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Encyclopedia > Geography of Washington, D.C.
Map showing Washington, D.C.'s location in relation to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia
Map showing Washington, D.C.'s location in relation to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia

Washington, D.C., USA, is located at 38°53′42″N, 77°02′11″W (the coordinates of the Zero Milestone, on the Ellipse), or for simplicity, at 38°54′N, 77°02′W or 38.89° N 77.03° W. Image File history File linksMetadata DC_locator_map_with_state_names. ... Image File history File linksMetadata DC_locator_map_with_state_names. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Zero Milestone, 1923 The Zero Milestone is a monument in Washington, D.C. intended as the initial milestone from which all road distances in the United States should be reckoned. ...


According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 177.0 km² (68.3 mi²). 159.0 km² (61.4 mi²) of it is land and 18.0 km² (6.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 10.16% water. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title ) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ...


Washington is surrounded by the states of Virginia (on its southwest side) and Maryland (on its southeast, northeast, and northwest sides); it interrupts those states' common border, which is the south shore of the Potomac River both upstream and downstream from the District. The portion of the Potomac River that passes Washington is virtually entirely within the District's border, as the District extends to the south bank. The city contains the historic federal city, the territory of which was formerly part of those two adjacent states before they respectively ceded it for the national capital. The land ceded from Virginia was returned by Congress in 1847, so what remains of the modern District was all once part of Maryland. Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N  - Longitude 75° 03′ W to 79° 29... Aerial photo of Washington, D.C. The history of Washington, D.C. is tied intrinsically to its role as the capital of the United States. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Contents

Physical geography

Washington, D.C. from space
Washington, D.C. from space

The physical geography of the District of Columbia is very similar to the physical geography of much of Maryland. The District has three major natural flowing bodies of water: the Potomac River and two tributaries, the Anacostia River and Rock Creek. The District also has the Washington Channel, which flows into the junction of the Anacostia and Potomac rivers. There are also three man-made reservoirs: Dalecarlia Reservoir, which crosses over the northwest border of the District from Maryland, McMillan Reservoir near Howard University, and Georgetown Reservoir upstream of Georgetown. A fourth, minor reservoir is at Fort Reno in Tenleytown. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1000x664, 597 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Geography of Washington, D.C. Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1000x664, 597 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Geography of Washington, D.C. Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N  - Longitude 75° 03′ W to 79° 29... The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States (USA). ... The Anacostia River is a river that flows about 8. ... Rock Creek is a free-flowing tributary of the Potomac River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean via Chesapeake Bay. ... View of the Washington Channel from Fort McNair on the east bank The Washington Channel parallels the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. It is about three miles long and joins the Anacostia River near Hains Point at its south end to connect to the Potomac River. ... The Ashokan Reservoir, located in Ulster County, New York, USA. It is one of 19 that supplies New York City with drinking water. ... The Dalecarlia Reservoir is the primary storage basin for drinking water in Washington, DC, fed by an underground aqueduct in turn fed by a low dam which diverts a portion of the Potomac River near Great Falls. ... Early settlers in the District of Columbia were dependent upon local springs for water until 1850, when the Potomac River was identified by Congress as the Districts principal source of water. ... Howard University is a university located in Washington, D.C., USA. An historically black university, Howard was established in 1867 by congressional order and named for Oliver O. Howard. ... The Georgetown Reservoir is a part of the water supply and treament infrastructure for the District of Columbia. ... A closeup of an 1865 map of Washington, D.C.s defenses, showing the location of Fort Reno and other defenses to the northwest of Tenleytown. ... Tenleytown is the historic name for a neighborhood in northwest Washington, DC. It is the second oldest neighborhood in Washington, being surpassed in age only by Georgetown. ...


The highest point in the District of Columbia is 410 feet (125 m) above sea level at Fort Reno in Tenleytown. The lowest point is sea level, which occurs along all of the Anacostia shore and all of the Potomac shore except the uppermost mile (the Little Falls-Chain Bridge area). The sea level Tidal Basin rose eleven feet during Hurricane Isabel on September 18, 2003. The geographic center of the District of Columbia is located near 4th Street NW, L Street NW, and New York Avenue NW, not under the Capitol dome as is sometimes stated. For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... Hurricane Isabel was the ninth named storm, the fifth hurricane, the second major hurricane, and the only Category 5 hurricane of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... New York Avenue is one of the diagonal avenues radiating from the White House in Washington, D.C. It is a major east-west route in the citys Northwest and Northeast quadrants and connects downtown with points east and north of the city via the John Hanson Highway and...


Geographical features of Washington, D.C., include Theodore Roosevelt Island, Columbia Island, the Three Sisters, and Hains Point. Theodore Roosevelt Island is a national park located in the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. named after the 26th president of the United States. ... Columbia Island is located in the Potomac River in Washington, DC. It is accessible from downtown DC and Arlington National Cemetery via the Arlington Memorial Bridge and from Northern Virginia via the George Washington Memorial Parkway. ... The Three Sisters, variously known as the Three Sisters Islands and the Three Sisters Island, are three rocky islands in the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., west of the Key Bridge. ... At the southern tip of the East Potomac Park peninsula, extending into the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., United States, Hains Point is at the geographical location where the Anacostia River and the Potomac River converge. ...


Some areas, especially around the National Mall and parts of Foggy Bottom, were marshes or parts of the river that have been filled in. Facing east across the Mall with ones back towards the Lincoln Memorial. ... Map of Washington, D.C., with Foggy Bottom highlighted in red Map showing Hamburgh, Maryland Foggy Bottom is one of Washington, D.C.s oldest 19th century neighborhoods, thought to have been named because, as a low-lying area, fog (widespread in the swamps of early Washington) tended to concentrate...


Natural history

During the 18th century, significant portions of the region were forested, with species including hares, turkey, pheasants, woodcocks, turtles, and partridges, as well as numerous bird species including mockingbirds, nightingales, bluebirds, hummingbirds, and Orioles.[1] Snipes, ortolan, and various types of ducks inhabited swampy areas, as well as soruses.[2] Other indigineous species include black snake, garter snake, rattle snake, viper, bullfrog and other types of frogs, ground squirrels, flying squirrels, skunks, opossums, raccoons, foxes, beavers, deer, wolves, and bears.[2] (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... This article is about a community of trees. ... Jack rabbit and Jackrabbit redirect here. ... Genera Ithaginis Catreus Rheinartia Crossoptilon Lophura Argusianus Pucrasia Syrmaticus Chrysolophus Phasianus † See also partridge, quail Pheasants are a group of large birds in the order Galliformes. ... Species Eurasian Woodcock, Amami Woodcock, Bukidnon Woodcock, Dusky Woodcock, Sulawesi Woodcock, Moluccan Woodcock, American Woodcock, The woodcock are a group of seven very similar wading bird species in the genus Scolopax, characterised by a long slender bill and cryptic brown and blackish plumage. ... For other uses, see Turtle (disambiguation). ... Genera Perdix Alectoris Lerwa Bambusicola Ptilopachus Rollulus Haematortyx Caloperdix Arborophila Xenoperdix Melanoperdix †See also Pheasant, Quail, Grouse Partridges are birds in the pheasant family, Phasianidae. ... For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Mockingbird (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Luscinia megarhynchos (Brehm, 1831) This article is about the bird. ... Species Sialia sialis Sialia mexicana Sialia currucoides Mountain Bluebird Western Bluebird The bluebirds are medium-sized, mostly insectivorous or omnivorous birds in the genus Sialia of the thrush family Turdidae. ... For other uses, see Hummingbird (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Icterus galbula (Linnaeus,, 1758) The Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula, is a small icterid blackbird. ... For other uses, see Snipe (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Emberiza hortulana Linnaeus, 1758 The Ortolan, or Ortolan Bunting, Emberiza hortulana, is a bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a passerine family now separated by most modern authors from the finches, Fringillidae. ... Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Aythyinae Merginae Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The underside of a fertile frond of Dicksonia antarctica. ... A black snake may refer to several types of snakes, that are black in color. ... Species See Taxonomy section. ... Species about 30 Rattlesnakes is a group of venomous New World snakes, genera Crotalus and Sistrurus, which have a small noise-making jointed rattle on their tails. ... A viper is a venomous snake belonging to the Viperidae family. ... Binomial name (Shaw, 1802) Bullfrog range Synonyms Rana catesbeiana The American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus,[1][2] previously Rana catesbeiana[3]) is an aquatic frog, a member of the family Ranidae, or true frogs, native to much of North America. ... Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frogness babe is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail), formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin saltare, to jump). ... Genera Ammospermophilus Spermophilus Cynomys Marmota Tamias Sciurotamias The ground squirrels are all members of the Sciuridae most closely related to the genus Marmota and included in the tribe Marmotini. ... Two groups of rodents are referred to as flying squirrels. ... Genera Conepatus Mydaus Mephitis Spilogale Skunks are mammals, usually with black-and-white fur, that are best known for their ability to excrete a strong foul smelling odor. ... This article or section should be merged with Virginia_opossum The word opossum (usually pronounced without the leading O, or with only a very slight schwa) refers either to the Virginia Opossum in particular, or more generally to any of the other marsupials of magnorder Ameridelphia. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Raccoon native range in red, feral range in blue. ... This article is about the animal. ... Species C. canadensis C. fiber Beavers are semi-aquatic rodents native to North America and Europe. ... This article is about the ruminant animal. ... Wolf Wolf Man Mount Wolf Wolf Prizes Wolf Spider Wolf 424 Wolf 359 Wolf Point Wolf-herring Frank Wolf Friedrich Wolf Friedrich August Wolf Hugo Wolf Johannes Wolf Julius Wolf Max Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf Maximilian Wolf Rudolf Wolf Thomas Wolf As Name Wolf Breidenbach Wolf Hirshorn Other The call... For other uses, see Bear (disambiguation). ...


Native tree species include willow, birch, cedar, and oak. Other plant species found along the Potomac during the early 19th century include yellow jessamine, prickly pear cactus, white horehound, sweet fennel, wild cherries, and wild strawberries.[3] Species About 350, including: Salix acutifolia - Violet Willow Salix alaxensis - Alaska Willow Salix alba - White Willow Salix alpina - Alpine Willow Salix amygdaloides - Peachleaf Willow Salix arbuscula - Mountain Willow Salix arbusculoides - Littletree Willow Salix arctica - Arctic Willow Salix atrocinerea Salix aurita - Eared Willow Salix babylonica - Peking Willow Salix bakko Salix barrattiana... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... Species Cedrus deodara Cedrus libani    var. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus (from Latin oak tree), and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Species See text Jasmine is a shrub of the genus Jasminum in the Family Oleaceae, with about 300 species, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, and widely cultivated. ... Species Many, see text Opuntia is a genus in the cactus family Cactaceae. ... Binomial name Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound (Marrubium vulgare, Lamiaceae) is a greyish-leaved herb, somewhat resembling mint in appearance; traditionally used in the manufacture of cough remedies. ... Binomial name Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ... For other uses, see Cherry (disambiguation). ... Strawberries Promo Strawberries is an album by The Damned released October 1982 on Bronze Records (catalogue #BRON 542). ...


City plan

L'Enfant plan
L'Enfant plan
Earliest survey of Washington, D.C.
Earliest survey of Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., was created to serve as the national capital from its inception. The choice of the exact site on the Potomac River was left to the first president, George Washington. He chose a 10 mile (16 km) square area that included the existing villages of Georgetown and Alexandria, and another called Hamburgh[1] in the Foggy Bottom area. A new city, eventually named Washington City, was laid out in undeveloped area within the district. The remainder of the territory was designated Washington County (on the Maryland side of the Potomac) and Alexandria County (on the Virginia side). The original street layout was designed by Pierre Charles L'Enfant at the time of the city's founding. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x718, 161 KB) Peter Charles LEnfants plan for Washington, D.C., as revised by Andrew Ellicott This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x718, 161 KB) Peter Charles LEnfants plan for Washington, D.C., as revised by Andrew Ellicott This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (858x1000, 119 KB) Summary Early survey of Washington, D.C. Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (858x1000, 119 KB) Summary Early survey of Washington, D.C. Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States (USA). ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Map of Washington, D.C., with Foggy Bottom highlighted in red Map showing Hamburgh, Maryland Foggy Bottom is one of Washington, D.C.s oldest 19th century neighborhoods, thought to have been named because, as a low-lying area, fog (widespread in the swamps of early Washington) tended to concentrate... The County of Washington is one of the five political entities contained within the geographic region comprising what was originally the 100-square-mile District of Columbia. ... Arlington County is an urban county of about 203,000 residents in the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the U.S., directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. [1] Originally part of the District of Columbia, the land now comprising the county was retroceded to Virginia in a July... Pierre (Peter) Charles LEnfant LEnfants plan for Washington, as revised by Andrew Ellicott Pierre (Peter) Charles LEnfant (2 August 1754, Paris, France – 14 June 1825, Prince Georges County, Maryland) was a French-born American architect and urban planner. ...

Further information: Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.

The streets and highways of Washington, D.C. are based on a plan that provides not only for vehicular transportation in the capital, but also for a distinctive city layout and addressing scheme. ...

Alexandria

The land from the State of Virginia was eventually returned to the state in 1846. This land in Virginia makes up the modern area of Arlington County and the old part of Alexandria, Virginia, both which are considered suburbs of Washington. In fact, the Arlington National Cemetery and the Pentagon complex are both located in Arlington but are largely tied to the federal government in Washington. Between 1790 and 1846, Alexandria was referred to as "Alexandria, D.C." The District of Columbia, the national capital of the United States, was formed in 1790 from 100 square miles that were ceded to the federal government by the states of Maryland and Virginia. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Arlington County is an urban county of about 203,000 residents in the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the U.S., directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. [1] Originally part of the District of Columbia, the land now comprising the county was retroceded to Virginia in a July... Location in Virginia Coordinates: , Country State Founded 1718 Government  - Mayor William D. Euille Area  - City  15. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the United States military building. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Year 1790 (MDCCXC) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...


Georgetown

The Georgetown neighborhood was originally part of Maryland and was the only significant population in the area that would become the District of Columbia. Georgetown became part of the District in 1790 when the Federal City was first created, but Georgetown remained an independent city, referred to as "Georgetown, D.C.", until 1871, when it was merged with Washington City and Washington County, completing the process of Washington and the District of Columbia occupying the same geographic borders. The familiar golden dome of Washingtons once venerable Riggs Bank, now amalgamated into PNC Bank, at the northeast corner of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street NW. Georgetown in red Georgetown is a neighborhood located in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C., along the Potomac River waterfront. ... Year 1790 (MDCCXC) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...


McMillan plan

The monumental core of the city consists of the National Mall and many key federal buildings, monuments, and museums, including the Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, and the National Air and Space Museum. Its layout is based on that proposed by the McMillan Commission report in 1901. Facing east across the Mall with ones back towards the Lincoln Memorial. ... The Washington Monument at dusk For other Washington Monuments, see Washington Monuments (world). ... The Lincoln Memorial, in Washington, D.C., is a United States Presidential memorial built to honor 16th President Abraham Lincoln. ... National Air and Space Museum exterior The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States, and is the most popular of the Smithsonian museums. ... The National Mall was the centerpiece of the McMillan Plan. ...


Building heights

To preserve the grandeur of the National Mall, the White House, the Capitol, and various other key locations, the entire city is subject to strict building height limits. This limitation was placed in effect just prior to the 20th century when government officials realized that structural steel "skyscrapers" could overwhelm the city. In 1899, Congress enacted a height limit for the District prohibiting private buildings from topping out higher than the Capitol, which reaches 288 feet above Capitol Hill at the crest of the Statue of Freedom. Facing east across the Mall with ones back towards the Lincoln Memorial. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... Structural steel is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section and certain standards of chemical composition and strength. ...


A revised height law in 1910 did away with that fixed maximum. The newer legislation, still in effect today, states that no new building may be more than 20 feet taller than the width of the street in front of it.[4] Thus, Washington has a relatively modest skyline in comparison to the majority of American cities. However the District is ringed by high-rise buildings in many nearby suburbs like Arlington, Silver Spring, and Bethesda. Arlington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia (which calls itself a commonwealth), directly across the Potomac River from Washington, DC. By an act of Congress July 9, 1846, the area south of the Potomac was returned to Virginia effective in 1847 As of 2000... Not to be confused with Silver Springs. ... Bethesda is an urbanized, but unincorporated, area in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, near Washington, D.C. It takes its name from a church located there, the Bethesda Presbyterian Church, built in 1820 and rebuilt in 1850, which in turn took its name from Jerusalems Pool of Bethesda. ...


Neighborhoods

D.C. Ward Boundaries
D.C. Ward Boundaries

The District of Columbia is divided into eight wards and 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) within these wards. The total number of named neighborhoods is 127. The ANCs serve to advise the D.C. Council on neighborhood matters. The Council is required by law to give their opinions "great weight," though what that means is up to the Council to decide. Download high resolution version (671x842, 105 KB)Current DC Ward Map This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (671x842, 105 KB)Current DC Ward Map This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The District of Columbia is divided into eight wards and 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) within these wards. ... Advisory Neighborhood Commissions are composed of elected officials called Commissioners who each represent about 2000 people within the District of Columbia. ...


According to the 2000 Census, blacks make up the majority of the population in Northeast, Southeast (except for Capitol Hill), Southwest, and those parts of Northwest that are east of 14th Street. Hispanics are concentrated in the Columbia Heights and Mount Pleasant neighborhoods of Northwest's Ward 1. Asians, mostly Chinese, predominate in the small downtown Chinatown neighborhood. Since 2000, however, the demographics of many neighborhoods have changed markedly. In the Cartesian-coordinate-based street system of Washington, D.C., 14th Street refers to any of several north-south streets located 14 blocks east or west of the United States Capitol. ...


See also

Statue of Winfield Scott at the center of Scott Circle. ...

References

  1. ^ McAtee, Waldo Lee (1918). A Sketch of the Natural History of the District of Columbia. H.L. & J.B. McQueen, p. 7. 
  2. ^ a b McAtee, Waldo Lee (1918). A Sketch of the Natural History of the District of Columbia. H.L. & J.B. McQueen, p. 8. 
  3. ^ McAtee, Waldo Lee (1918). A Sketch of the Natural History of the District of Columbia. H.L. & J.B. McQueen, p. 9. 
  4. ^ Livingston, Mike (February 13, 2003). D.C.'s height limits: Taking the measure of their impact. Washington Business Journal. Retrieved on 2006-07-01.

 

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