Georges Ferdinand Bigot (1860-1927), French cartoonist, illustrator and artist, who was trained at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris by Jean-Léon Gérôme and Carolus-Duran. Bigot resided in Japan for twenty years and became known for his satirical depictions of life in nineteenth century Japan. École des Beaux Arts refers to several art schools in France. ... Pollice Verso by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1872, is the immediate source of the thumbs down gesture in popular culture. ... Carolus-Duran, the name adopted by the French painter Charles Auguste Emile Durand (July 4, 1837 - 1917), who was born at Lille. ...

Sources

• Shimizu, Isao, ed. Bigô Sobyôshû, Iwanami Bunko. Tôkyô: Iwanami shoten, 2003.
• Shimizu, Isao, ed. Zoku Bigô Sobyôshû, Iwanami Bunko. Tôkyô: Iwanami shoten, 2001.