Georg Simmel

Georg Simmel (March 1, 1858 – September 28, 1918, Berlin, Germany) was one of the first generation of German sociologists. He was born to a Jewish family, but after the early death of his father, a Catholic guardian was appointed for him and he was raised as a Catholic. His studies pioneered the concept of social structure. His most famous work today is probably "The Philosophy of Money". Image File history File links Simmel_01. ... Image File history File links Simmel_01. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Social interactions and their consequences are the subject of sociology. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... Social structure is a term frequently used in social theory - yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualised (Jary and Jary 1991, Abercrombie et al 2000). ...

Life

Simmel studied philosophy and history at the University of Berlin. In 1881 he received his doctorate for his thesis "The Nature of Matter According to Kant's Physical Monadology". He became a Privatdozent at the University of Berlin in 1885. His lectures were not only popular inside the university, but attracted the intellectual elite of Berlin as well. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... HIStory: Past, Present and Future – Book I (or simply HIStory) is a double-disc album by Michael Jackson released in 1995 by the Epic Records devision of Sony Music. ... There is no institution called the University of Berlin, but there are four universities in Berlin, Germany: Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin) Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin) Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Privatdozent (PD or Priv. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

Although his applications for vacant chairs at German universities were supported by Max Weber, Simmel remained an academic outsider. Only in 1901 was he elevated to the rank of extraordinary professor (full professor but without a chair; see the German section at Professor). At that time he was well-known throughout Europe and America and was seen as a man of great eminence. Maximilian Weber (IPA: ) (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who is considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A professor giving a lecture The meaning of the word professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) varies. ...

Simmel nevertheless continued his intellectual and academic work, taking part in artistic circles as well as being a cofounder of the German Society for Sociology, together with Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber. This life at the meeting point of university and society, arts and philosophy was possible because Simmel had been the heir to a fortune from his appointed guardian. Ferdinand Tönnies (July 26, 1855, near Oldenswort (Eiderstedt) - April 9, 1936, Kiel, Germany) was a German sociologist. ... Maximilian Weber (IPA: ) (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who is considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration. ...

He befriended many well-known men, e.g. Max Weber, Rainer Maria Rilke, Stefan George and Edmund Husserl. Maximilian Weber (IPA: ) (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who is considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration. ... Rainer Maria Rilke in a portrait by Paula Modersohn-Becker Rainer Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926) is generally considered the German languages greatest 20th century poet. ... Stefan George (1910) Stefan George (Bingen, Hesse, July 12, 1868 – Locarno, December 4, 1933) was a German poet and translator. ... Edmund Husserl Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (April 8, 1859 - April 26, 1938, Freiburg) was a German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology. ...

In 1890 he married Gertrud Kinel. A philosopher in her own right, she published under the pseudonym Marie-Luise Enckendorf. They lived a sheltered and bourgeois life, their home becoming a venue for cultivated gatherings in the tradition of the salon. They bore a son, Gertmund, a combination of their names. He was frequently mentioned in Simmel's work. 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... A pseudonym (Greek: false name) is a fictitious name used by an individual as an alternative to his or her legal name. ...

Only in 1914 did Simmel receive an ordinary professorship with chair, at the then German University of Strasbourg. Because of the outbreak of World War I, all academic activities and lectures were halted as lecture halls were converted to military hospitals. In 1915 he applied - without success - for a chair at the University of Heidelberg. 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... The University Palace in Strasbourg, and a monument to one of the universitys students, Johann Wolfgang Goethe The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, is divided into three separate institutions. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul von Hindenburg... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg (German Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; also known as simply University of Heidelberg) was established in the town of Heidelberg in the Rhineland in 1386. ...

Shortly before the end of the war in 1918, he died from liver cancer. 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Hepatic tumors are tumors or growths on or in the liver (medical terms pertaining to the liver often start in hepato- or hepatic from the Greek word for liver, hepar). ...

Simmel on the Metropolis

Simmel's writing in 1903 was critical of modern urban life, finding it incompatible with a positive urban culture. Working life had developed in a historically unique way that was negative to workers, “The nineteenth century demanded the functional specialisation of man and his work; this specialisation makes one individual incomparable to another, and each of them indispensable to the highest possible extent”^[1] Simmel claims work specialisation leads to a new ‘metropolitan type individual’ that undermines community culture, city dwellers develop an ‘organ’ to protect themselves from the threatening nature of the city. The ‘organ’ leads individuals to become insensitive and remote. Simmel found the simple country lifestyle beneficial as it created ‘deeply felt and emotional relationships’, that are complementary to a healthy community culture. putangina 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Urban culture is the culture of cities. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Simmel on Sociability

Simmel refers to, "all the forms of association by which a mere sum of separate individuals are made into a 'society,'" [Simmel, 157] which he describes as a, "higher unity," [Simmel, 157] composed of individuals. He was especially fascinated, it seems, by the, "impulse to sociability in man," [Simmel, 157] which he described as "associations...[through which] the solitariness of the individuals is resolved into togetherness, a union with others," [Simmel, 158] a process he describes by which, "the impulse to sociability distils, as it were, out of the realities of social life the pure essence of association," [158] and "through which a unity is made," [Simmel, 158] which he also refers to as, "the free-playing, interacting interdependence of individuals." [Simmel, 158]

He defines sociability as, "the play-form of association," [Simmel, 158] driven, in his view, by, "amicability, breeding, cordiality and attractiveness of all kinds." [Simmel, 158] In order for this free association to occur, he says, "the personalities must not emphasize themselves too individually...with too much abandon and aggressiveness." [Simmel, 158] He also describes, "this world of sociability...a democracy of equals...without friction," so long as people blend together in a spirit of fun and affection to, "bring about among themselves a pure interaction free of any disturbing material accent." [Simmel, 159] As so many social interactions are not entirely of this sweet character, one has to conclude that Simmel is describing a somewhat idealised view of the best types of human interaction, and by no means the most typical or average type.

The same can be said of Simmel when he says that, "the vitality of real individuals, in their sensitivities and attractions, in the fullness of their impulses and convictions...is but a symbol of life, as it shows itself in the flow of a lightly amusing play," [Simmel, 162] or when he adds: "a symbolic play, in whose aesthetic charm all the finest and most highly sublimated dynamics of social existence and its riches are gathered." [Simmel, 163] Again, one has to conclude that he is describing human interactions at their idealised best and not the more typical ones, which tend to fall a long way short of his descriptions.

All above quotes are from: G Simmel: The Sociology of Sociability [trans. by Everett C Hughes], Amer Jnl of Sociol, 55.3, Nov 1949, pp.254-261, originally from Soziologie der Geselligkeit, his speech to 1st meeting of the German Sociol Society, 1911, reprinted in Talcott Parsons et al, Theories of Society, 1961, [page numbers shown refer to the latter publication]

The work of Simmel

Simmel was known as an essayist as well as author of sociological and philosophical books. Some of his major monographic works include: An essayist is an author who writes compositions which can be about any particular subject. ...

• Über sociale Differenzierung, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1890 [On Social Differentiation]
• Einleitung in die Moralwissenschaft, 2 vols, Berlin: Hertz, 1892-3 [Introduction to the Science of Ethics]
• Die Probleme der Geschichtphilosophie, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1892, 2nd edn 1905 [The Problems of the Philosophy of History]
• Philosophie der Geldes, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1900, 2nd edn 1907 [The Philosophy of Money]
• The Metropolis and Mental Life', 1903
• Kant, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1904, 6th edn 1924
• Kant und Goethe, Berlin: Marquardt, 1906
• Die Religion, Frankfurt am Main: Rütten & Loening, 1906, 2nd edn 1912
• Schopenhauer und Nietzsche, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1907
• Soziologie, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1908 [Sociology: Investigations on the Forms of Sociation]
• Hauptprobleme der Philosophie, Leipzig: Göschen, 1910
• Philosophische Kultur, Leipzig: Kröner, 1911, 2nd edn 1919
• Goethe, Leipzig: Klinkhardt, 1913
• Grundfragen der Soziologie, Berlin: Göschen, 1917 [Fundamental Questions of Sociology]
• Rembrandt, Leipzig: Wolff, 1917
• Lebensanschauung, München: Duncker & Humblot, 1918
• Zur Philosophie der Kunst, Potsdam: Kiepenheur, 1922
• Fragmente und Aufsäze aus dem Nachlass, ed G Kantorowicz, München: Drei Masken Verlag, 1923
• Brücke und Tür, ed M Landmann & M Susman, Stuttgart: Koehler, 1957

Other works

• Rom, Ein ästhetische Analyse published the Viennese weekly paper in Die Zeit. Wiener Wochenschrift für Politike, Volkwirtschaft Wissenschaft und Kunst. on May the 28th 1898
• Florenz published in the Berliner magazine Der Tag on March 2nd 1906
• Venedig published in the magazine from Munich Der Kunstwart. Halbmonatsschau über Dichtung, Theater, Musik, bildende und angewandte Kunst. on June 1907
• (de) Hartmann, Alois (2003): Sinn und Wert des Geldes. In der Philosophie von Georg Simmel und Adam (von) Müller. [1]. Berlin. ISBN 3-936749-53-1.

References

1. ^ Simmel The Metropolis and Mental Life 1903

• Sociology in Switzerland presents Georg Simmel Online
• Muller, Jerry Z., 2002. The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought. Anchor Books.

External links

• A short biography of Simmel
• A detailed biography and appreciation of Simmel
• Many of Simmel's works online