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Encyclopedia > Georgian alphabet
Georgian alphabet
Type Alphabet
Spoken languages Kartvelian languages
Time period {{{time}}}
ISO 15924 Geor
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
History of the alphabet

Middle Bronze Age 19th c. BCE
The South Caucasian languages, also called Georgian or Kartvelian, are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Ukraine and other countries. ... ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of writing systems (scripts). ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. ... The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar but undeciphered scripts, dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BC), and believed to be ancestral to nearly all modern alphabets: the Proto-Sinaitic script discovered in the winter of 1904-1905 by William Flinders Petrie, and dated to...

Meroitic 3rd c. BCE
Ogham 4th c.
Hangul 1443
Canadian Syllabics 1840
Zhuyin 1913
complete genealogy

The Georgian alphabet (Georgian: ქართული დამწერლობა) is the script currently used to write the Georgian language and other Kartvelian languages (Mingrelian, Svan and sometimes Laz), and occasionally other languages of the Caucasus (such as Ossetic and Abkhaz in the 1940s).[1] The Georgian language has phonemic orthography and the modern alphabet has thirty-three letters. The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform abjad, used from around 1300 BC for the Ugaritic language, an extinct Canaanite language discovered in Ugarit, Syria. ... The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is an abjad of twenty-plus acrophonic glyphs, which is found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca. ... The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to begin with a cut-off date of 1050 BCE. It was used by the Phoenicians to write Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language. ... The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet is an offshoot of the Phoenician alphabet used to write the Hebrew language from about the 10th century BCE until it began to fall out of use in the 5th century BCE with the adoption of the Aramaic alphabet as a writing system for Hebrew and... The Samaritan alphabet is a direct descendant of the paleo-Hebrew variety of the Phoenician alphabet, the more commonly known Hebrew alphabet having been adapted from the Aramaic alphabet under the Persian Empire. ... Bilingual inscription (Greek and Aramaic) by the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great, 3rd century BC. The Aramaic alphabet is an abjad alphabet designed for writing the Aramaic language. ... Variation of BrāhmÄ« with dates. ... The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas (writing systems) used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria, descended from the BrāhmÄ« script of Mauryan India. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... 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Rune redirects here. ...   The Gothic alphabet is an alphabetic writing system attributed by Philostorgius to Wulfila, used exclusively for writing the ancient Gothic language. ... The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic alphabet. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is actually a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by certain Slavic languages — Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian—as well as many other languages of the former Soviet Union... Paleohispanic scripts Light green (along the Mediterranean coast) is the Iberian language, dark grey (mainly southern Portugal) is the Tartessian language, dark blue (central Spain) is the Celtiberian language, light blue (mainly northern Portugal) is the Lusitanian language, and dark green (Eastern Pyrenees) is the Aquitanian language. ... The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in ca. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... The Meroitic script is an alphabet of Egyptian (Hieroglyphic) origin used in Kingdom of Meroë. Some scholars, e. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Jamo redirects here. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Zhuyin fuhao (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chu-yin fu-hao), or Symbols for Annotating Sounds, often abbreviated as Zhuyin, or known as Bopomofo (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) after the first four letters of this Chinese phonemic alphabet (bo po mo fo), is the national phonetic system of the... Nearly all the segmental scripts (alphabets, but see below for more precise terminology) used around the globe were apparently derived from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet. ... Georgian (, kartuli ena) is the official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. ... The South Caucasian languages, also called Georgian or Kartvelian, are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Ukraine and other countries. ... The Megrelian language (Megruli ena in Georgian, Margaluri nina in Megrelian), sometimes called Mingrelian, is a language spoken in northwest Georgia. ... The Svan language (ლუშნუ ნინ/შკა̈ნ luÅ¡nu nin/šḳän in Svan; სვანური ენა, svanuri ena in Georgian) is a language spoken in Northwest Georgia. ... The Laz language (lazuri, ლაზური or lazuri nena, ლაზური ნენა in Laz; ლაზური, lazuri, or ჭანური, chanuri, in Georgian) is spoken by the Laz people on the Southeast shore of the Black Sea. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map Ossetic or Ossetian (Ossetic: or , Persian: اوسِتی) is an Iranian language spoken in Ossetia, a region on the slopes of the Caucasus mountains on the borders of Russia and Georgia. ... Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken mainly in Abkhazia[1] and Turkey. ... The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949. ... A phonemic orthography is a writing system where the written graphemes correspond to phonemes, the spoken sounds of the language. ...


The Georgian word for "alphabet" is ანბანი (anbani), after the first two letters of the Georgian alphabet.

Letters
ა ბ გ დ ე ვ ზ ჱ თ ი კ ლ მ ნ
ჲ ო პ ჟ რ ს ტ ჳ უ ფ ქ ღ ყ შ
ჩ ც ძ წ ჭ ხ ჴ ჯ ჰ ჵ ჶ ჷ ჸ

The Georgian script makes no distinction between upper and lower case. However, certain modern writers have experimented with using the obsolete asomtavruli letters (see below) as capitals.

Asomtavruli (Capital) Letters
Ⴀ Ⴁ Ⴂ Ⴃ Ⴄ Ⴅ Ⴆ Ⴡ Ⴇ Ⴈ Ⴉ Ⴊ Ⴋ Ⴌ
Ⴢ Ⴍ Ⴎ Ⴏ Ⴐ Ⴑ Ⴒ Ⴣ Ⴓ Ⴔ Ⴕ Ⴖ Ⴗ Ⴘ
Ⴙ Ⴚ Ⴛ Ⴜ Ⴝ Ⴞ Ⴤ Ⴟ Ⴠ Ⴥ

Contents

History of the alphabet

Ancient Asomtavruli version of Georgian alphabet in David Gareja Monastery by Paata Vardanshvili
Ancient Asomtavruli version of Georgian alphabet in David Gareja Monastery by Paata Vardanshvili

Georgia (kingdom of Iberia) was converted to Christianity in the 330s. Scholars believe that the creation of a Georgian alphabet was instrumental in making the religious scripture more accessible to the Georgians. This happened in the 4th or 5th century, not long after the conversion. The oldest uncontroversial examples of Georgian writing are an asomtavruli inscription in a church in Bethlehem from 430 AD. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... Arabic بيت لحم Name Meaning House of Lambs Government City (from 1995) Also Spelled Beit Lahm (officially) Bayt Lahm (unofficially) Governorate Bethlehem Population 29,930 (2006) Jurisdiction 29,799 dunams (29. ... Events Saint Patrick reaches Ireland on his missionary expedition. ...


The influence of both Greek and Aramaic has been demonstrated, but the Georgian scholar Tamaz Gamkrelidze argues that the forms of the letters are freely invented in imitation of the Greek model rather than directly based upon earlier forms of the Aramaic alphabet, even though the Georgian phonological inventory is very different from Greek. Bilingual inscription (Greek and Aramaic) by the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great, 3rd century BC. The Aramaic alphabet is an abjad alphabet designed for writing the Aramaic language. ... Tamaz (Thomas) V. Gamkrelidze (born October 23, 1929) is a distinguished Georgian linguist, orientalist and public benefactor, Academician (since 1974) and President (since February, 2005) of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Director of the Tsereteli Institute of Oriental Studies of GAS (since 1973), Dr.Sci. ...


Georgian historical tradition attributes the invention of the Georgian alphabet to Parnavaz I of Iberia in the 3rd century BC. The modern Georgian scholar Levan Chilashvili, on the basis of dating the Nekresi insciption in eastern Georgia to the 1st-2nd century AD, claims that Parnavaz likely created the script in order to translate the Avesta (i.e., sacred Zoroastrian writings) into Georgian. However, the pre-Christian origin of the Georgian script has not yet been firmly supported by archaeology. Yet, a unique local form of Aramaic known as "Armazuli" did exist as demonstrated by the 1940s discovery of a bilingual Greco-Aramaic insciption at Mtskheta, Georgia. It is conceivable that local pre-Christian records did exist, but were subsequently destroyed by zealous Christians. Many found more palatable the idea that the medieval Georgian chronicles actually refer to the introduction of a local form of written Aramaic during the reign of Parnavaz.[2] King Parnavaz I (3rd century BC) was a King of the Georgian Kingdom of Iberia (modern Eastern Georgia) in 284-219 BC and founder of the Georgian dynasty of Parnavazians (284 BC-5th century AD). ... Levan Chilashvili (August 17, 1930-April 26, 2004) was a famous Georgian archaeologist and historian, Academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Meritorious Scholar of Georgia, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor. ... See Avesta Municipality for the Swedish town Yasna 28. ... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... Armazi (Georgian - არმაზი) was the highest god in Georgian pagan pantheon. ... Mtskheta is one of oldest cities of the republic of Georgia (in Kartli province of Eastern Georgia), near Tbilisi. ...


Since it adaptation to a written form, the Georgian alphabets has progressed through three forms. The examples of the earliest one, asomtavruli (ასომთავრული; "capital letters") also known as mrgvlovani (მრგვლოვანი; "rounded"), are still preserved in monumental inscriptions, such as those of the Georgian church in Bethlehem (near Jerusalem, 430) and the church of Bolnisi Sioni near Tbilisi (4th-5th centuries). Arabic بيت لحم Name Meaning House of Lambs Government City (from 1995) Also Spelled Beit Lahm (officially) Bayt Lahm (unofficially) Governorate Bethlehem Population 29,930 (2006) Jurisdiction 29,799 dunams (29. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Events Saint Patrick reaches Ireland on his missionary expedition. ... Location of Tbilisi in Georgia Coordinates: , Country Georgia Established c. ...


The nuskhuri (ნუსხური; "minuscule") or khutsuri (ხუცური; "church script") script first appeared in the 9th century. It was mostly used in ecclesiastical works, with the asomtavruli still sometimes serving as capital letters in religious manuscripts.


The currently used alphabet, called mkhedruli (მხედრული, "secular" or "military writing"), first appeared in the 11th century. It was used for non-religious purposes up until the eighteenth century, when it completely replaced khutsuri. Seven of the original forty mkhedruli letters are now obsolete.


Transcription

Letters Unicode Name National ISO 9984 BGN IPA
ა U+10D0 an A a A a А а /ɑ/
ბ U+10D1 ban B b B b B b /b/
გ U+10D2 gan G g G g G g /ɡ/
დ U+10D3 don D d D d D d /d/
ე U+10D4 en E e E e E e /ɛ/
ვ U+10D5 vin V v V v V v /v/
ზ U+10D6 zen Z z Z z Z z /z/
თ U+10D7 t'an T t T' t' T' t' /tʰ/
ი U+10D8 in I i I i I i /i/
კ U+10D9 kan K' k' K k K k /kʼ/
ლ U+10DA las L l L l L l /l/
მ U+10DB man M m M m M m /m/
ნ U+10DC nar N n N n N n /n/
ო U+10DD on O o O o O o /ɔ/
პ U+10DE par P' p' P p P p /pʼ/
ჟ U+10DF žan Zh zh Ž ž Zh zh /ʒ/
რ U+10E0 rae R r R r R r /r/
ს U+10E1 san S s S s S s /s/
ტ U+10E2 tar T' t' T' t' T t /tʼ/
უ U+10E3 un U u U u U u /u/
ფ U+10E4 p'ar P p P' p' P' p' /pʰ/
ქ U+10E5 kan K k K' k' K' k' /kʰ/
ღ U+10E6 ḡan Gh gh Ḡ ḡ Gh gh /ɣ/
ყ U+10E7 qar Q' q' Q q Q q /qʼ/
შ U+10E8 šin Sh sh Š š Sh sh /ʃ/
ჩ U+10E9 č'in Ch ch Č' č' Ch' ch' /tʃ/
ც U+10EA c'an Ts ts C' c' Ts' ts' /ts/
ძ U+10EB jil Dz dz J j Dz dz /dz/
წ U+10EC cil Ts' ts' C c Ts ts /tsʼ/
ჭ U+10ED čar Ch' ch' Č č Ch ch /tʃʼ/
ხ U+10EE xan Kh kh X x Kh kh /x/
ჯ U+10EF ǰan J j J̌ ǰ J j /dʒ/
ჰ U+10F0 hae H h H h H h /h/

The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian Academy of Sciences, establishes a transliteration system of the modern Georgian alphabet in Latin characters. ... The international standard ISO 9984 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of modern Georgian characters. ... BGN/PCGN romanization refers to the systems for romanization (transliteration into the Latin alphabet) and Roman-script spelling conventions adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN). ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

See also

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian Academy of Sciences, establishes a transliteration system of the modern Georgian alphabet in Latin characters. ... The international standard ISO 9984 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of modern Georgian characters. ... BGN/PCGN romanization refers to the systems for romanization (transliteration into the Latin alphabet) and Roman-script spelling conventions adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN). ... Nearly all the segmental scripts (alphabets, but see below for more precise terminology) used around the globe were apparently derived from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet. ... The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. ...

References

  1. ^ Omniglot
  2. ^ Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, p. 19. Peeters Bvba ISBN 90-429-1318-5.

External links

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  Results from FactBites:
 
Georgian alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (501 words)
Georgian historical tradition attributes the invention of the Georgian alphabet to Parnavaz I of Iberia in the 3rd century BC.
Georgian linguists claim that the orthography is phonemic.
According to the Koryun, Armenian historian of the V c, the Georgian as well as ancient Albanian alphabet was created by inventor of the Armenian alphabete St. Mesrob Mashtots, that the Georgian scientists reject as improbable because of letter shape differences in Armenian and Georgian alphabet.
Georgian language (731 words)
Georgian is the primary language of 4,150,000 people in Georgia itself (90% of the population), and of another 2.5 million people abroad (chiefly in Turkey and Russia, with smaller communities in Iran and Azerbaijan).
The Asomtavruli alphabet was reformed in 284 BC by king Farnavaz I of Iberia.
Georgian Paleography, Tbilisi, 1949, 500 pp (in Georgian)\n* Ramaz Pataridze.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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