and Hindi: à¤¸à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥ ; Persian: ØÙ†Ø¯Ùˆ ; Pashto: Ù‘Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø³Ù†Father of Rivers; Tibetan: Lion River; Chinese: YÃ¬ndÃ¹; Greek: Î™Î½Î´ÏŒÏ‚ Indos) is the longest and most important river in Pakistan and one of the most important rivers on the Indian subcontinent and has given the country India its... This article is about the Pakistani province. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ, UrdÅ«: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ... For other uses, see Plateau (disambiguation). ... The Sutlej is a river that flows through Northern India, with its source in Tibet. ... A NASA satellite image of the Thar Desert, with the India-Pakistan border superimposed is found in canada, united states. ... Do you mean: The Khyber Pass, which links Pakistan to Afghanistan Carry On Up the Khyber, the 1966 Carry On film about the British on the Northwest Frontier ... Islamabad (Urdu: Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯) is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. ...

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m For other uses, see K2 (disambiguation). ...

The Northern Highlands

The northern highlands include parts of the Hindu Kush, the Karakoram Range, and the Himalayas. This area includes such famous peaks as K2 (Mount Godwin Austen, at 8,611 meters the second highest peak in the world), and Nanga Parbat (8,126 meters), the twelfth highest. More than one-half of the summits are over 4,500 meters, and more than fifty peaks reach above 6,500 meters. Travel through the area is difficult and dangerous, although the government is attempting to develop certain areas into tourist and trekking sites. Because of their rugged topography and the rigors of the climate, the northern highlands and the Himalayas to the east have been formidable barriers to movement into Pakistan throughout history. Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh and Baltistan. ... For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ... For other uses, see K2 (disambiguation). ... Nanga Parbat (also known as Nangaparbat Peak or Diamir) is the ninth highest mountain on Earth and the second highest in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. ... For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ...

South of the northern highlands and west of the Indus River plain are the Safed Koh Range along the Afghanistan border and the Sulaiman Range and Kirthar Range, which define the western extent of the province of Sindh and reach almost to the southern coast. The lower reaches are far more arid than those in the north, and they branch into ranges that run generally to the southwest across the province Balochistan. North-south valleys in Balochistan and Sindh have restricted the migration of peoples along the Makran Coast on the Arabian Sea east toward the plains. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1194x768, 477 KB) Description: K2 (Baltoro Muztagh, Central Karakoram, Pakistan) Source: photo taken by Kogo Date: July 2004 Author: Kogo Permission: Kogo put it under the GFDL Other versions of this file: - File links The following pages link to this file... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1194x768, 477 KB) Description: K2 (Baltoro Muztagh, Central Karakoram, Pakistan) Source: photo taken by Kogo Date: July 2004 Author: Kogo Permission: Kogo put it under the GFDL Other versions of this file: - File links The following pages link to this file... For other uses, see K2 (disambiguation). ... The Indus River (Urdu: Sindh; Sindhi: Sindhu; Sanskrit and Hindi: à¤¸à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥ ; Persian: ØÙ†Ø¯Ùˆ ; Pashto: Ù‘Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø³Ù†Father of Rivers; Tibetan: Lion River; Chinese: YÃ¬ndÃ¹; Greek: Î™Î½Î´ÏŒÏ‚ Indos) is the longest and most important river in Pakistan and one of the most important rivers on the Indian subcontinent and has given the country India its...

Several large passes cut the ranges along the border with Afghanistan. Among them are the Khojak Pass, about eighty kilometers northwest of Quetta in Balochistan; the Khyber Pass, forty kilometers west of Peshawar and leading to Kabul; and the Baroghil Pass in the far north, providing access to the Wakhan Corridor. (Urdu: Ù¾Ø´Ø§ÙˆØ±; Pashto: Ù¾ÚšÙˆØ±) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ... For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ... Broghol, also spelled Boroghil and several other ways, is a high mountain pass that crosses the Pamir and connects the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan with Chitral in Pakistan. ...

Less than a one-fifth of Pakistan's land area has the potential for intensive agricultural use. Nearly all of the arable land is actively cultivated, but outputs are low by world standards. Cultivation is sparse in the northern mountains, the southern deserts, and the western plateaus, but the Indus River basin in Punjab and northern Sindh has fertile soil that enables Pakistan to feed its population under usual climatic conditions. For other uses, see Plateau (disambiguation). ... The Indus River (Urdu: Sindh; Sindhi: Sindhu; Sanskrit and Hindi: à¤¸à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥ ; Persian: ØÙ†Ø¯Ùˆ ; Pashto: Ù‘Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø³Ù†Father of Rivers; Tibetan: Lion River; Chinese: YÃ¬ndÃ¹; Greek: Î™Î½Î´ÏŒÏ‚ Indos) is the longest and most important river in Pakistan and one of the most important rivers on the Indian subcontinent and has given the country India its... Fertile may be used in the following conrtext: Fertility, a term used to describe the ability of people or animals to produce healthy offspring. ...

The Indus River Plain

The name Indus comes from the Sanskrit word sindhu, meaning ocean, from which also come the words Sindh, Hindu, and India. The Indus, one of the great rivers of the world, rises in southwestern Tibet only about 160 kilometers west of the source of the Sutlej River, which joins the Indus in Punjab, and the Brahmaputra, which runs eastward before turning southwest and flowing through Bangladesh. The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometers, and all of Pakistan's major rivers--the Kabul, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej--flow into it. The Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. This area has been inhabited by agricultural civilizations for at least 5,000 years. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (640x640, 151 KB) Summary Indus River Delta, courtesy of NASA. Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (640x640, 151 KB) Summary Indus River Delta, courtesy of NASA. Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: Ø³Ù†ÚŒ, UrdÅ«: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ... Bhavna says there are 300 million gods in Hinduism. ... The Brahmaputra is one of the major rivers of Asia. ... Kabul River or Kabal River (Persian: Ø¯Ø±ÛŒØ§ÛŒ Ú©Ø§Ø¨Ù„) is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range of Afghanistan, separated from the watershed of the Helmand by the Unai Pass. ... The Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of the Punjab province of Pakistan, and passes through Jhelum City. ... The Chenab River rises in the Himalayan ranges of Kashmir and flows through the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and the Jech Doabs. ... The Ravi River (Punjabi: , Urdu: ) is a river in India and Pakistan. ... The Sutlej, also known as Satluj, is the longest of the five rivers of Punjab (five waters) that flows through Northern India, with its source in Tibet near Mount Kailash. ...

The upper Indus Basin includes Punjab; the lower Indus Basin begins at the Panjnad River (the confluence of the eastern tributaries of the Indus) and extends south to the coast. In Punjab (meaning the "land of five waters") are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. The Sutlej, however, is mostly on the Indian side of the border. In the southern part of the province of Punjab, the British attempted to harness the irrigation power of the water over 100 years ago when they established what came to be known as the Canal Colonies. The irrigation project, which facilitated the emergence of intensive cultivation despite arid conditions, resulted in important social and political transformations. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1944x1296, 745 KB) Ammar, I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1944x1296, 745 KB) Ammar, I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... The Panjnad River is a river in Punjab, Pakistan and a tributary of the Indus River. ... Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ...

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (662x1000, 433 KB) Summary NASA photograph (ISS005-E-12804) taken by of the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River in Pakistan (see [1]). Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Tarbela Dam Metadata This file contains additional information... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (662x1000, 433 KB) Summary NASA photograph (ISS005-E-12804) taken by of the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River in Pakistan (see [1]). Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Tarbela Dam Metadata This file contains additional information...

Dams on Indus River

Pakistan has two great river dams: the Tarbela Dam on the Indus, near the early Buddhist site at Taxila, and the Mangla Dam on the Jhelum, where Punjab borders Azad Kashmir built as part of the Indus Basin Project.^[1]^[2] The Warsak Dam on the Kabul River near Peshawar is smaller. These dams, along with a series of headworks and barrages built by the British and expanded since independence, are of vital importance to the national economy and played an important role in calming the raging floodwaters of 1992, which devastated large areas in the northern highlands and the Punjab plains. This article is about structures for water impoundment. ... Image of the Tarbela Dam from space. ... Taxila is an important archaelogical site in Pakistan containing the ruins of the GandhÄran city and university of Takshashila (also Takkasila or Taxila) an important Vedic/Hindu[1] and Buddhist[2] centre of learning from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. In 1980, Taxila was declared... A view of the Mangla Dam The Mangla Dam (Urdu: Ù…Ù†Ú¯Ù„Ø§ Ø¨Ù†Ø¯) in Pakistan is the twelfth largest dam in the world[1]. It was built in 1967. ... The Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of the Punjab province of Pakistan, and passes through Jhelum City. ... A flooded Indus river inundates the Srinagar-Kargil-Leh highway. ...

The Balochistan Plateau

Balochistan is located at the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau and in the border region between Southwest, Central, and South Asia. It is geographically the largest of the four provinces at 347,190 km² or (134,051 square miles) of Pakistani territory; and composes 48% of the total land area of Pakistan. The population density is very low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. The southern region is known as Makran. The central region is known as Kalat. Download high resolution version (800x778, 220 KB)Credit(s): USGS EROS Data Center Satellite Systems Branch. ... Download high resolution version (800x778, 220 KB)Credit(s): USGS EROS Data Center Satellite Systems Branch. ... Makran is the southern region of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. ... The city of Kalat is located roughly in the center of Balochistan, Pakistan, south and slightly west of the provincial capital Quetta. ...

The Sulaiman Mountains dominate the northeast corner and the Bolan Pass is a natural route into Afghanistan towards Kandahar. Much of the province south of the Quetta region is sparse desert terrain with pockets of inhabitable towns mostly near rivers and streams. sorry guys it is unavailable and happens to be deleted--212. ... (Urdu: Ú©ÙˆØ¦Ù¹Û) also spelled Kwatah city is a variation of kwatkot, a Pashto word meaning â€œfort,â€. It is the largest city and provincial capital and district of Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. ...

This area is subject to frequent seismic disturbances because the tectonic plate under the Indian plate hits the plate under Eurasia as it continues to move northward and to push the Himalayas ever higher. The region surrounding Quetta is highly prone to earthquakes. A severe quake in 1931 was followed by one of more destructive force in 1935. The small city of Quetta was almost completely destroyed, and the adjacent military cantonment was heavily damaged. At least 20,000 people were killed. Tremors continue in the vicinity of Quetta; the most recent major quake occurred in January 1991. Far fewer people were killed in the 1991 quake than died in 1935, although entire villages in the North-West Frontier Province were destroyed. A major earthquake centered in the North-West Frontier Province's Kohistan District in 1965 also caused heavy damage. Seismology (from the Greek seismos = earthquake and logos = word) is the scientific study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth. ... The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. ... Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998. ... (Urdu: Ú©ÙˆØ¦Ù¹Û) also spelled Kwatah city is a variation of kwatkot, a Pashto word meaning â€œfort,â€. It is the largest city and provincial capital and district of Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. ... (Urdu: Ú©ÙˆØ¦Ù¹Û) also spelled Kwatah city is a variation of kwatkot, a Pashto word meaning â€œfort,â€. It is the largest city and provincial capital and district of Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. ... North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ...

Climate

Pakistan lies in the temperate zone. The climate is generally arid, characterized by hot summers and cool or cold winters, and wide variations between extremes of temperature at given locations. There is little rainfall. These generalizations should not, however, obscure the distinct differences existing among particular locations. For example, the coastal area along the Arabian Sea is usually warm, whereas the frozen snow-covered ridges of the Karakoram Range and of other mountains of the far north are so cold year round that they are only accessible by world-class climbers for a few weeks in May and June of each year. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1550, 291 KB) Dust storm over Pakistan. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x1550, 291 KB) Dust storm over Pakistan. ... For the usage in virology, see temperate (virology). ... In general terms, the climate of a locale or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or even preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. ... In meteorology, precipitation is any kind of water that falls from the sky as part of the weather. ... Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh and Baltistan. ...

Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location. Winter is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ... For other uses, see Spring. ... For other uses, see Monsoon (disambiguation). ...

The climate in the capital city of Islamabad varies from an average daily low of 2°C in January to an average daily high of 40°C in June. Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August, averaging about 255 millimeters in each of those two months. The remainder of the year has significantly less rain, amounting to about fifty millimeters per month. Hailstorms are common in the spring. Islamabad (Urdu: Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø¯) is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. ... This article is about the precipitation. ...

Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, which is also the country's industrial center, is more humid than Islamabad but gets less rain. Only July and August average more than twenty-five millimeters of rain in the Karachi area; the remaining months are exceedingly dry. The temperature is also more uniform in Karachi than in Islamabad, ranging from an average daily low of 13°C during winter evenings to an average daily high of 34°C on summer days. Although the summer temperatures do not get as high as those in Punjab, the high humidity causes the residents a great deal of discomfort. (Urdu: , Sindhi: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ...

Most areas in Punjab experience fairly cool winters, often accompanied by rain. Woolen shawls are worn by women and men for warmth because few homes are heated. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in. The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51°C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54°C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October. Hesquiat woman keeping warm with a thick shawl A shawl is an extremely simple item of clothing, loosely worn over the shoulders, upper body and arms, sometimes also over the head. ... A flood (in Old English flod, a word common to Teutonic languages; compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in flow, float) is an overflow of water, an expanse of water submerging land, a deluge. ... Multan shown on a 1669 world map (Urdu: Ù…Ù„ØªØ§Ù†) is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. ...

Pollution and environmental issues

Little attention was paid to pollution and environmental issues in Pakistan until the early 1990s. Related concerns, such as sanitation and potable water, received earlier scrutiny. In 1987 only about 6 percent of rural residents and 51 percent of urban residents had access to sanitary facilities; in 1990 a total of 97.6 million Pakistanis, or approximately 80 percent of the population, had no access to flush toilets. Greater success has been achieved in bringing potable water within reach of the people; nearly half the population enjoyed such access by 1990. However, researchers at the Pakistan Medical Research Council, recognizing that a large proportion of diseases in Pakistan are caused by the consumption of polluted water, have been questioning the "safe" classification in use in the 1990s. Even the 38 percent of the population that receives its water through pipelines runs the risk of consuming seriously contaminated water, although the problem varies by area. In Punjab, for example, as much as 90 percent of drinking water comes from groundwater, as compared with only 9 percent in Sindh. Air pollution Pollution is the introduction of pollutants (whether chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light) into the environment to such a point that its effects become harmful to human health, other living organisms, or the environment. ... E. Coli bacteria under magnification Sanitation is the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste, as well as the policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures. ... Flush toilet A toilet is a plumbing fixture devised for the disposal of bodily wastes, including urine, feces, menses and vomit. ...

The central government's Perspective Plan (1988-2003) and previous five-year plans do not mention sustainable development strategies. Further, there have been no overarching policies focused on sustainable development and conservation. The state has focused on achieving self sufficiency in food production, meeting energy demands, and containing the high rate of population growth, not on curtailing pollution or other environmental hazards. Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfilment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. ... Theoretical Human population increase from 10,000 BC â€“ 2000 AD. Population growth is the change in population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population per unit time. ...

In 1992 Pakistan's National Conservation Strategy Report attempted to redress the previous inattention to the nation's mounting environmental problem. Drawing on the expertise of more than 3,000 people from a wide array of political affiliations, the government produced a document outlining the current state of environmental health, its sustainable goals, and viable program options for the future. Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ...

Of special concern to environmentalists is the diminishing forest cover in watershed regions of the northern highlands, which has only recently come under close scrutiny. Forest areas have been thoughtlessly denuded. Deforestation, which occurred at an annual rate of 0.4 percent in 1989-90, has contributed directly to the severity of the flooding problem faced by the nation in the early 1990s. Image File history File links KarachiFinancial. ... Image File history File links KarachiFinancial. ... This article is about a community of trees. ...

As industry has expanded, factories have emitted more and more toxic effluents into the air and water. The number of textile and food processing mills in rural Punjab has grown greatly since the mid-1970s, resulting in pollution of its rivers and irrigation canals. Groundwater quality throughout the country has also suffered from rapidly increasing use of pesticides and fertilizers aimed at promoting more intensive cropping and facilitating self-sufficiency in food production. A factory (previously manufactory) is a large industrial building where goods or products are manufactured. ... Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Textile (disambiguation). ... Missing main definition------ someone add if you know it please. ... the plane is spreading pesticide. ... Fertilizers are chemicals given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil or by foliar spraying. ...

The National Conservation Strategy Report has documented how solid and liquid excreta are the major source of water pollution in the country and the cause of widespread waterborne diseases. Because only just over half of urban residents have access to sanitation, the remaining urban excreta are deposited on roadsides, into waterways, or incorporated into solid waste. Additionally, only three major sewage treatment plants exist in the country; two of them operate intermittently. Much of the untreated sewage goes into irrigation systems, where the wastewater is reused, and into streams and rivers, which become sewage carriers at low-flow periods. Consequently, the vegetables grown from such wastewater have serious bacteriological contamination. Gastroenteritis, widely considered in medical circles to be the leading cause of death in Pakistan, is transmitted through waterborne pollutants. A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ... Vegetables on a market Vegetable is a nutritional and culinary term denoting any part of a plant that is commonly consumed by humans as food, but is not regarded as a culinary fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain. ... See also Bacterial gastroenteritis and Diarrhea inflammation or infection of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily the stomach and intestines. ...

Low-lying land is generally used for solid waste disposal, without the benefit of sanitary landfill methods. The National Conservation Strategy has raised concerns about industrial toxic wastes also being dumped in municipal disposal areas without any record of their location, quantity, or toxic composition. Another important issue is the contamination of shallow groundwater near urban industries that discharge wastes directly into the ground. Image File history File linksMetadata Sea_of_motorcycles_scooters. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Sea_of_motorcycles_scooters. ... The Lachine Canal, in Montreal, is badly polluted Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. ...

Water in Karachi is so contaminated that almost all residents boil it before consuming it. Because sewerage and water lines have been laid side by side in most parts of the city, leakage is the main cause of contamination. High levels of lead also have been found in water in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Boil or furuncle is a skin disease caused by the inflammation of hair follicles, thus resulting in the localized accumulation of pus and dead tissues. ... This article is about the metal. ...

Air pollution has also become a major problem in most cities. There are no controls on vehicular emissions, which account for 90 percent of pollutants. The National Conservation Strategy Report claims that the average Pakistani vehicle emits twenty-five times as much carbon monoxide, twenty times as many hydrocarbons, and more than three and one-half times as much nitrous oxide in grams per kilometer as the average vehicle in the United States. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is a cleaning solution consisting only of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ...

Another major source of pollution, not mentioned in the National Conservation Strategy Report, is noise. The hyperurbanization experienced by Pakistan since the 1960s has resulted in loose controls for heavy equipment operation in densely populated areas, as well as in crowded streets filled with buses, trucks, automobiles, and motorcycles, which often honk at each other and at the horse-drawn tongas (used for transporting people) and the horse-drawn rehras (used for transporting goods). This article is about noise as in sound. ... This article is about the form of transport. ... Trucks can refer to several things: The plural of: Truck, the motorized vehicle Truck, other uses of the singular As a name: Trucks was a rock band Trucks is a short story by Stephen King Trucks is a movie based on the Stephen King short story Trucks! is a television... Car redirects here. ... A motorcycle (or motorbike) is a two-wheeled vehicle powered by an engine. ... Evening prayer of the Sikhs. ...

Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. ...

Environment - current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Climate Change and Greenhouse Effect

New data from millennium-long tree-ring analyses are indicating that mountains in northern Pakistan have grown significantly wetter over the past century than they have been over the last millennium — quite possibly due to human-induced global warming. In Karakorum and Himalaya mountains in northern Pakistan, the upper reaches of the Indus Valley (which supplies the world's largest irrigation network), a group of researchers collected samples of Juniper tree rings that dated back as far as 828 CE. [1]

National conservation goals

The National Conservation Strategy Report has three explicit objectives: conservation of natural resources, promotion of sustainable development, and improvement of efficiency in the use and management of resources. It sees itself as a "call for action" addressed to central and provincial governments, businesses, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), local communities, and individuals. The primary agricultural nonpoint source pollutants are nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus), sediment, animal wastes, pesticides, and salts. Agricultural nonpoint sources enter surface water through direct surface runoff or through seepage to ground water that discharges to a surface water outlet. Various farming activities result in the erosion of soil particles. The sediment produced by erosion can damage fish habitat and wetlands and, in addition, often transports excess agricultural chemicals resulting in contaminated runoff. This runnoff in turn affects changes to aquatic habitat such as temperature increases and decreased oxygen. The most common sources of excess nutrients in surface water from nonpoint sources are chemical fertilizers and manure from animal facilities. Such nutrients cause eutrophication in surface water. Pesticides used for pest control in agricultural operations can also contaminate surface as well as ground-water resources. Return flows, runoff, and leachate from irrigated lands may transport sediment, nutrients, salts, and other materials. Finally, improper grazing practices in riparian, as well as upland areas, can also cause water quality degradationable development of Pakistan is viewed as a multigenerational enterprise. In seeking to transform attitudes and practices, the National Conservation Strategy recognizes that two key changes in values are needed: the restoration of the conservation ethic derived from Islamic moral values, called qanaat, and the revival of community spirit and responsibility, haquq-ul-abad. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (480x640, 132 KB) Summary Author: Zeeshan Javeed (Zeeshan. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (480x640, 132 KB) Summary Author: Zeeshan Javeed (Zeeshan. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ...

The National Conservation Strategy Report recommends fourteen program areas for priority implementation: maintaining soils in croplands, increasing efficiency of irrigation, protecting watersheds, supporting forestry and plantations, restoring rangelands and improving livestock, protecting water bodies and sustaining fisheries, conserving biodiversity, increasing energy efficiency, developing and deploying renewable resources, preventing or decreasing pollution, managing urban wastes, supporting institutions to manage common resources, integrating population and environmental programs, and preserving the cultural heritage. It identifies sixty-eight specific programs in these areas, each with a long-term goal and expected outputs and physical investments required within ten years. Special attention has been paid to the potential roles of environmental NGOs, women's organizations, and international NGOs in working with the government in its conservation efforts. Recommendations from the National Conservation Strategy Report are incorporated in the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1993-98). Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ...

Natural resources

Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land, water, and extensive natural gas and Oil reserves. About 28% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. The most important crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, millets, pulses, oil seeds, barley, fish, fruits and vegetables, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output. Pakistan also exports wood, cement, tiles, marbles, cotton textiles, leather goods, sports goods, surgical instruments, electrical appliances, carpets, rugs and hides & skins. The Salt Range in Punjab Province has large deposits of pure salt. Pakistan has extensive energy resources, including fairly sizable natural gas reserves, oil reserves, coal, gypsum, limestone, chromites, iron ore, rock salt, silver, gold, precious stones, gems, marbles, tiles, copper, sulphur, Fire clay, silica sand and large hydropower potential. However, the exploitation of energy resources has been slow due to a shortage of capital and domestic and international political constraints. This article is about the fossil fuel. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... RICE is a treatment method for soft tissue injury which is an abbreviation for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. ... Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical... This article is about the maize plant. ... Species About 30 species, see text Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are utilised as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture. ... Pearl millet in the field Ripe head of proso millet The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. ... The Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) defines pulses as annual leguminous crops yielding from one to 12 grains or seeds of variable size, shape and colour within a pod. ... Vegetable oil or vegoil is fat extracted from plant sources. ... For other uses, see Barley (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Popular Japanese fashion magazine throughout the 1990s; the photography of which has recently been reissued in two collections from Phaidon press. ... Vegetables on a market Vegetable is a nutritional and culinary term denoting any part of a plant that is commonly consumed by humans as food, but is not regarded as a culinary fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain. ... For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cement (disambiguation). ... Mission, or barrel, roof tiles A tile is a small, manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as clay or stone used for covering roofs, floors, and walls, or other objects such as tabletops. ... Hand-made marbles from West Africa Different glass marbles from a glass-mill For other uses, see Marbles (disambiguation). ... Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides and skins of animals, primarily cattlehide. ... Surgery Surgery is the medical specialty that treats diseases or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. ... The article on electrical energy is located elsewhere. ... Carpet is a general term given to any loom-woven or felted textile and to grass floor coverings. ... Carpet is a general term given to any loom-woven or felted textile and to grass floor coverings. ... Hides are skins obtained from animals that are used for human use. ... Skins is a British teen drama from Company Pictures which premiered on E4 on 25 January 2007. ... For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ... Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... It has been suggested that Selenite be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ... This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. ... Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with formula NaCl. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... Gems can refer to: gemstones, or Gems Gems TV, a shopping channel specializing in Gemstones. ... Hand-made marbles from West Africa Different glass marbles from a glass-mill For other uses, see Marbles (disambiguation). ... Mission, or barrel, roof tiles A tile is a small, manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as clay or stone used for covering roofs, floors, and walls, or other objects such as tabletops. ... Copper has played a significant part in the history of mankind, which has used the easily accessible uncompounded metal for nearly 10,000 years. ... For the chemical element see: sulfur. ... Fire clay is a specific kind of clay used in the manufacture of ceramics. ... Undershot water wheels on the Orontes River in Hama, Syria Saint Anthony Falls Hydropower is the capture of the energy of moving water for some useful purpose. ...

Image File history File linksMetadata MangoTree. ... Image File history File linksMetadata MangoTree. ... Multan shown on a 1669 world map (Urdu: Ù…Ù„ØªØ§Ù†) is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. ...

Land use

Land use:
arable land: 27%
permanent crops: 1%
permanent pastures: 6%
forests and woodland: 5%
other: 61% (1993 est.)

International agreements

Pakistan is a party to several International agreements related to environment and climate, the most prominent among them are:

This article is about the body of water. ... Admiralty law (usually referred to as simply admiralty and also referred to as maritime law) is a distinct body of law which governs maritime questions and offenses. ... Ship Pollution is an abbreviated form of the Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973. ... Air redirects here. ... UNFCCC logo. ... The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2000 For other similarly-named agreements, see Montreal Protocol (disambiguation). ... The Treaty Banning poop, in Outer Space, and Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), or Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT), although the former also refers to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), is a treaty intended to obtain an agreement... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity is the variation of taxonomic life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. ... This article is about a community of trees. ... The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa is an agreement to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements. ... The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between Governments, drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). ... note - abbreviated as Environmental Modification opened for signature - December 10, 1976 entered into force - October 5, 1978 objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations parties - (66) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria... The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, i. ... opened for signature - 29 April 1958 entered into force - 20 March 1966 objective - to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited... This article is about waste matter. ... The Basel Convention (verbose: Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal) is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent dumping of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). ... For the Second World War frigate class, see River class frigate The Murray River in Australia A waterfall on the Ova da Fedoz, Switzerland A river is a large natural waterway. ... The Indus Waters Treaty Historical context The partition of the Indian subcontinent created a conflict over the waters of the Indus basin. ...

Contents

Pakistan International Boundaries

South Western Boundary

North Western Boundary

North Eastern Boundary

Eastern and South-eastern boundaries

Geographical Regions

The Northern Highlands

The Indus River Plain

Dams on Indus River

The Balochistan Plateau

Climate

Pollution and environmental issues

Climate Change and Greenhouse Effect

National conservation goals

Natural resources

Land use

International agreements

See also

Notes

References

Contents

Pakistan International Boundaries var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

South Western Boundary

North Western Boundary

North Eastern Boundary

Eastern and South-eastern boundaries

Geographical Regions

The Northern Highlands

The Indus River Plain

Dams on Indus River

The Balochistan Plateau

Climate

Pollution and environmental issues

Climate Change and Greenhouse Effect

National conservation goals

Natural resources

Land use

International agreements

See also

Notes

References

Pakistan International Boundaries