The Most Noble Sir George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, KG , MA (January 10, 1628 - April 16, 1687), English statesman, son of the 1st Duke of the second creation (1623) of that title. The prefix The Most Noble is a title of quality attached to the names of dukes and duchesses in the United Kingdom. ... The titles Marquess and Duke of Buckingham have been created several times in the peerages of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. ... A garter is one of the Orders most recognisable insignia. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ... January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 1 - writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... The term statesman is a respectful term used to refer to diplomats, politicians, and other notable figures of state. ... George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham by Rubens George Villiers (August 28, 1592 – August 23, 1628) was the 1st Duke of Buckingham of the second creation (1623) of that title and a favourite of King James I of England and then of Charles I. He was born in Brooksby, Leicestershire... Events August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. ...

He was brought up, together with his younger brother Francis, by King Charles I with his own children, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained the degree of MA in 1642. He fought for the king in the Civil War, and took part in the attack on Lichfield Close in April 1643. Subsequently, under the care of the Earl of Northumberland, the two brothers travelled abroad and lived at Florence and Rome. When the Second Civil War broke out they joined Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland in Surrey, in July 1648. Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... Full name The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity Motto Virtus vera nobilitas Virtue is true Nobility Named after The Holy Trinity Previous names Kings Hall and Michaelhouse (until merged in 1546) Established 1546 Sister College(s) Christ Church Master The Lord Rees of Ludlow Location Trinity Street... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... The term English Civil War (or Wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between English Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... The title of Earl of Northumberland was created several times in the Peerages of England and Great Britain. ... Founded 59 BC as Florentia Region Tuscany Mayor Leonardo Domenici (Democratici di Sinistra) Area  - City Proper  102 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 356,000 almost 500,000 3,453/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Latitude Longitude 43°47 N 11°15 E www. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2. ... Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland was baptized on August 19, 1590 and he was probably born earlier in the same year. ... Surrey is a county in southern England, part of the South East England region and one of the Home Counties. ... // Events January 17 - Englands Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. ...

Francis Villiers was killed near Kingston upon Thames, and Buckingham and Holland were surprised at St Neots on 10 July. The Duke succeeded in escaping to the Netherlands. Because of his participation in the rebellion, his lands, which had been restored to him in 1647 on account of his youth, were again confiscated, mostly passing into the possession of Thomas Fairfax, who refused to compound. Charles II conferred on him the Order of the Garter on September 19, 1649, and admitted him to his Privy Council on April 6, 1650. Kingston upon Thames, part of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is an ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned, and is now a lively suburb of London. ... St Neots is a town of about 26,000 people on the River Great Ouse, the largest town in Cambridgeshire, England (Cambridge itself is a city). ... July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (January 17, 1612 - November 12, 1671), parliamentary general and commander-in-chief during the English Civil War, the eldest son of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Baron Fairfax of Cameron, was born at Denton, near Otley, Yorkshire. ... Charles II (29 May 1630–6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (retrospectively de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... A garter is one of the Orders most recognisable insignia. ... September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ...

In opposition to Hyde, Buckingham supported the alliance with the Scottish presbyterians, accompanied Charles to Scotland in June, and allied himself with Argyll, dissuading Charles from joining the Royalist plot of October 1650, and being suspected of betraying the plan to the convenanting leaders. In May he had been appointed general of the eastern association in England, and was commissioned to raise forces abroad; and in the following year he was chosen to lead the projected movement in Lancashire and to command the Scottish royalists. He was with Charles at the Battle of Worcester on September 3, 1651, but escaped safely alone to Rotterdam in October. Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the UK Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... Argyll, archaically Argyle (Airthir-Ghaidheal in Gaelic, translated as [the] East Gael, or [the] East Irish), sometimes called Argyllshire, is a traditional county of Scotland. ... The noun or adjective, Royalist, can have several shades of meaning. ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... Red Lancashire rose Lancashire is a county in the North of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ... The Battle of Worcester was the final battle of the English Civil War. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... For other places named Rotterdam, see Rotterdam (disambiguation) Rotterdam ( (help· info)), located in the province of Zuid Holland, is the second largest municipality in the Netherlands (after Amsterdam), yet depending on the calculation methods the agglomeration in which Rotterdam is situated vies with the Amsterdam agglomeration for first spot in...

His subsequent negotiations with Oliver Cromwell's government, and his readiness to sacrifice the interests of the church, separated him from the rest of Charles's advisers and diminished his influence. His estrangement from the royal family was completed by his audacious courtship of the king's sister, the widowed Princess of Orange, and by a money dispute with Charles. In 1657 he returned to England, and on September 15 married Mary, daughter of Lord Fairfax, who had fallen in love with him although the banns of her intended marriage with the Earl of Chesterfield had been twice called in church. Buckingham was soon suspected of organizing a Presbyterian plot against the government, and in spite of Fairfax's interest with Cromwell, an order was issued for his arrest on October 9. He was placed under house arrest at York House in April 1658, and having broken bounds was rearrested on August 18 and imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he remained till February 23, 1659, being freed after promising not to assist the enemies of the government, and on Fairfax's security of £20,000. He joined Fairfax in his march against Lambert in January 1660, and afterwards claimed to have gained Fairfax to the cause of the Restoration. Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... The banns of marriage or, simply the banns, (from an Old English word meaning to summon) are the public announcement from the pulpit that a marriage is going to take place in that church between two specified persons at a specified time. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (283rd in Leap years). ... August 18 is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the film with this title, see Tower of London (1939 film) The Tower of London, seen from the river, with a view of the water gate called Traitors Gate. ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ... King Charles II The English Restoration or simply Restoration was an episode in the history of Great Britain beginning in 1660 when the monarchy was restored under King Charles II after the English Civil War. ...

On the king's return Buckingham, who met him at his landing at Dover, was at first received coldly; but he was soon back in favour, was appointed a gentleman of the bedchamber, carried the Sovereign's Orb at the coronation on April 23, 1661, and was made lord-lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire on September 21. The same year he accompanied Princess Henrietta to Paris on her marriage with the Duke of Orleans, but made such shameless advances to her that he was recalled. On April 28, 1662 he was admitted to the privy council. His confiscated estates amounting to £26,000 a year were restored to him, and he was said to be the king's richest subject. He took part in the suppression of the projected insurrection in Yorkshire in 1663, went to sea in the second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665, and was employed in taking measures to resist the Dutch or French invasion in June 1666. Arms of Dover Borough Council This article is about the English port. ... Queen Elizabeth II holding the Orb The Sovereigns Orb is a type of regalia known as a globus cruciger and is one of the British Crown Jewels. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... Events January 6 - The fifth monarchy men unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... Events March 18 – Short-timed experiment of the first public buses holding 8 passengers begins in Paris May 3/May 2 - Catherine of Braganza marries Charles II of England – as part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay and Tangier to England May 9 - Samuel Pepys witnessed a Punch and Judy... The Royal Prince and other vessels at the Four Days Fight, 11–14 June 1666 by Abraham Storck depicts a battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ...

He was, however, debarred from high office by the influence of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. Buckingham's intrigues were now directed to effect the chancellor's ruin. He organized parties in both houses of parliament in support of the bill of 1666 prohibiting the import of Irish cattle, partly to oppose Clarendon and partly to thwart the Duke of Ormonde. Having asserted during the debates that "whoever was against the bill had either an Irish interest or an Irish understanding," he was challenged by Lord Ossory. Buckingham avoided the encounter, and Ossory was sent to the Tower. A short time afterwards, during a conference between the two houses on 19 December, he came to blows with the Marquess of Dorchester, pulling off the latter's periwig, while Dorchester at the close of the scuffle " had much of the duke's hair in his hand." According to Clarendon, no misdemeanour so flagrant had ever before offended the dignity of the House of Lords. The offending peers were both sent to the Tower, but were released after apologizing; and Buckingham vented his spite by raising a claim to the title of Lord Roos, held by Dorchester's son-in-law. His opposition to the government had forfeited the king's favour, and he was now accused of treasonable intrigues, and of having cast the king's horoscope. His arrest was ordered on February 25, 1667, and he was dismissed from all his offices. He avoided capture till June 27, when he gave himself up and was imprisoned in the Tower. Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (February 18, 1609–December 9, 1674) was an English historian and statesman. ... The peerage title Earl of Ormonde has a long and complex history. ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dukedom of Kingston-upon-Hull was created in 1715 and became extinct in 1773. ... Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (February 18, 1609–December 9, 1674) was an English historian and statesman. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ...

He was released by July 17, was restored to favour and to his appointments on September 15, and took an active part in the prosecution of Clarendon. On the latter's fall he became the chief minister, though holding no high office except that of master of the horse, bought from the Duke of Albermarle in 1668. In 1671 he was elected chancellor of Cambridge, and in 1672 high steward of the University of Oxford. He favoured religious toleration, and earned the praise of Richard Baxter; he supported a scheme of comprehension in. 1668, and advised the declaration of indulgence in 1672. He upheld the original jurisdiction of the Lords in Skinner's case. With these exceptions Buckingham's tenure of office was chiefly marked by scandals and intrigues. His illicit connection with the Countess of Shrewsbury led to a duel with her husband at Barn Elms on January 16, 1668, in which the Earl of Shrewsbury was fatally wounded. The tale that the countess, disguised as a page, witnessed the encounter, appears to have no foundation; but Buckingham, by installing the "widow of his own creation" in his own and his wife's house, outraged even the lax opinion of that day. July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Richard Baxter Richard Baxter (November 12?, 1615 - December 8, 1691) was an English Puritan church leader, called by Dean Stanley the chief of English Protestant Schoolmen. He was born at Rowton, in Shropshire, at the house of his maternal grandfather. ... A duel or duel of honour is a formalised type of armed combat in which two individuals participate. ... January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January - The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed. ... The Earl of Shrewsbury is the senior Earl on the Roll in the Peerage of England (the more senior Earldom of Arundel being held by the Duke of Norfolk). ...

Buckingham was thought be behind the idea of obtaining the divorce of the childless queen, Catherine of Braganza (though this never happened). He intrigued against James, Duke of York, against Sir William Coventry--one of the ablest statesmen of the time, whose fall he procured by provoking him to send him a challenge--and against the great Duke of Ormonde, who was dismissed in 1669. He was even suspected of having instigated Thomas Blood's attempt to kidnap and murder Ormonde, and was charged with the crime in the king's presence by Ormonde's son, Lord Ossory, who threatened to shoot him dead in the event of his father's meeting with a violent end. Arlington, next to Buckingham himself the most powerful member of the cabal and a favourite of the king, was less easy to overcome; and he derived considerable influence from the control of foreign affairs entrusted to him. Buckingham had from the first been an adherent of the French alliance, while Arlington concluded through Sir William Temple in 1668 the Triple Alliance. On the complete volte-face and surrender made by Charles to France in 1670, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington as a Roman Catholic was entrusted with the first treaty of Dover of May 20--which besides providing for the united attack on Holland, included Charles's undertaking to proclaim himself a Romanist and to reintroduce the Roman Catholic faith into England,--While Buckingham was sent to France to carry on the sham negotiations which led to the public treaties of December 31, 1670 and February 2, 1672. He was much pleased with his reception by Louis XIV, declared that he had "more honours done him than ever were given to any subject," and, was presented with a pension of 10,000 livres a year for Lady Shrewsbury. Catherine of Braganza. ... James II of England and VII of Scotland ( 14 October 1633–16 September 1701 ) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. ... Sir William Coventry (c. ... The peerage title Earl of Ormonde has a long and complex history. ... Thomas Blood (1618 - August 24, 1680) was an Irish born Colonel who is best known for attempting to steal the Crown Jewels of England from the Tower of London in 1671. ... A cabal is a number of persons united in some close design, usually to promote their private views and interests in a church, state, or other community by intrigue. ... Sir William Temple (1628 - 1699), statesman and essayist, son of Sir John Temple, was born in London, and educated at Cambridge. ... Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington (1618 - July 28, 1685), was an English statesman. ... 20 May is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1670 was a common year beginning on a Saturday in countries using the Julian calendar and a Wednesday in countries using the Gregorian calendar. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands. ...

In June 1672 he accompanied Arlington to the Hague to impose terms on the Prince of Orange, and with Arlington arranged the new treaty with Louis. After all this activity he suffered a keen disappointment in being passed over for the command of the English forces in favour of Schomberg. He now knew of the secret treaty of Dover, and towards the end of 1673 his jealousy of Arlington became open hostility. He threatened to impeach him, and endeavoured with the help of Louis to stir up a faction against him in parliament. This, however, was unsuccessful, and in January 1674 an attack was made upon Buckingham himself simultaneously in both houses. In the Lords the trustees of the young Earl of Shrewsbury complained that Buckingham publicly continued his affair with the Countess, and that a son of theirs had been buried in Westminster Abbey with the title of Earl of Coventry; Buckingham, after presenting an apology, was required, as was the countess, to give security for £10,000 not to cohabit together again. In the House of Commons he was attacked as the promoter of the French alliance, of "popery" and arbitrary government. He defended himself chiefly by endeavouring to throw the blame upon Arlington; but an address was voted petitioning the king to remove him from his councils, presence and from employment for ever. Charles, who had only been waiting for a favourable opportunity, and who was enraged at Buckingham's disclosures, consented with alacrity. Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands. ... William III of England (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scots... Friedrich Hermann (or Frédéric Armand), 1st Duke of Schomberg (originally Schönberg) (December 1615 or January 1616–1690), was both a marshal of France and an English general of all his Majestys Forces. Descended from an old family of the Palatinate, he was born at Heidelberg, the son of Hans... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... The Earl of Shrewsbury is the senior Earl on the Roll in the Peerage of England (the more senior Earldom of Arundel being held by the Duke of Norfolk). ... The Abbeys western façade The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to as Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral, in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... The title Earl of Coventry was created in the Peerage of England in 1697 for Thomas Coventry, 5th Baron Coventry. ... British House of Commons Canadian House of Commons In some bicameral parliaments of a Westminster System, the House of Commons has historically been the name of the elected lower house. ...

Buckingham retired, reformed his ways, attended church with his wife, began to pay his debts, became a "patriot," and was claimed by the country or opposition party as one of their leaders. In the spring of 1675 he was conspicuous for his opposition to the Test oath and for his abuse of the bishops, and on November 16 he introduced a bill for the relief of the nonconformists. On February 15, 1677 he was one of the four lords who endeavoured to embarrass the government by raising the question whether the parliament, not having assembled according to the act of Edward III once in the year, had not been dissolved by the recent prorogation. The motion was rejected and the four lords were ordered to apologize. On their refusing, they were sent to the Tower, Buckingham in particular exasperating the House by ridiculing its censure. He was released in July, and immediately entered into intrigues with Barillon, the French ambassador, with the object of hindering the grant of supplies to the king; and in 1678 he visited Paris to get the assistance of Louis XIV for the cause of the opposition. November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... A nonconformist is an English or Welsh Protestant of any non-Anglican denomination, chiefly advocating religious liberty. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events First performance of Racines tragedy, Phèdre Sarah Churchill marries John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough Battle of Cassel, Philippe I of Orléans defeats William of Orange Mary II of England marries William of Orange English Statute of frauds is passed into law Battle of Landskrona Elias... Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English kings of medieval times. ... For the musical group of the same name, see Louis XIV (band). ...

He took an active part in the prosecution of those implicated in the "Popish Plot", and accused the lord chief justice (Sir William Scroggs) in his own court while on circuit of favouring the Roman Catholics. In consequence of his conduct a writ was issued for his arrest, but it was never served. He promoted the return of Whig candidates to parliament, constituted himself the champion of the dissenters, and was admitted a freeman of the city of London. He, however, separated himself from the Whigs on the exclusion question, probably on account of his dislike of Monmouth and Shaftesbury, was absent from the great debate in the Lords on November 15, 1680, and was restored to the king's favour in 1684. The Popish Plot was an alleged Catholic conspiracy. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... While the Whigs (along with the Tories) are often described as one of the two political parties in late 17th to mid 19th century Great Britain, it is more accurate to describe them as loose political groupings or tendencies. ... This is about the Welsh town of Monmouth. ... Location within the British Isles For other uses, see Shaftesbury (disambiguation) Shaftesbury is a town in North Dorset, England, situated on the A30 road near the Wiltshire border 20 miles west of Salisbury. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ...

He took no part in public life after James's accession, but returned to his manor of Helmsley in Yorkshire, probably because of poor health and exhausted finances. In 1685 he published a pamphlet, entitled A short Discourse on the Reasonableness of Man's having a Religion (reprinted in Somers Tracts, 1813, ix. 13), in which after discussing the main subject he returned to his favourite topic, religious toleration. The tract provoked some rejoinders and was defended, amongst others, by William Penn, and by the author himself in The Duke of Buckingham's Letter to the unknown author of a short answer to the Duke of Buckingham's Paper (1685). In hopes of converting him to Roman Catholicism James sent him a priest, but Buckingham turned his arguments into ridicule. He died on the 16th of April 1687, from a chill caught while hunting, in the house of a tenant at Kirkby Moorside in Yorkshire, expressing great repentance and feeling himself "despised by my country and I fear forsaken by my God." Helmsley is a market town in North Yorkshire, on the River Rye. ... The White Yorkshire rose. ... William Penn (October 14, 1644–July 30, 1718) founded the Province of Pennsylvania, the British North American colony that became the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... Kirbymoorside is a small market town in North Yorkshire, England. ...

The miserable picture of his end drawn by Alexander Pope is greatly exaggerated. Buckingham was buried on June 7 1687 in Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey, with greater splendour than the late king. With his death the family founded by the extraordinary rise to power and influence of the first duke ended. As he left no legitimate children the title became extinct, and his great estate had been completely dissipated; of the enormous mansion constructed by him at Cliveden in Buckinghamshire nothing remains. Alexander Pope, an English poet best known for his Essay on Criticism and Rape of the Lock Pope, circa 1727. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... The Abbeys western façade The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to as Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral, in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... Cliveden is a mansion in Berkshire (though until the county borders changed in 1974 it was in Buckinghamshire) with an intriguing history. ...

The ostentatious licence and the unscrupulous conduct of the "Alcibiades of the 17th century" have been deservedly censured. But even his critics agree that he was good-humoured, good-natured, generous, an unsurpassed mimic and the leader of fashion; and with his good looks, in spite of his moral faults and even crimes, he was irresistible to his contemporaries. Many examples of his amusing wit have survived. His portrait has been drawn by Burnet, Count Hamilton in the Memoires de Grammont, John Dryden, Pope in the Epistle to Lord Bathurst, and Sir Walter Scott in Peveril of the Peak. He is described by Reresby as " the first gentleman of person and wit I think I ever saw," and Burnet bears the same testimony. Dean Lockier, after alluding to his unrivalled skill in riding, dancing and fencing, adds, " When he came into the presence-chamber it was impossible for you not to follow him with your eye as he went along, he moved so gracefully." Racing and hunting were his favourite sports, and his name long survived in the hunting songs of Yorkshire. He was the patron of Cowley, Sprat, Matthew Clifford and Wycherley. He dabbled in chemistry, and for some years, according to Burnet, "he thought he was very near the finding of the philosopher's stone." He set up glass works at Lambeth the productions of which were praised by Evelyn; and he spent much money, according to his biographer Brian Fairfax, in building insanae substructiones. Dryden described him under the character of Zimri in the Quarterly Review, January 1898, celebrated lines in Absalom and Achitophel (to which Buckingham replied in Poetical Reflections on a late Poem ... by a Person of Honour, 1682): Alcibiades Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (also Alkibiades) (ancient Greek: Αλκιβιαδες Κλεινιου Σκαμβωνιδες)¹ (c. ... John Dryden John Dryden (August 19, 1631 – May 12, 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, and playwright. ... Portrait of Sir Walter Scott, by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (14 August 1771–21 September 1832) was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. ... Abraham Cowley (1618 - July 28, 1667), English poet, was born in the city of London late in 1618. ... Thomas Sprat (1635 - May 20, 1713), English divine, was born at Beaminster, Dorset, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford, where he held a fellowship (1657-1670). ... William Wycherley in 1675. ... Chemistry (derived from the Arabic word kimia, alchemy, where al is Arabic for the) is the science that deals with the properties of organic and inorganic substances and their interactions with other organic and inorganic substances. ... Burnet may refer to: Places Burnet, Texas Burnet County, Texas People Thomas Burnet (1635? - 1715), theologian and writer on cosmogony Gilbert Burnet (1643-1715), Scottish historian William Burnet (1688-1728), British colonial administrator. ... The philosophers stone, in Latin lapis philosophorum, is a mythical substance that supposedly could turn inexpensive metals into gold and/or create an elixir that would make humans younger, thus delaying death. ... Lambeth is a place in the London Borough of Lambeth. ... John Evelyn (October 31, 1620 – February 27, 1706) was an English writer, gardener and diarist. ...

" A man so various, that he seemed to be Not one, but all mankind's epitome; Stiff in opinions, always in the wrong, Was everything by starts and nothing long; But in the course of one revolving moon, Was chymist, fiddler, statesman and buffoon. ... Beggar'd by fools, whom still he found too late, He had his jest, but they had his estate."

Buckingham, however, cannot with any truth be called the "epitome of mankind." On the contrary, the distinguishing features of his life are its incompleteness, aimlessness, imperfection, insignificance, neglect of talents and waste of opportunities. "He saw and approved the best," says Brian Fairfax, " but did too often deteriora sequi." He is more severely but more justly judged by himself. In gay moments indeed he had written--"Methinks, I see the wanton houres flee, And as they passe, turne back and laugh at me," but his last recorded words on the approach of death, "O! what a prodigal have I been of that most valuable of all possessions--Time!" express with exact truth the fundamental flaw of his character and career, of which he had at last become conscious.

Buckingham wrote occasional verses and satires showing undoubted but undeveloped poetical gifts, a collection of which, containing however many pieces not from his pen, was first published by Tom Brown in 1704; while a few extracts from a commonplace book of Buckingham of some interest are given in an article in the Quarterly Review of January 1898. He was the author of The Rehearsal, an amusing and clever satire on the heroic drama and especially on Dryden's The Conquest of Granada (first performed on December 7, 1671, at the Theatre Royal, and first published in 1672), a deservedly popular play which was imitated by Henry Fielding in Tom Thumb the Great, and by Sheridan in the Critic. Buckingham also published two adapted plays, The Chances, altered from Fletcher's play of the same name (1682) and The Restoration or Right will take place, from Beaumont and Fletcher's Philaster (publ. 1714); and also The Battle of Sedgmoor and The Militant Couple (publ. 1704). The latest edition of his works is that by T Evans (2 vols. 8vo, 1775). Another work is named by Wood A Demonstration of the Deity, of which there is now no trace. The Conquest of Granada was a play written by John Dryden and acted in 1670. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 9 - Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. ... Henry Fielding (April 22, 1707 – October 8, 1754) was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich earthy humor and satirical prowess and as the author of the novel Tom Jones. ... Beaumont and Fletcher were the English dramatists Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, who collaborated in their writing during the reign of James I. It is still uncertain how many plays were their joint work. ... The Battle of Sedgemoor was fought on 6 July 1685. ...

Bibliography

The life of Buckingham has been well and accurately traced and the chief authorities collected in the article in the Diet, of Nat. Biography (1899) by CH Firth, and in George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, by Lady Burghchere (1903). Other biographies are in Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 207; in Biographia Britannica; by Brian Fairfax, printed in Horace Walpole's Catalogue of Pictures of George Duke of Buckingham (1758); in Arber's edition of the Rehearsal (1868); and by the author of Hudibras in The Genuine Remains of Mr Samuel Butler, by R. Thyer (1759), ii. 72. The following may also be mentioned: Quarterly Review, Jan. 1898 (commonplace book); A Conference on the Doctrine of Transubstantiation between ... the Duke of Buckingham and Father FitzGerald (1714); SR Gardiner's Hist, of the Commonwealth (1894-1901); Hist, of Eng. Poetry, by WJ Courthope (1903), iii. 460; Horace Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, iii. 304; Miscellania Aulica, by T Brown (1702); and the Fairfax Correspondence (1848-1849). Charles Harding Firth (March 16, 1857 _ February 19, 1936) was a British historian. ... Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, more commonly known as Horace Walpole, (September 24, 1717 – March 2, 1797), was a politician, writer and forerunner of the Gothic revival. ... Samuel Rawson Gardiner (March 4, 1829 - February 24, 1902) was an English historian. ...

This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, a publication in the public domain. George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ... The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases, is) a historical position of varying importance in several European nations. ... George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham by Rubens George Villiers (August 28, 1592 – August 23, 1628) was the 1st Duke of Buckingham of the second creation (1623) of that title and a favourite of King James I of England and then of Charles I. He was born in Brooksby, Leicestershire... The titles Marquess and Duke of Buckingham have been created several times in the peerages of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. ... Katherine Manners, 19th Baroness de Ros (died ~1649) was the daughter and heir of the 18th Baron de Ros. ... The title of Baron de Ros (pronounced Roose) is the most ancient baronial title in the Peerage of England. ... The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910-1911) is the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...