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Georg Freiherr von Boeselager
1915-1944
Place of birth	Kassel, Germany
Place of death	Łomża, Poland
Allegiance	Germany
Years of service	1934-1944
Rank	Oberst der Kavallerie
Unit	15th Cavalry
Commands	"School for Shocktroops" Third Cavalry Brigade Cavalry Regiments Centre
Battles/wars	Invasion of Poland Battle of France July 20 Plot Eastern Front (World War II)
Awards	Iron Cross Second Class Iron Cross First Class Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

Georg Freiherr von Boeselager (August 25, 1915 – August 27, 1944) was a German nobleman and officer of the Wehrmacht, who ultimately served as Colonel (Oberst) of Cavalry. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... This article is about the city of Kassel in Hessen, Germany. ... Łomża is a town in north-eastern Poland, located approx. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... ... French Republican Guard - May 8, 2005 celebrations Cavalry (from French cavalerie) were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat. ... Image File history File links Bundeswehr-Dienstgradabzeichen: Oberst from de:Bild:Offiziersdienstgrade. ... A Kriegschule was a General Military School used for basic officer training in Germany up until the defeat in 1945. ... Combatants Poland Germany, Soviet Union, Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total: 950... Combatants France United Kingdom Canada Czechoslovakia Poland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Germany Italy Commanders Maurice Gamelin, Maxime Weygand (French) Lord Gort (British Expeditionary Force) H.G. Winkelman (Dutch) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group A) Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Wilhelm von Leeb (Army Group C) H.R.H. Umberto di... Claus von Stauffenberg The July 20 Plot was an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany, on July 20, 1944. ... Combatants Soviet Union,1 Poland (from January 1945) Germany,1 Italy (to 1943), Romania (to 1944), Finland (to 1944), Hungary, Slovakia Commanders Aleksei Antonov, Azi Aslanov, Ivan Konev, Rodion Malinovsky, Ivan Bagramyan, Kirill Meretskov, Ivan Petrov, Alexander Rodimtsev, Konstantin Rokossovsky, Pavel Rotmistrov, Semyon Timoshenko, Fyodor Tolbukhin, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Nikolai Vatutin... A stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Bundeswehr, Germanys Armed Forces. ... August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... German nobility was the aristocratic class in Germany. ... Officer may refer to: Holders of an office Academia Chief Academic Officer · Sabbatical officer Military Officer (armed forces) Officers Training Corps · Reserve Officers Training Corps Corporate Law enforcement Customs officer · Peace officer · Police officer · Prison officer · Probation officer Politics and government Chief medical officer · Political commissar · Presiding Officer · Returning Officer... Wehrmacht   (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... Colonel (IPA: or ) is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... ... French Republican Guard - May 8, 2005 celebrations Cavalry (from French cavalerie) were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat. ...

Born near Kassel to the Roman Catholic Boeselager family, Georg von Boeselager chose military service over the priesthood and enlisted with the German armed forces in 1934. In World War II, he served in the Heer with distinction in several notable offensives, including the 1939 Invasion of Poland, the 1940 Battle of France, and 1941's Operation Barbarossa, and was awarded the Iron Cross multiple times. He ultimately achieved the rank of Oberst and was made Instructor of Tactics at the "School for Shocktroops" in Krampintz. This article is about the city of Kassel in Hessen, Germany. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI.It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... Boeselager is the name of a German noble family from Magdeburg, whose line begins with one Squire Boeselager of Stemmern by Magdeburgon first appearing in the documents on April 12, 1363. ... Wehrmacht   (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The German Army (German: Heer, [IPA: heɐ]  ) is the land component of the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence Forces) of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Combatants Poland Germany, Soviet Union, Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total: 950... Combatants France United Kingdom Canada Czechoslovakia Poland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Germany Italy Commanders Maurice Gamelin, Maxime Weygand (French) Lord Gort (British Expeditionary Force) H.G. Winkelman (Dutch) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group A) Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Wilhelm von Leeb (Army Group C) H.R.H. Umberto di... Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler, Ion Antonescu, C.G.E. Mannerheim, Benito Mussolini, Miklós Horthy, Jozef Tiso Joseph Stalin Strength ~3. ... A stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Bundeswehr, Germanys Armed Forces. ...

Along with his brother Philipp von Boeselager, he participated in the 1944 July 20 Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler. Returning to the front after the failed plot, Boeselager was killed in action against a heavily fortified Russian position in 1944. On August 29, he was posthumously promoted to full colonel and awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. Philipp von Boeselager is the last surviving member of the July 20 Plot, a conspiracy among high ranking Nazi officers to assassinate Adolf Hitler in 1944. ... Claus von Stauffenberg The July 20 Plot was an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany, on July 20, 1944. ... Hitler redirects here. ... August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ...

Vita

Education & early military career

From his youth on, Boeselager was trained as an apprentice cavalryman, known in German as a Turnierreiter ("tournament rider"), an equestrian competitor in the German Turner tradition. He also enjoyed hunting and other outdoor sports. His was an old military family, but also a devoutly Catholic one, and young Georg wavered before finally settling on the military over the priesthood. Before this decision was final, young Boeselager attended secondary school at Aloysius College in Bad Godesberg. Beginning on April 1, 1934, he trained with the 15th Cavalry Regiment in Paderborn. When he completed his basic training in 1936, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant; then in March, 1939, he was promoted to First Lieutenant. Turners (German: , gymnasts in English) are German Americans who have organised themselves in gymnastic unions. Together with Carl Schurz they were supportive in getting Abraham Lincoln elected as president of the United States of America (USA). ... . ... A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... Aloisiuskolleg (College of Saint Aloysius) is a private, Roman Catholic gymnasium in Bad Godesberg, Germany administered by Jesuit priests. ... Location of Bad Godesberg in Bonn Bad Godesberg became a municipal district of Bonn in 1969. ... It has been suggested that April Fools Day be merged into this article or section. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Paderborn is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district. ... Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned rank in many armed forces. ... First Lieutenant is a military rank. ...

For his actions in the Invasion of Poland, Boeselager was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class. His service on the Western Front in 1940 was similarly distinguished. For his actions in bridging the Seine near Les Andelys on June 13, 1940, he was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, and in January 1941, he won the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. By July of that year, he had risen to the rank of Rittmeister, or Captain of Cavalry. An efficiency report praised Boeselager as "...a spirited cavalry officer, who thinks boldly and surely in taking decisions, but who is modest and unassuming, the idol of his men..."^[1] Combatants Poland Germany, Soviet Union, Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total: 950... A stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Bundeswehr, Germanys Armed Forces. ... During World War II, the Western Front was the theater of fighting west of Germany, encompassing France, Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Denmark. ... The Seine (pronounced in French) is a major river of north-western France, and one of its commercial waterways. ... Les Andelys is a commune of the Eure département, in Normandy, France. ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The penultimate expression of the award: the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with golden Oakleaves, Swords and Diamonds. ... Rittmeister (in German language literally [Horse] riding master or Cavalry master) was the military rank of a commissioned cavalry officer in charge of a squadron, the equivalent of Captain, in the armies of German-speaking states and Austro-Hungarian. ...

In Operation Barbarossa, Boeselager again showed himself a courageous and exemplary officer. His unit performed reconnaissance for the double-pronged sweep around Brest-Litovsk to take Białystok and Minsk, seized bridgeheads over the Neman and Daugava rivers, and participated in the Battle of Moscow. For accomplishing his duties with distinction, he was granted the Knight's Cross with Oak leaves on December 31, 1941. Afterwards, he was detached from his unit and made Instructor of Tactics at the "School for Shocktroops" in Krampintz. Boeselager was asked to instruct students in Panzer tactics, even though he preferred commanding traditional cavalry, which he felt still had a place on the modern battlefield. In his capacity as instructor, Boeselager made contacts among the military resistance, who had seen that things were not going well at the front. Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler, Ion Antonescu, C.G.E. Mannerheim, Benito Mussolini, Miklós Horthy, Jozef Tiso Joseph Stalin Strength ~3. ... For a city in France, see Brest, France. ... BiaÅ‚ystok (pronounced: , Belarusian: , Lithuanian: , Yiddish ביאַליסטאָק) is the largest city (pop. ... Location of Minsk, shown within the Minsk Voblast Coordinates: Country Subdivision Belarus Minsk Founded 1067 Government  - Mayor Mikhail Pavlov Area  - City 305. ... Neman: Neman_River - Eastern European river Neman, Russia - town in Russia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Daugava sunset in Riga. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Soviet Union Commanders Fedor von Bock, Heinz Guderian Georgy Zhukov, Aleksandr Vasilevsky Strength As of October 1: 1,000,000+ men, 1,700 tanks, 14,000 guns, 950 planes[1] As of October 1: 1,250,000 men, 1,000 tanks, 7,600 guns, 677 planes[2... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Panzer IV Ausf. ... Widerstand (German: resistance) is the name given to the resistance movements in Nazi Germany. ...

The plot to kill Hitler

Boeselager worked with Romanian troops of the Romanian Third Army, training them to fight alongside the German Sixth Army which at first advanced deep into the Soviet Union, but was destined to surrender at Stalingrad. The Romanian Third Army was a field army that fought as part of of the German Army Group B during World War II. Categories: | | | ... The 6. ... Combatants Germany Italy Hungary Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Maximilian von Weichs Friedrich Paulus # Erich von Manstein Hermann Hoth Italo Garibaldi Gusztav Jany Petre Dumitrescu Constantin Constantinescu Vasiliy Chuikov Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy Georgiy Zhukov Semyon Timoshenko Konstantin Rokossovsky Rodion Malinovsky Strength German Sixth Army German Fourth Panzer Army Romanian Third Army...

After an audience with Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge, then the commander of Army Group Centre, Boeselager was assigned as Deputy Commander, Cavalry Regiments Centre, a freestanding cavalry unit fighting on the Eastern Front. Boeselager made frequent trips to confer with Kluge, sometimes flying along with the field marshal's staff on his transport plane.^[2] Shoulder boards of a Generalfeldmarschall Generalfeldmarschall ( â–¶(?)) (General Field Marshal, usually translated simply as Field Marshal, and sometimes written only as Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states, the Holy Roman Empire, and Austrian Empire. ... Hans Günther von Kluge (October 30, 1882–August 19, 1944), was a German military leader. ... Army Group Centre (Heeresgruppe Mitte in German) was created on 22 June 1941 when Army Group B was renamed Army Group Centre. ... Combatants Soviet Union,1 Poland (from January 1945) Germany,1 Italy (to 1943), Romania (to 1944), Finland (to 1944), Hungary, Slovakia Commanders Aleksei Antonov, Azi Aslanov, Ivan Konev, Rodion Malinovsky, Ivan Bagramyan, Kirill Meretskov, Ivan Petrov, Alexander Rodimtsev, Konstantin Rokossovsky, Pavel Rotmistrov, Semyon Timoshenko, Fyodor Tolbukhin, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Nikolai Vatutin...

At a 1943 field conference the feasibility of an assassination of Adolf Hitler was discussed among some of the officers present. Some suggested killing Hitler with a pistol, but no officer could be found who would dare attempt it. Many who would gladly give their lives in battle in the company of their comrades abhorred the idea of going alone to assassinate an unarmed head of state. One year earlier, a Luftwaffe officer had lain in wait for Hitler while the Führer was out walking in the woods, but found he was unable to move his arms when the critical moment came. Boeselager confided to his new friend and future superior, Major General Henning von Tresckow, that he would likely freeze up as well.^[3] It was qualms about the method, not the fact of the killing itself, that perturbed Boeselager. In fact, he had come to believe that he had a duty to God and his fellowmen to kill Hitler, who was the antithesis of all that his religious upbringing represented.^[4] Instead of a lone assassination , Boeselager envisioned a scenario where, in command of a cavalry honor guard, he would overwhelm Hitler's SS bodyguard and shoot the Führer in a fair fight; this course was rejected because Kluge did not like the prospect of a large numbers of German soldiers fighting each other. Boeselager later offered to charge the Wolfsschanze with a full battalion of cavalry; this was rejected because of the extremely high casualties the unit would likely suffer and because it was impossible to transfer the unit from West Prussia to East Prussia. Another suggestion was that a bomb be smuggled into Hitler's plane. This last idea was indeed attempted, with the bomb being placed by lawyer Fabian von Schlabrendorff, but the device failed to detonate. Rittmeister Boeselager, meanwhile, returned to the front. It has been suggested that Selective assassination be merged into this article or section. ... Hitler redirects here. ... This or section does not cite its references or sources. ...   (Fuehrer when the ü-umlaut is not used, but never just Fuhrer) is a proper noun meaning leader or guide in the German language. ... Henning von Tresckow (January 10, 1901 in Magdeburg – July 21, 1944 in Ostrow near BiaÅ‚ystok, Poland) was a Major General in the German Wehrmacht who is known for organizing German resistance against Hitler. ... The   (German for Protective Squadron), abbreviated (Runic) or SS (Latin), was a large security and military organization of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany. ... Wolfs Lairs location in the old East Prussia (modern borders shown) Führerhauptquartier Wolfsschanze (English: Wolfs Lair, Polish: ) was the codename used for a major Eastern Front military headquarters of Adolf Hitler during World War II. One of the larger bunkers in Wolfsschanze complex. ... One of four districts of East Prussia in 1920 - 1938. ... East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia. ... Fabian von Schlabrendorff Fabian von Schlabrendorff (born 1 July 1907 in Halle an der Saale; died 3 September 1980 in Wiesbaden) trained as a lawyer, later joining the German Army. ...

On June 1, 1943, Boeselager was promoted to Major. In a subsequent campaign of October 1943 he was wounded. On December 1, he was promoted to Oberstleutnant. After receiving another wound in February 1944, Boeselanger, still not fully recuperated in June, was assigned to a rear echelon squadron. There he began to plot a new attempt on Hitler in league with Tresckow. June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Major is a military rank the use of which varies according to country. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Oberstleutnant is the German Army (Bundeswehr) equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel, above Major, and below Oberst. ...

Boeselager was dispatched by Tresckow to urge his old commander, Kluge, to change his strategy and to join the conspiracy against Hitler. Kluge was now Commander-in-Chief in the West; in the East, German lines were spread so thin that multiple Soviet breakthroughs were inevitable. Tresckow wanted Kluge to open the front in the West, begin negotiations with the British and Americans, and transfer assets to the Eastern Front to fight the "Bolsheviks", viewed as a much crueler and uncompromising enemy. Hitler and his cronies, all obstacles to sound military strategy and peacemaking, would be eliminated. In the plan that Tresckow envisioned, Kluge would arrange for the former's transfer so that he could help consolidate the coup. However, Kluge felt that the Americans and British would be "opening up" his front for him soon no matter what he actions he took, did not trust most of his staff to keep silent about the conspiracy, and therefore declined to participate in the plot or any other planning. Boeselager returned to Tresckow empty-handed, but he still had a contribution to make.^[5] Bolshevik Party Meeting. ...

In support of the German resistance, Boeselager would bide with the greater part of his brigade in the Prussian hinterlands, then advance to take Berlin and hold it. Boeselager also helped Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven in procuring the British Hexogen plastic explosive and other parts used in the bomb that would be used to kill Hitler - a fact that his friends who were tortured by Hitler's security services never revealed.^[6] At the appointed time, Boeselager and his brother began marching their columns on Berlin. But before he and his men could reach Berlin, he was informed by about the unsuccessful bombing carried out on July 20 by Claus von Stauffenberg. Boeselager accordingly led his troops back to the front with great celerity and doing the utmost to camouflage the reason for the troop movement; thus, he and his brother Phillip were not implicated in the plot. Approximately 5,000 others were arrested and approximately 200 were executed for their roles, however minor. Widerstand (German: resistance) is the name given to the resistance movements in Nazi Germany. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Wessel Freiherr Freytag von Loringhoven, commonly known as Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven (10 November 1899 – died 26 July 1944), was a colonel in the German General Staff of the Wehrmacht and a member of the German resistance against Adolf Hitler. ... Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, also known as RDX, cyclonite,hexogen, and T4, is an nitroamine and explosive material widely used by the military. ... Claus von Stauffenberg The July 20 Plot was an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany, on July 20, 1944. ... July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 164 days remaining. ... Claus von Stauffenberg Claus Philipp Maria Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg (15 November 1907 – 21 July 1944) was a German aristocrat and army colonel during World War II. He was one of the leading figures of the July 20 Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler. ...

Death and legacy

Although the Boeselager brothers had escaped initial suspicion, investigators sent a message to one of Georg's old units in France requesting that "First Lieutenant von Boeselager" be detained for questioning; his old comrades replied (semi-truthfully, since Boeselager had long since been promoted) that they knew no such officer. Even though he was now a field-grade officer, Georg continued his hard-charging junior cavalryman's ways. Perhaps Georg was aware that his life was in danger and he wished to die a hero, reasoning that his family would be less liable to Nazi persecution, or else he was despondent about the failure of the plot and the future of Germany under Hitler or under Soviet occupation. Unfortunately for historians, Boeselager carried the knowledge of his motivations to the grave, falling in an assault against a heavily fortified Soviet position near Łomża on the River Bug on August 27, 1944. Two days later, he was posthumously promoted to full colonel and awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords — one of only 159 German soldiers so decorated in the history of the award. Heroine (female hero) redirects here. ... Łomża is a town in north-eastern Poland, located approx. ... Bug at Wlodawa One of the two rivers called Bug (pronounced Boog), the Western Bug, or Buh (Belarusian: Захо́дні Буг; Russian: За́падный Буг; Ukrainian: Західн&#1080... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

The Bundeswehr's Freiherr von Boeselager Kaserne ("Baron von Boeselager Barracks") near Munich are named for him, as are the Georg-von-Boeselager-Straße ("George von Boeselager Street") and the Georg-von-Boeselager-Schule ("George von Boeselager Primary School") in Swisttal. The Bundeswehr (German for Federal Defence Force;  ) is the armed forces of Germany. ... Munich (German: , pronounced  ; Austro-Bavarian: Minga; Italian: Monaco; Latin language: Monacum) is the capital of the German Federal State of Bavaria (German: ). Munich is Germanys third largest city and one of Europes most prosperous. ... Swisttal is a municipality in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ...

Notes

Note regarding personal names: Freiherr is a title, translated as Baron, not a first or middle name. The female forms are Freifrau and Freiin. Freiherr (German for Free Lord) is a title of lower nobility in Germany, the Baltic states and Austria-Hungary, considered equal to the title Baron. ... Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. ... Freiherr (German for Free Lord) is a title of lower nobility in Germany, the Baltic states and Austria-Hungary, considered equal to the title Baron. ... Freiherr (German for Free Lord) is a title of lower nobility in Germany, the Baltic states and Austria-Hungary, considered equal to the title Baron. ...

References

1. ^ Zeller, Eberhard; trans. Oswald Wolff (1969). The Flame of Freedom: The German Struggle against Hitler. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, 153. 
2. ^ Hoffman, Peter; trans. Richard Barry (1977). "31", The History of the German Resistance, 1939-1945. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 276. 
3. ^ von Schlabendorff, Fabian; trans. Hilda Simon, fwd. John J. McCloy (1965). The Secret War against Hitler. New York, Toronto, London: Pitman, 279. 
4. ^ Zeller, 154
5. ^  von Schlabrendorff, 279
6. ^ Hoffman, 334