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The George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) was established in 1984 in Washington, D.C. "to conduct technical assessments of scientific issues with an impact on public policy". It is known for its skeptical position on global warming, and its strong support for the Strategic Defense Initiative. The institute is named after World War II military leader and statesman George C. Marshall. Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Federal District District of Columbia - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D) - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack Evans...
Global mean surface temperatures 1856 to 2005. ...
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), commonly called Star Wars after the popular science fiction movies of the time, was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983[1] to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic...
George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880–October 16, 1959), an American military leader and statesman, was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. ...
Since 1989 GMI has been involved in "a critical examination of the scientific basis for global climate change policy". [1] Although it says "There is a sufficient basis for action because the climate change risk is real," [2] it is strongly associated with attempts to play up scientific uncertainty about global warming, and to prevent regulatory action on global warming.[3] Noted skeptics Sallie Baliunas and Frederick Seitz are on its Board of Directors, Patrick Michaels is a "visiting scientist" and Stephen McIntyre, Willie Soon and Ross McKitrick are "contributing writers".[4] Richard Lindzen served on the Institute's Science Advisory Board.[5] Four members of GMI's Board of Directors have been involved with SEPP. [6] GMI is a former member of the Cooler Heads Coalition. Sallie Baliunas is at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in the Solar, Stellar, and Planetary Sciences Division and formerly Deputy Director of the Mount Wilson Institute. ...
Frederick Seitz (July 4, 1911-) is an American scientist. ...
Patrick J. Michaels (born c. ...
Stephen McIntyre is a former mining executive; prior to 2003 he has been officer or director of several small public mineral exploration companies. ...
Willie Soon (Wei-Hock Soon) is an astrophysicist at the Solar and Stellar Physics Division of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. ...
Ross McKitrick is a Canadian environmental economist and global warming skeptic, best known for his statistical reviews of temperature record reconstructions that purport to show dramatic recent global warming relative to history. ...
Richard Siegmund Lindzen (born 1940) is an atmospheric physicist and a professor of meteorology at MIT renowned for his research in dynamic meteorology - especially atmospheric waves. ...
The Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) is a non-profit educational group founded by retired atmospheric physicist S. Fred Singer. ...
The Cooler Heads Coalition is a sub-group of the National Consumer Coalition, formed May 6, 1997. ...
In 1998 Jeffrey Salmon, then executive director of GMI, helped develop the American Petroleum Institute's strategy of stressing the uncertainty of climate science.[7] In February 2005 GMI co-sponsored a Congressional briefing at which Senator James Inhofe praised Michael Crichton's novel State of Fear and attacked the "hockey stick graph". [8] The American Petroleum Institute, commonly referred to as API, is the main U.S. trade association for the oil and natural gas industry, representing about 400 corporate members involved in all aspects of the industry. ...
James Mountain Inhofe, usually known as Jim Inhofe (born November 17, 1934) is an American politician from Oklahoma. ...
John Michael Crichton (born October 23, 1942, pronounced [1]) is an American author, film producer, film director, and television producer. ...
State of Fear is a 2004 novel by Michael Crichton published by HarperCollins on December 7, 2004. ...
Michael Mann Michael Mann is a well-known climatologist, author of more than 80 peer-reviewed journal publications. ...
Between 1985 and 2001, the institute received $5.5m in funding from five foundations, including the Earhart Foundation, Sarah Scaife Foundation and Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation.[9] The Earhart Foundation is a foundation that funds research and scholarship. ...
This article lacks information on the subject matters importance. ...
The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is a large and influential right-wing foundation with about half a billion US dollars in assets. ...
GMI used to restrict its funding sources to private foundations and individual donors, but in 1999, Salmon wrote that "Fifteen years of experience with a policy of refusing grants from industry has taught us that our reasons for adopting this restriction were both right and wrong. We were right about it costing us money. But we were wrong to think the policy would permit us to avoid the charge of being a corporate funded think-tank." He said that "the positions we had taken over the last decade and a-half were so crystal-clear that it would be absurd to claim that the Marshall Institute was tailoring its position to fit the needs of some corporate interest", and accordingly, "From now on the Marshall Institute will accept grants for general program support from corporate foundations and in some cases directly from corporations. The Board has also determined that before we accept a grant it must be clear to us that the corporate foundation or corporation offering us funding must have a prior record of supporting well-known environmental groups, or groups with a record of opposing the deployment of ballistic missile defenses."[10]
In 1999, GMI received grants from the Exxon Education Foundation [11]. The institute's CEO William O'Keefe, formerly an executive at the American Petroleum Institute and chairman of the Global Climate Coalition, is a registered lobbyist for ExxonMobil. [12] The GMI was described in a 2007 report by the Union of Concerned Scientists as an ExxonMobil-funded "clearinghouse for global warming contrarians".[1] The Global Climate Coalition was a group of mainly United States businesses opposing immediate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ...
Exxon Mobil Corporation or ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM), headquartered in Irving, Texas, a suburb of Dallas, USA, is the largest publicly traded integrated oil and gas company in the world, formed on November 30, 1999, by the merger of Exxon and Mobil. ...
The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is an advocacy organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. ...
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The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is an advocacy organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. ...
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