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Encyclopedia > Geordie
This article is about the people and dialect of Tyneside. For other uses, see Geordie (disambiguation).
Look up Geordie in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

- Geordie (IPA: /ˈdʒɔdi/) generally refers to a person from the Tyneside[1] region in northeast England, in particular the city of Newcastle and the adjacent areas, or to the dialect of English spoken by these people. Geordie may refer to: Geordi La Forge, a Star Trek: The Next Generation character played by LeVar Burton. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... For the 1885–1918 parliamentary constituency, see Tyneside (UK Parliament constituency). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ... For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Contents

Background

When referring to the people, as opposed to the dialect, a definition of a Geordie is "a native or inhabitant of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, or its environs",[2] so this can include North Tyneside (Wallsend, North Shields, Whitley Bay) (Walker), South Tyneside (Jarrow - such as the use in Alan Price's 'Jarrow Song' [3], Hebburn, South Shields, Boldon), Gateshead such as the use in the Blaydon Races song [4],Newcastle such as the use in the Blaydon Races song [5], etc. akin to the way a Cockney is defined as "someone born within hearing distance of the Bow bells." As the Cockney definition has been taken to mean within three miles of the church of St Mary-le-Bow on Cheapside, the Geordie definition, by some, has been taken to mean only Tyneside.[6][7] Another interpretation includes former areas of County Durham and Northumberland, including Ryton, Washington, etc. It must be noted that this particular definition of around the Tyne communities was not always the case, as Geordie has been documented for at least 180 to 240 years as meaning the whole of the North East of England. (As referenced in Camden Hotten, John (1869). The Slang Dictionary, Or Vulgar Words, Street Phrases And Fast Expressions of High and Low Society. John Camden Hotten, 142. ““Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century."”  [8]. The book was reprinted in 2004 [9]. However in recent times this definition can be offensive to some from the Sunderland region.[10] North Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in the North East of England, part of the Tyne and Wear urban area centred on Newcastle and formerly part of Northumberland. ... , Wallsend is a town on the north bank of the River Tyne in north Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England. ... North Shields (or locally just Shields) is a town on the north bank of the River Tyne, in the metropolitan borough of North Tyneside, in North East England. ... , Whitley Bay is a town in North Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England. ... Walker is a residential suburb just east of the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. ... South Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear in North East England. ... , Jarrow (Pronounced or ) is a town on the River Tyne, England with a population around 27,000 (2001 Census). ... Alan Price (born April 19, 1941 in Fairfield, Washington, Tyne and Wear, England) is a musician, songwriter, and actor. ... , Hebburn is a small town situated on the south bank of the River Tyne in North East England, sandwiched between the towns of Jarrow and Bill Quay. ... , South Shields is a coastal town in Tyne and Wear, England, on the south bank of the mouth of the River Tyne, with a population of about 90,000. ... This article is about Gateshead, England. ... This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ... St Mary-le-Bow The term cockney is often used to refer to working-class people of London, particularly east London, and the slang used by these people. ... St Mary-le-Bow Church, built 1671-80, one of Wrens City Churches built after the Great Fire of London St Mary_le_Bow is a historic church in the City of London, off Cheapside. ... St Mary-le-Bow Church, built 1671-1680, one of Wrens City Churches built after the Great Fire of London Interior St Mary-le-Bow (Bow Church) is a historic church in the City of London, off Cheapside. ... This article is about the street in London. ... For the 1885–1918 parliamentary constituency, see Tyneside (UK Parliament constituency). ... County Durham is a county in north-east England. ... Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. ... Ryton is a semi-rural small town near the western border of Tyne and Wear in the United Kingdom. ... Washington Old Hall Washington is a town in North East England, within the City of Sunderland metropolitan borough. ... John Camden Hotten (1832-1873) was a compiler of English language dictionary of slang. ... John Camden Hotten (1832-1873) was a compiler of English language dictionary of slang. ...


In recent times "Geordie," through Sky TV, and modern media, has sometimes been used to refer to a supporter of Newcastle United football club.[11] Newcastle United Football Club (also known as The Magpies or The Toon) is an English professional football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne, who currently play in the Premier League. ... Soccer redirects here. ...


Other Northern English dialects include: Northern English is a group of dialects of the English language. ...

Pitmatic (originally pitmatical) is a dialect of English used in the counties of Northumberland and Durham. ... Durham (IPA: locally, in RP) is a small city and main settlement of the City of Durham district of County Durham in North East England. ... Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. ... Not to be confused with the Celtic Cumbric language Cumbria, in the extreme North West of England, is by no means unique in having a traditional local dialect, but the isolation of the area and its rich history mean that this is perhaps one of the most interesting rural dialects... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Lancashire Dialect and Accent refers to the vernacular speech in the historic county of Lancashire excluding that of Liverpool. ... This article is about the accent. ... Merseyside is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1,365,900. ... Look up Mackem in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Sunderland (disambiguation). ... This is about the city of Sunderland in England. ... The Potteries dialect is a dialect found in the North West Midlands of England, particularly in and around Stoke-on-Trent. ... Stoke-on-Trent (often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city in Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England. ... Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. ...

Derivation of the term

A number of rival theories explain how the term came about, though all accept that it derives from a familiar diminutive form of the name "George,"[12] with George (called Geordie, but written George) once being the most popular eldest son's name in families in the north east of England[13].


One explanation is that it was established during the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745. The Jacobites declared that the natives of Newcastle were staunch supporters of the Hanoverian kings, in particular of George II during the 1745 rebellion. This contrasted with rural Northumbria, which largely supported the Jacobite cause. If true, the term may have derived from a popular anti-Hanoverian song ("Cam ye ower frae France?"[14]), which calls the first Hanoverian king "Geordie Whelps", meaning "George the Guelph". Charles Edward Stuart, Bonnie Prince Charlie, wearing the Jacobite blue bonnet Jacobitism was (and, to a very limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland. ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a German royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... George II (George Augustus; 10 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. ... Section from Shepherds map of the British Isles about 802 AD showing the kingdom of Northumbria Northumbria is primarily the name of a petty kingdom of Angles which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th century, from two smaller kingdoms of Bernicia and Diera, and... The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century until the 20th century. ...


Another explanation for the name is that local miners in the north east of England used "Geordie" safety lamps, designed by George Stephenson in 1815, rather than the "Davy lamps" designed by Humphry Davy which were used in other mining communities. This pre-dates the OED's first reference for this usage.[15] The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. ... The Geordie lamp was invented by George Stephenson in 1815 as a solution to explosions due to firedamp in coal mines. ... George Stephenson George Stephenson For the British politician, see George Stevenson. ... Davy lamp The Davy lamp is a candle containing safety lamp devised in 1815 by Humphry Davy. ... Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet, FRS (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and physicist. ...


Newcastle publisher Frank Graham's Geordie Dictionary states:

"The origin of the word Geordie has been a matter of much discussion and controversy. All the explanations are fanciful and not a single piece of genuine evidence has ever been produced."

In Graham's many years of research, the earliest record he has found of the terms use was in 1823 by local comedian, Billy Purvis. Purvis had set up a booth at the Newcastle Races on the Town Moor. In an angry tirade against a rival showman, who had hired a young pitman called Tom Johnson to dress as a clown, Billy cried out to the clown: 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For the documentary about Jerry Seinfeld, see Comedian (film). ... Horse-racing is an equestrian sporting activity which has been practiced over the centuries; the chariot races of Roman times were an early example, as was the contest of the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology. ... The Town Moor is a large area of common land in Newcastle upon Tyne. ... The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. ... Clowning redirects here. ...

"Ah man, wee but a feul wad hae sold off his furnitor and left his wife. Noo, yor a fair doon reet feul, not an artificial feul like Billy Purvis! Thous a real Geordie! gan man an hide thysel! gan an' get thy picks agyen. Thou may de for the city, but never for the west end o' wor toon."[16]
(Rough translation: "Oh man, who but a fool would have sold off his furniture and left his wife? Now, you're a fair downright fool, not an artificial fool like Billy Purvis! You're a real Geordie! Go, man, and hide yourself! Go and get your pick (axes) again. You may do for the city, but never for the west end of our town!")

(/ a: mæn wi: but ə feəl wəd he sold ɒf hiz fɜnətʃə ænd lɛft hiz waɪf. nu: jɔrə feɪ: du:n ri:t feəl nɒtən a:təfɪʃəl feəl laɪk bɪli: pɜvəs. ðoʊzə ri:l dʒɔdi: gænən haɪd ðəsəl gænən gɛt ðaɪ pɪks əgʲɛn. ðoʊ meɪ di: fə ðə sɪti: but nɪvə fə ðə wɛst ɛnd ʌwɔ: tu:n/)


Wales[15] observes that "Geordy" and "Geordie" was a common name given to pit-men in ballads and songs of the region, noting that one such turns up as early as 1793. It occurs in the titles of two songs by song-writer Joe Wilson (1841–1875): Geordy, Haud the Bairn and Keep your Feet Still, Geordie. Citing such examples as the song Geordy Black written by Rowland Harrison of Gateshead, she contends that, as a consequence of popular culture, the miner and the keelman had become icons of the region in the 19th century, and "Geordie" was a label that "affectionately and proudly reflected this", replacing the earlier ballad emblem, the figure of Bob Crankie.


Geographical coverage

Although the dialects of North East of England were often grouped together as Geordie[17]in modern times this is incorrect. However this usage is often confined to people from other parts of the United Kingdom. North East England is one of the regions of England and comprises the historical counties of Northumberland and Durham plus the area south of the River Tees which was in the former county of Cleveland (this area was historically in Yorkshire and now part of North Yorkshire for ceremonial purposes). ...


People from Sunderland have been termed Mackems in recent generations. However the earliest known recorded use of the term found by the Oxford English Dictionary occurred as late as 1990,[18]. For other uses, see Sunderland (disambiguation). ... Look up Mackem in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), and is the most successful dictionary of the English language, (not to be confused with the one-volume Oxford Dictionary of English, formerly New Oxford Dictionary of English, of...


Geordie dialect

Vocabulary

Look up category:Geordie in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Geordie also has a large amount of vocabulary not heard elsewhere in England, though some are shared with (or similar to) Scots. Words still in common use today include: Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... A vocabulary is a set of words known to a person or other entity, or that are part of a specific language. ...

  • alreet (/'a:lri:t/ a variation on alright
  • cannit 'can not'
  • canny for "pleasant" (the Scottish use of canny is often somewhat less flattering), or to mean 'very'. Someone could therefore be 'canny canny'.
  • geet for "very" , also *muckle (used more in Northumberland)
  • hyem for "home"
  • deek for "look at"
  • kets for "sweets/treats"
  • knaa for "to know/know"
  • divint for "don't"/
  • bairn/grandbairn for "child/grandchild"
  • hacky for "dirty"
  • gan for "to go/go"
  • hoy for "to throw"[19]
  • toon for "Town"
  • nettie|bog for "toilet"
  • naa for "no"
  • ayee|yerr for "yes"
  • neb for "nose" (nebby=nosey)
  • banter for "chat/gossip"
  • clart for "mud" as in "there's clarts on yar boots"
  • hadaway for "get away"
  • hinny a term of endearment - "Honey"[20]
  • haad for "hold/ ie keep a hadd/ keep a hold/ had yer gob/ keep quiet/ that polite little notice in the parks aboot keepin' yor dog on a lead ye cud hev Keep A-Hadden Yor Dog[21]
  • divvie for "stupid person"
  • tab for "cigarette"
  • chor "to steal"
  • chiv for "knife"
  • nowt for "nothing"[22]

Howay or Haway is broadly comparable to the invocation "Come on!" or the French "Allez!" ("Go on!"). Examples of common use include Howay man! or Haway man!, meaning "come on" or "hurry up", Howay the lads! or Haway the lads! as a term of encouragement for a sports team for example, or Ho'way!? (with stress on the second syllable) expressing incredulity or disbelief[23]. The literal opposite of this word is "Haddaway" (go away), which is not as popular as Howay, but has found frequent use in the phrase "Haddaway an' shite" (Tom Hadaway, Figure 5.2 Haddaway an' shite; ’Cursing like sleet blackening the buds, raging at the monk of Jarrow scribbling his morality and judgement into a book.’[24]).


Divvie or divvy seems to come from the Co-op dividend[25], or from the two Davy lamps (the more dangerous explosive Scotch Davy[26] used in 1850, commission disapproved of its use in 1886. (inventor not known, and nicknamed Scotch Davy probably given by miners after the Davy lamp was made perhaps by north east miners who used the Stephenson Lamp[27][28]), and the later better designed Davy designed by Humphrey Davy also called the Divvy[29].) As in a north east miner saying ‘Marra, ye keep way from me if ye usin a divvy.' It seems the word divvie then translated to daft lad/lass. Perhaps coming from the fact you’d be seen as foolish going down a mine with a Scotch Divvy when there are safer lamps out, like the Geordie, or the Davy. Humphry Davy Sir Humphry Davy (December 17, 1778 - May 29, 1829), often incorrectly spelled Humphrey, was an Cornish chemist. ...


The geordie word netty, meaning a toilet[30] or bathroom came from the Roman slang found on Hadrians Wall which later became gabinetto in Italian.(Such as these articles about the Westoe Netty, the subject of a famous painting from Bob Olley [31][32]) Hadrians Wall was a stone and turf fortification, built by the Romans across the width of Great Britain to prevent military raids by the Pictish tribes of Scotland to the north. ... // Westoe is a district within South Shields[1], Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland [2] Catherine Cookson was no stranger to Westoe in her youth and was the backdrop for a number of her romance novels. ...


Newcastle hosts a large traveling fair, the "Hoppings", which has been held annually on the Town Moor every year for over a century. Although organized by, and attended by traveling showmen, there are a number of Roma at the main entrance to the fair. Roundabouts (or carousels) are traditional attractions, often seen at fairs. ... The Hoppings is said to be Europes largest travelling fun fair and is held on Newcastle upon Tyne Town Moor during the last week in June. ... The Town Moor is a large area of common land in Newcastle upon Tyne. ... Showman or Travelling Showmen are people who organise and run fairgrounds. ... Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Roma (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ...


Geordie in the media

In recent times, the Geordie dialect has featured prominently in the British media. Note however, that although the dialect appears, the dialect is toned down for comprehension of the general (non-Northumbrian) public. Television presenters such as Ant and Dec are now happy to use their natural dialect on air. Marcus Bentley, the commentator on the UK edition of Big Brother, is often perceived by southerners to have a Geordie dialect. However, he grew up in Stockton on Tees. Brendan Foster and Sid Waddell have both worked as television sports commentators. Ant (left) and Dec appearing in an ITV 1 ident. ... Marcus Bentleys 2000 publicity photo Marcus Bentley (born October 4, 1967) is a British actor and voiceover artist. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Big Brother is a reality television series broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Channel 4 and E4. ... Stockton-on-Tees is a town in North East England. ... Brendan Foster (born 12 January 1948 in Hebburn, Tyne and Wear, England) is a British former distance runner, and the founder of the Great North Run. ... Sid Waddell (born August 10, 1940 in Alnwick, Northumberland) is a British born Geordie commentator and television personality. ...


The dialect was also popularized by the comic magazine Viz, where the dialect itself is often conveyed phonetically by unusual spellings within the comic strips. Viz magazine itself was founded on Tyneside by two local males, Chris Donald and his brother Simon. See comedian Stand up comedian List of Comedians List of British comedians comics comic book comic strip underground comics alternative comics web comic sprite comics manga graphic novel List of comic characters This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Cover of Viz (issue 57) Viz is a popular British adult comic magazine that has been running since 1979. ... Chris Donald (born 25 April 1960 in Newcastle, England) is the founder of, and one of the principal contributors to, the British comic magazine Viz. ... Simon Donald is a co-founder and co-editor of the British comic magazine Viz. ...


The Steve Coogan-helmed BBC comedy I'm Alan Partridge featured a Geordie named Michael (Simon Greenall) as the primary supporting character and de facto best friend of the eponymous hero, despite Partridge's typically snobbish and patronizing demeanor sinking to new lows when referring to Michael (at one point referring to him as 'just the Work Geordie'). Stephen John Steve Coogan (born 14 October 1965) is an English actor, impressionist, and comedian. ... Im Alan Partridge is a British sitcom. ... Simon Greenall is a British actor and writer. ...


Mike Neville and George House (aka Jarge Hoose), presenters of the BBC local news program Look North, in the 1960s and 1970s, not only incorporated Geordie into the show, albeit usually in comedy pieces pointing up the gulf between ordinary Geordies and officials speaking Standard English, but were responsible for a series of recordings, beginning with Larn Yersel' Geordie[33] which attempted, not always seriously, to bring the Geordie dialect to the rest of England. Mike Neville was born in Willington Quay, Wallsend, on October 17th 1936 - yes, I know, he doesnt look that old! He attended the Addison Potter Infant and Junior School - now very smart sheltered accommodation for the elderly - and then the Stephenson Memorial Secondary Modern School - Known as The Stivvies... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... BBC Look North (North East and Cumbria) is the BBCs regional news programme for the North East area of England. ... Standard English is a nebulous term generally used to denote a form of the English language that is thought to be normative for educated users. ...


The mastermind behind Larn Yersel' Geordie was local humorist Scott Dobson[34], who wrote several booklets on the theme in the early 1970s, including History o' the Geordies[35], Advanced Geordie Palaver[36][37], The Geordie Joke Book (with Dick Irwin)[38] and The Little Broon Book (Bringing out The New Little Broon Book in 1990[39]).


The Jocks and the Geordies was a Dandy comic strip running from 1975 to the early 1990s. The Jocks and the Geordies were fictional characters who had their own comic strip in the UK comic The Dandy. ... // The Dandy is a British childrens comic published by D. C. Thomson & Co. ...


In the lyrics of the song "Sailing to Philadelphia" by Mark Knopfler, Jeremiah Dixon describes himself as a "Geordie boy. Jeremiah Dixon, surveyor of the Mason-Dixon line [40]" Mark Freuder Knopfler OBE (born August 12, 1949, Glasgow, Scotland) is a guitarist, singer, songwriter, and film score composer. ... Jeremiah Dixon (July 27, 1733 – January 22, 1779) was an English surveyor and astronomer who is perhaps best known for his work with Charles Mason, from 1763 to 1767, in determining what was later called the Mason-Dixon line. ... Jeremiah Dixon (July 27, 1733 – January 22, 1779) was an English surveyor and astronomer who is perhaps best known for his work with Charles Mason, from 1763 to 1767, in determining what was later called the Mason-Dixon line. ... For the fictional character, see Mason Dixon (Rocky Balboa character). ...


Dorphy, real name Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid, was a noted geordie dialect writer who once wrote for the South Shields Gazette[41][42][43][44][45].


Notes

  1. ^ AskOxford.com - a person from Tyneside. Retrieved on 2007-09-01.
  2. ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/geordie?r=75
  3. ^ Jarrow song. Retrieved on 2007-09-27.
  4. ^ Blaydon Races. Retrieved on 2007-09-29.
  5. ^ Blaydon Races. Retrieved on 2007-09-29.
  6. ^ AskOxford.com - a person from Tyneside. Retrieved on 2007-09-01.
  7. ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/geordie?r=75
  8. ^ Camden Hotten, John (1869). The Slang Dictionary, Or Vulgar Words, Street Phrases And Fast Expressions of High and Low Society. John Camden Hotten, 142. ““Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century."” )
  9. ^ http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1402147619
  10. ^ http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/Never-call-a-Mackem-a.3384259.jp
  11. ^ http://football.guardian.co.uk/Match_Report/0,,2156856,00.html
  12. ^ AskOxford.com - from the given name George. Retrieved on 2007-09-01.
  13. ^ Brockett, John Trotter (1829). A Glossary Of North Country Words In Use With Their Etymology And AffinityTo Other Languages And Occasional Notices Of local Customs And Popular Superstitions. E. Charnley, page 131. “GEORDIE, George-a very common name among the pitmen. “How ! Geordie man ! how is’t”” 
  14. ^ Recorded by the folk group Steeleye Span on their album Parcel of Rogues, 1973.
  15. ^ a b Katie Wales (2006). Northern English: A Cultural and Social History. Cambridge University Press, 134–136. ISBN 0521861071. 
  16. ^ http://www.toonale.co.uk/
  17. ^ Camden Hotten, John (1869). The Slang Dictionary, Or Vulgar Words, Street Phrases And Fast Expressions of High and Low Society. John Camden Hotten, 142. ““Geordie, general term in Northumberland and Durham for a pitman, or coal-miner. Origin not known; the term has been in use more than a century."” )
  18. ^ No mackem until 1990. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  19. ^ Dorphy dialog. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  20. ^ Dorphy dialog. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  21. ^ Dorphy dialog. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  22. ^ Dorphy dialog. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  23. ^ Dorphy dialog. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  24. ^ Colls, Robert; Lancaster, Bill & Bryne, David et al. (2005), Geordies Roots of Regionalism, Northumbria University Press, p. 90, ISBN 1904794122, <http://www.amazon.co.uk/Geordies-Roots-Regionalism-Robert-Colls/dp/1904794122/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196421632&sr=8-1>
  25. ^ (2003) IMS: Customer Satisfaction: BIP2005 (Integrated Management Systems). BSI Standards, page 10. ISBN 100580414264. “An early example, which may be remembered by older readers was the Co-op dividend or 'divvie'. On paying their bill, shoppers would quote a number recorded ...” 
  26. ^ Henderson, Clarks, NEIMME: Lamps - No. 14. SCOTCH DAVY LAMP., <http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html>. Retrieved on 2007-12-02
  27. ^ Smiles, Samuel (1859). The Life of George Stephenson, Railway Engineer, page 120. “As to the value of the invention of the safety lamp, there could be no doubt; and the colliery owners of Durham and Northumberland, to testify their sense of its importance, determined to present a testimonial to its inventor.” 
  28. ^ Henderson, Clarks, NEIMME: Lamps - No. 16. STEPHENSON (GEORDIE) LAMP., <http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Stephenson.html>. Retrieved on 2007-12-02
  29. ^ Henderson, Clarks, NEIMME: Lamps - No. 1 - DAVY LAMP., <http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/lamps/Davy.html>. Retrieved on 2007-12-02
  30. ^ Graham, Frank ((Nov 1986)), The Geordie Netty: A Short History and Guide, Butler Publishing; New Ed edition, ISBN 0946928088, <http://www.amazon.co.uk/Geordie-Netty-Short-History-Guide/dp/0946928088/ref=sr_1_1/026-5166506-7385210?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194978041&sr=8-1>
  31. ^ Urinal finds museum home. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
  32. ^ "Famed Geordie netty is museum attraction", The Northern Echo, 2007-03-31, <http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/topstories/display.var.1299982.0.famed_geordie_netty_is_museum_attraction.php>
  33. ^ Neville,Mike: George House - Very Best Of Larn Yersel: Geordie & Geordierama. TV Presenter (1995-12-13). Retrieved on 2007-11-06.
  34. ^ Dobson, Scott (Mar 1970), Larn Yersel' Geordie, Frank Graham, ISBN 0900409576, <http://www.amazon.co.uk/Larn-Yersel-Geordie-Scott-Dobson/dp/0900409576/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194615370&sr=1-2>
  35. ^ Dobson, Scott (1 Jun 1970), Histry O' the Geordies, Frank Graham, ISBN 0900409185, <http://www.amazon.co.uk/Histry-O-Geordies-Geordie-beuks/dp/0900409185/ref=sr_1_19?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194614695&sr=1-19>
  36. ^ Dobson, Scott (Jun 1970), Advanced Geordie Palaver, Frank Graham, ISBN 090040938X, <http://www.amazon.co.uk/Advanced-Geordie-Palaver-beuks/dp/090040938X/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194613631&sr=1-7>
  37. ^ Dobson, Scott (April 1993), Advanced Geordie Palaver, Butler Publishing, ISBN 0946928436, <http://www.amazon.co.uk/Advanced-Geordie-Palaver-Scott-Dobson/dp/0946928436/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194613631&sr=1-8>
  38. ^ Irwin, Dick; Milne, Maurice & Dobson, Scott (1970), The Geordie Joke Book, Graham, ISBN 0900409797
  39. ^ Dobson, Scott (1990), The new little broon book, Bridge Studios, ISBN 1872010601, <http://www.amazon.co.uk/new-little-broon-book/dp/1872010601/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1194626340&sr=8-1>
  40. ^ Sailing To Philidelphia. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. “I Am Jeremiah Dixon; I Am A Geordie Boy”
  41. ^ Dorphy, Dorothy Samuelson-Sandvid. Dorphy's Geordie dialog, South Shields Gazette. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  42. ^ Sandvid, D (1970), Basinful o' Geordie: Tyneside Readings, H Hill, ISBN 0900463112
  43. ^ Sandvid, D (1988), Basinful o' Geordie: Tyneside Readings, Sandhill P, ISBN 0946098123
  44. ^ Sandvid, D (1969), Between Ye an' Me, H Hill, ISBN 0900463082
  45. ^ Sandvid, D (1976), I Remember, Tree P, ISBN 0904790029

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