Nationalism is an This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. Ethnicity is sometimes used as a euphemism for race, or as a synonym for minority group. While ethnicity and race are related concepts... ethno- Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. Although it is generally applied to governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions including corporate, academic, and religious. Political science is the study of political behavior and examines the acquisition and application of... political An ideology is a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a science of ideas. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common... ideology that sustains the concept of a A nation is an imagined community of people created by a national ideology, to which certain norms and behavior are usually attributed. Added to this is usually the idea that a national (a person of the national ideology) should speak a certain language. The language itself might however be a... nation- In philosophy, identity is the quality of being the same as. It is of particular interest to logicians and metaphysicians. Logic In logic, the identity relation is normally, (by definition), the transitive, symmetric, and reflexive relation that holds only between a thing and itself. That is, identity is the two... identity for an exclusive group of people. Nationalism, is the discrete or implied doctrine which holds the distinct preservation of its identity and features, its independence in all aspects, and the " Glory can refer to: Glory (religion) Glory (optical phenomenon) Glory (film) Glory (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and... glory and wellbeing" of one's own A nation is an imagined community of people created by a national ideology, to which certain norms and behavior are usually attributed. Added to this is usually the idea that a national (a person of the national ideology) should speak a certain language. The language itself might however be a... nation as a fundamental Ethos is a Greek word corresponding roughly to Modern Englishs ethics. In Rhetoric, ethos is one of the principles discussed mainly by Aristotle as a component of all argument. Speakers must establish ethos. On the one hand, this can mean merely moral competence, but Aristotle broadens this word to... ethos.

This article is about the legal term. For usage in the sport of cricket, see Appeal (cricket). For the African American publication Appeal, see David Walker (who wrote it). An appeal is the act or fact of challenging a judicially cognizable and binding decision to a higher judicial authority. In... Appeals to a deeper cultural Mythos can mean: A collection of myths A brand of Greek beer; see Mythos (beer) An Origins Award-winning card game released in 1996 by Chaosium; see Mythos (card game). This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title... mythos are often a part of nationalist doctrine. Nationalists may base their concept of "nation" on certain varied concepts of Legitimacy is the popular acceptance of a governing regime or law. The term legitimacy is used when describing a system of government, whereas authority refers to a specific position in government. This concept has also been applied to other, non-political, kinds of authority, such as that of an employer... political legitimacy. These can derive from the Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th century Western Europe. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and overturning of previous social conventions, particularly the position of the aristocracy. There was a strong element of historical... Romantic theory of " Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as she/he is influenced by her/his belonging to a group or culture. Constructing cultural identity Common characteristics and ideas may be clear markers of a shared cultural identity, but essentially... cultural identity", the Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. It typically favors the right to dissent from orthodox tenets or established authorities in political or religious matters. In this respect, it is sometimes held in contrast... liberal argument that political legitimacy is derived from the consent of a region's In the most common sense of the word, a population is the collection of people—or organisms of a particular species—living in a given geographic area. Population is studied in a wide variety of ways and disciplines. In population dynamics, size, age and sex structure, mortality, reproductive... population, or a certain combination of the two.

The modern This article addresses vernacular language; see also vernacular architecture. The vernacular is the native language of a country or locality. In previous centuries scholarly work in western Europe was typically written in Latin, so the works written in a native language (such as Italian or German) were said to be... vernacular use of nationalism refers to the political (and military) exercise of ethnic and religious nationalism, as defined below. Political scientists usually tend to research and focus on the more extreme forms of nationalism typically related with Militarism is the ideology that military strength is the source of all security. In its mildest form it is often stated as many more specific arguments for military preparedness, all of which tend to assume that peace through strength is the best or only way to achieve peace. Militarism tends... militarism and Political separatism is a movement to obtain sovereignty and split a territory or group of people (usually a people with a distinctive national consciousness) from one another (or one nation from another; a colony from the metropolis). The term is often not accepted by actual separatist groups themselves as they... separatism, etc.

Background

Nationalism is a controversial term, as its most general definition is broad and has been controversial throughout history, and specific examples of nationalism are extremely diverse. Often the most negative consequences of the clash of nationalisms, ethnic tension, war, and Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. Although it is generally applied to governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions including corporate, academic, and religious. Political science is the study of political behavior and examines the acquisition and application of... political conflicts within states, are taken for nationalism itself, leading some to view the general concept of nationalism negatively and others to argue that viewing nationalism through its most negative consequences distorts the meaning of the term.

Depending on the specific content of a nationalism, it may or may not necessarily imply that one nation is better than another. At times it simply argues that a given nation is better off when it is permitted to govern themselves, following its own political, economic, and cultural interests independently. The Spirit of 76 by Archibald McNeal Willard, 1891 Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, especially with regard to a hawkish political stance. The term originated in Britain, introduced by Irish music-hall singer G. H. MacDermott at the London Pavilion during the diplomatic crisis of 1878, when Britain... Jingoism is a more pejorative term for a nationalism that emphasizes the superiority of one nation over another.

All forms of nationalism must answer the question of who belongs to the nation and who does not, and what belonging to a nation means. Early theories of nationalism took the view that the existence and boundaries of a nation were the natural consequence of ethnicity and geography. However, in the late (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... 20th century, theorists of nationalism influenced by Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated pomo) is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. In architecture, art, music and literature, postmodernism is a name for many... postmodernism began to argue that the concept of nations is a socially constructed phenomenon. Benedict Anderson is a professor of International Studies at Cornell University, who is best known for his work titled Imagined Communities, in which he systematically describes the major factors contributing to the emergence of nationalism in the world during the past three centuries. He argues that the main causes of... Benedict Anderson, for example, termed the concept of nation as The Imagined Community is the concept strongly supported by Benedict Anderson which states that a nation is socially constructed and ultimately imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group. The main causes of the nationalism that derives from the imagined community are the reduction of privileged... imagined communities. I do not think I could have written the book on nationalism which I did write, were I not capable of crying, with the help of a little alcohol, over folk songs . . . — Professor Ernest Gellner Ernest Gellner (December 9, 1925 - November 5, 1995) was a philosopher and social anthropologist... Ernest Gellner further discusses the concept: "Nationalism is not the awakening of nations to self-consciousness: it invents nations where they do not exist." (Anderson and Gellner deploy terms such as 'imagined' and 'invent' in a neutral, descriptive manner. The use of these terms in this context is not intended to imply that nations are fictional or fantastic.) As such, they view the necessary conditions for nationalism as including such things as the The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. First invented in China in 1041, the printing press as we know it today was invented in the West by a German goldsmith and eventual printer, Johann Gutenberg in the 1450s... printing press and Capitalism has been defined in various ways (see definitions of capitalism). In common usage it refers to an economic system in which land and capital are privately owned and operated for profit and where investments, production, distribution, income, and prices are determined largely through the operation of a free market... capitalism.

Anthony Smith proposes a synthesis of 'post-modernist' and traditional views. According to Smith, the preconditions for the formation of a nation are a fixed homeland (current or historical), high autonomy, hostile surroundings, memories of battles, sacred centres, languages and scripts, special customs, historical records and thinking. Smith considers that nations are formed through the inclusion of the whole populace (not just elites), constitution of legal and political institutions, nationalist ideology, international recognition and drawing up of borders.

Evolution of nationalism

The nation-state was born in Europe with the The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster by Gerard Terborch (1648) The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, is the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years War and officially recognized the United Provinces and Swiss Confederation. The Spanish–... Treaty of Westphalia in Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Treaty of Munster, ending the Eighty Years War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state, (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the Estates... 1648. People long before that time often displayed great zeal for the place that they lived very much like nationalism but it did not rely exclusively on the idea of nationhood. Divisions along the lines of religion and culture were more important in times past and rather than owing allegiance to the land on which they lived, they tended to owe their allegiance to the ruler who reigned over them. The Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek_speaking world in ancient times. It refers not only to the territory of the present Greek state, but also to those areas settled in ancient times by Greeks: Cyprus, the Aegean coast of Turkey (then known as Ionia), Italy (known as... ancient Greeks called everyone who was not Greek a Barbarian was originally a Greek term applied to any foreigner, one not sharing a recognized culture or degree of polish with the speaker or writer employing the term. The word expressed with mocking duplication (bar-bar) alleged attempts by outsiders to speak a real language. A barbarism in language, especially... barbarian but the Greek A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. City-states were common in the ancient period. A city state was sovereign, although many cities were joined in formal or informal leagues under a high king. Many historical empires or leagues were formed by the right of conquest... city states often fought amongst themselves for dominance. Nationalism can be thought of as recognition that another nation exists but one nation is superior whereas before that only one nation was recognized and barbarians were simply people who had not yet been conquered and made part of the nation.

Nationalism was still an elite phenomenon for a couple of centuries after the Treaty of Westphalia, but during the Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th century in World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. It is conventionally considered a continent, which, in this case, is more of a cultural distinction than a geographic one. ( National Geographic, however, officially recognises... Europe it spread widely and became popularized. Nationalism has dominated European and even global politics ever since. Much of 19th century European politics can be seen as a struggle between newer nationalist movements and old autocratic regimes. In some cases nationalism took a liberal anti-monarchical face whereas in other cases nationalist movements were co-opted by conservative monarchical regimes. Gradually through that century the old multi-national This article discusses states as sovereign political entities. For other meanings, see state (disambiguation). In international law and international relations, a state is a geographic political entity possessing politicial sovereignty, i.e. not being subject to any higher political authority. In casual language, the idea of a state and a... states such as the Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k.u.k. monarchy), was a dualistic state (1867 –1918) in which the Kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire... Austro-Hungarian Empire began to lose their grip, and various localized states were absorbed into larger national entities, most notably The Federal Republic of Germany ( German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. Due to its central location, Germany has more neighbours than any other European country: these are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the... Germany and The Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. It comprises a boot-shaped peninsula and two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia, and shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent countries of San... Italy.

By the end of the 19th century, nationalistic ideas had begun to spread into Asia. In The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. India has grown significantly, both in population and in strategic importance in the last two decades. The Indian economy is... India, nationalism began to encourage calls for the end of British rule. In The Great Wall of China, stretching over 6,700 km, was erected beginning in the 3rd century BC to guard the north from raids by men on horses. China  listen? ( Traditional: 中國; Simplified: 中国; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is a nation located chiefly in continental East... China, nationalism created a justification for the Chinese state that was at odds with the idea of the universal empire. In Official language Japanese Capital Tokyo Largest City Tokyo Emperor Akihito Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 60th 377,835 km² 0.8% Population  - Total ( 2004)  - Density Ranked 10th 127,333,002 337/km² GDP  - Total (PPP, 2005)  - Total (nominal)  ... Japan, nationalism combined with Japanese Exceptionalism is a claim, a pattern of claiming, or an assertion that the subject under discussion is claiming, special exemption to commonly-held relationships or principles. It is used most frequently in historical surveys and in association with an assertion of destiny, i.e. that the supposedly exceptional character draws... exceptionalism.

The Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. Battle aftermath. Remains of the Chateau Wood World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict occurring from 1914 to... First World War marked the final destruction of several multinational states ( The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k.u.k. monarchy), was a dualistic state (1867 –1918) in which the Kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire... Austro-Hungarian Empire, and to some extent The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia). The Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissioners The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 is the peace treaty created as a result of six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 which put an official end to World War I between the Allies and Central Powers. The ceremonial... Versailles Treaty was marked by an attempt to recognize the principle of nationalism, as most of Europe was divided into -1... nation states in an attempt to keep the peace. However, several multinational states and empires survived. The 20th century has also been marked by the slow assertion of nationalism around the world with the destruction of European Colonialism is a system in which a state claims sovereignty over territory and people outside its own boundaries, often to facilitate economic domination over their resources, labor, and often markets. The term also refers to a set of beliefs used to legitimize or promote this system, especially the belief that... colonial Empires, the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик... Soviet Union, and various other smaller multinational states.

At the same time, particularly in the latter half of the century, trends which some have interpreted as anti-nationalistic have taken place. The The European Union or EU is an intergovernmental organisation of European countries, which currently has 25 member states. The Union was established under that name by the Treaty on European Union (commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty) in 1992. However, many aspects of the EU existed before that date through... European Union is now transferring power from the national level to both local and continental bodies. Also, many critics of Globalization (or globalisation) is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In specifically economic contexts, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or free trade. Between 1910 and... globalization assert that trade agreements, such as The North American Free Trade Agreement, known usually as NAFTA, is a comprehensive trade agreement linking Canada, the United States, and Mexico in a free trade sphere. NAFTA went into effect on January 1, 1994. The NAFTA initialing ceremony in October 1992. NAFTA called for immediately eliminating duties on half... NAFTA and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (usually abbreviated GATT) functions as the foundation of the WTO trading system, and remains in force, although the 1995 Agreement contains an updated version of it to replace the original 1947 one. The GATT, as an international agreement, is very similar to a treaty... GATT, and the increasing internationalization of trade markets are weakening the Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region or group of people, such as a nation or a tribe. Sovereignty is generally vested in a government or other political agency, though there are cases where it is held by an individual. A monarch who rules... sovereignty of the nation state.

However, nationalism continues to assert itself in response to those trends. Street demonstrators vehemently oppose the negative aspects of Globalization (or globalisation) is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In specifically economic contexts, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or free trade. Between 1910 and... globalization (see Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens (ATTAC - Association pour la Taxation des Transactions pour lAide aux Citoyens) is an activist organization for the establishment of a tax on exchange transactions. an ATTAC poster in the French countryside Originally a single-issue movement demanding... ATTAC), nationalistic parties continue to do well in elections, and most people continue to have a strong sense of attachment to their nationality. Moreover, it is not necessarily the case that globalism and European Federalism can refer to either: The form of government, or constitutional structure, found in a federation. The political philosophy of federalists. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might... federalism are necessarily opposed to nationalism. For example, many theorists of The May Fourth Movement in 1919 marked the beginning of the upsurge of nationalist feeling in China. Chinese nationalism refers to cultural, historiographical, and political theories, movements and beliefs that assert the idea of a cohesive, unified Chinese people and culture under state(s) that are primarily Chinese. One difficulty... Chinese nationalism within the The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) comprises most of the cultural, historic, and geographic area known as China. Since its founding in 1949, it has been led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). It is the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.3... People's Republic of China have articulated the idea that China's national power is substantially enhanced, rather than being reduced, by engaging in international trade and multinational organizations. With regard to European federalism, some of the strongest supporters of a more powerful The European Union or EU is an intergovernmental organisation of European countries, which currently has 25 member states. The Union was established under that name by the Treaty on European Union (commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty) in 1992. However, many aspects of the EU existed before that date through... European Union are local nationalist groups such as Catalan (Catal , Valenci ) is a Romance language spoken by as many as approximately 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of Catalan speakers are in Spain. Classification Catalan is a Romance language. According to the Ethnologue, its specific classification is a member of... Catalans and Welsh nationalism is the Welsh expression of nationalism, a movement that became popular in nineteenth-century Europe and gradually became a global phenomenon in the twentieth century. It generally seeks independence for Wales within the United Kingdom or outside it. Conquest Until its conquest in 1282 Wales national aspirations were... Welsh nationalists who believe that a stronger EU centre will create a In European politics, a region is the layer of government directly below the national level. The term is especially used in relation to those regions which have some historical claim to uniqueness or independence, or differ significantly from the rest of the country. Examples of regions include: Scotland, Wales and... Europe of the regions and limit the power of current nation-states.

Forms of nationalism

Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. However such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist theories combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees.

Civic nationalism (also civil nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the This article discusses states as sovereign political entities. For other meanings, see state (disambiguation). In international law and international relations, a state is a geographic political entity possessing politicial sovereignty, i.e. not being subject to any higher political authority. In casual language, the idea of a state and a... state derives Legitimacy is the popular acceptance of a governing regime or law. The term legitimacy is used when describing a system of government, whereas authority refers to a specific position in government. This concept has also been applied to other, non-political, kinds of authority, such as that of an employer... political legitimacy from the active participation of its Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now a state), and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. It is largely coterminous with nationality, although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen (i.e... citizenry, the "will of the people"; "political representation". This theory was first developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau (June 28, 1712 - July 2, 1778) was a Swiss-French philosopher, writer, political theorist, and self-taught composer of The Age of Enlightenment Biography of Rousseau The tomb of Rousseau in the crypt of the Panth on, Paris Rousseau was born in Geneva, Switzerland... Jean-Jacques Rousseau and put down in various writings, particularly On the Social Contract. (See Social contract is a phrase used in philosophy, political science, and sociology to denote a real or hypothetical agreement within a state regarding the rights and responsibilities of the state and its citizens, or more generally a similar concord between a group and its members. All members within a society... Social contract theories for a more in-depth discussion of the historical development of this philosophy.)

Civic nationalism lies within the A tradition is a story or a custom that is memorized and passed down from generation to generation, originally without the need for a writing system. Tools to aid this process include poetic devices such as rhyme and alliteration. The stories thus preserved are also referred to as tradition, or... traditions of This article is not about continental rationalism. Rationalism, also known as the rationalist movement, is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the truth should be determined by reason and factual analysis, rather than faith, dogma or religious teaching. Rationalism has some similarities in ideology and intent to secular humanism and... rationalism and Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. It typically favors the right to dissent from orthodox tenets or established authorities in political or religious matters. In this respect, it is sometimes held in contrast... liberalism. It is the theory behind Representative democracy comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein voters choose (in free, secret, multi-party elections) representatives to act in their interests, but not as their proxies—i.e., not necessarily as directed but with enough authority to exercise initiative in the face of changing... representative democracies such as the United States and France.

Ethnic nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities); the underlying assumption is that ethnicities should be politically distinct. This was developed by Johann Gottfried von Herder, who introduced the concept of the Volk (German for Folk). Romantic... Ethnic nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities). This was developed by Johann Gottfried Herder Johann Gottfried von Herder (August 25, 1744 - December 18, 1803), German poet, critic, theologian, and philosopher, is best known for his concept of the Volk and is generally considered the father of ethnic nationalism. Biography Along with Wilhelm von Humboldt, he proposed what is now called the... Johann Gottfried von Herder, who introduced the concept of the Volk is a German language word meaning people or folk. It is commonly used in words such as Volksmusik or Völkerbund (League of Nations), or the car manufacturer Volkswagen (literally, peoples car). A number of völkisch movements were set up in Germany after World War I. Combining... Volk.

Liberty leading the people, embodying the Romantic view of the French Revolution of 1830; its painter Eugène Delacroix also served as an elected deputy Romantic nationalism (also organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of... Romantic nationalism (also organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of Ethnic nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities); the underlying assumption is that ethnicities should be politically distinct. This was developed by Johann Gottfried von Herder, who introduced the concept of the Volk (German for Folk). Romantic... ethnic nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a natural ("organic") consequence of This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. For the many types of competitive sport, see Racing. For racing conditions associated with computer programming, see Race hazard. A race is a distinct population of humans distinguished in some way from other humans. The most widely observed races are those... race; in the spirit of Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th century Western Europe. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and overturning of previous social conventions, particularly the position of the aristocracy. There was a strong element of historical... Romanticism and opposed to Enlightenment This article is not about continental rationalism. Rationalism, also known as the rationalist movement, is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the truth should be determined by reason and factual analysis, rather than faith, dogma or religious teaching. Rationalism has some similarities in ideology and intent to secular humanism and... rationalism. Romantic nationalism relies upon the existence of a historical ethnic culture which meets the Romantic Ideal; Folklore is the ethnographic concept of the tales, legends, or superstitions current among a particular ethnic population, a part of the oral history of a particular culture. The academic study of folklore is known as folkloristics. The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of romantic... folklore developed as a Romantic nationalist concept. The Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm The Brothers Grimm (Brüder Grimm) are Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. The collection of childrens tales The Brothers Grimm are well known for publishing collections of German fairy tales, as Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Childrens and Household Tales), in 1812, with a second volume... Brothers Grimm were inspired by Johann Gottfried Herder Johann Gottfried von Herder (August 25, 1744 - December 18, 1803), German poet, critic, theologian, and philosopher, is best known for his concept of the Volk and is generally considered the father of ethnic nationalism. Biography Along with Wilhelm von Humboldt, he proposed what is now called the... Herder's writings to create an idealized collection of tales which they labeled as ethnic German. See Populism is a political ideology or rhetorical style that holds that the common person is oppressed by the elite in society, which exists only to serve its own interests, and therefore, the instruments of the State need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and instead used for the... Populism and Nationalism; Giuseppe Mazzini (June 22, 1805 – March 10, 1872) was an Italian writer and politician whose efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state, rather than the medley of separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed in the nineteenth century. Born in Genoa, he became a member of... Giuseppe Mazzini ( The Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. It comprises a boot-shaped peninsula and two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia, and shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent countries of San... Italy), Jules Michelet (August 21, 1798 - February 9, 1874) was a French historian. He was born at Paris, of a family with Huguenot traditions. His father was a master printer, not very prosperous, and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press. A place was offered him in the... Jules Michelet ( France - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE55Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE60Fixes.css; /**/ France From Wikipedia The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made... France), Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gottlieb Fichte (May 19, 1762 - January 27, 1814) has significance in the history of Western philosophy as one of the progenitors of German idealism and as a follower of Kant. Fichte did not endorse Kants argument for the existence of noumena, of things as they... Johann Gottlieb Fichte ( The Federal Republic of Germany ( German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. Due to its central location, Germany has more neighbours than any other European country: these are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the... Germany), Roman Dmowski Roman Dmowski (b. August 9, 1864, Warsaw - d. January 2, 1939, Drozdow, Poland) was a Polish right-wing politician and statesman, and chief ideologue and co-founder of the National Democratic Party (Endecja). As a student, he became active in the Zet Polish Youth Association (Zwiazek Mlodziezy Polskiej... Roman Dmowski ( The Republic of Poland, a democratic country with a population of 38,626,349 and area of 312,685 km², is located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania... Poland).

Cultural nationalism is a form of nationalism where only Culture refers to the customs, arts, attitudes, institutions, and other traits that characterize a particular society or nation. Culture is a part of the social system and hierarchically equal to an economic system, political system, or legal system. Defining Culture Different definitions of culture reflect different theories for understanding, or... culture and not any hereditary features (such as skin pigmentation) becomes the central aspect of what constitutes the nation. The best example for cultural nationalists are the When used as an adjective, Chinese refers to anything that originates from China, , Chinese cuisine. When the word is used as a noun, it means one of the following: the Chinese language, either in general or specifically Chinese written language, Chinese spoken languages or Standard Mandarin; Chinese people: a person... Chinese who consider their nation to be based on culture. Race is being played down by these nationalists as they consider The Manchu (manju in Manchu; 滿族 (pinyin: mǎnzú) in Chinese, often shortened to 滿 (pinyin: mǎn) are an ethnic group who originated in northeastern Manchuria. During the Manchu conquest, they conquered the Ming Dynasty in the 17th century and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled... Manchus and other national minorities as part of the Chinese nation. The The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of... Qing dynasty's willingness to adapt to Chinese customs shows the supremacy of the mainstream This is the current collaboration of the week! Please help improve it to featured article standard. The culture of China has been influenced by Chinas long history and by its diverse ethnic groups. Chinese civilization is said to have begun 5,000 years ago. Chinese culture, despite all of... Chinese culture. Many Chinese on For the political entity commonly known as Taiwan, see Republic of China. Map of Taiwan The island of Taiwan (Traditional: 臺灣, Simplified: 台湾, Pinyin: Táiwān, Wade-Giles: Tai-wan, Taiwanese: Tâi-oân) is located off the coast of mainland China in the... Taiwan consider themselves Chinese nationalists because of their cultural background but they reject the Chinese This article is about one-party states ruled by Communist Parties. For information regarding communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, or as a popular movement, see the main Communism article. In common speech in the Western World, a communist state is a... Communist government.

State nationalism is a variant on civic nationalism, very often combined with ethnic nationalism. The nationalistic feelings are that strong that they often get priority over the universal rights and liberties. The success of the state often contrasts and conflicts with the principles of a democratic society. The maintenance of the national state is a superior argument, as if it brings better government on its own. Typical examples are The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). Black, white, and red were in fact the colors of the old North German Confederation flag (invented by Otto von Bismarck, based on... Nazism, but also the contemporary Turkish nationalism, and in a lesser form the right-wing Franquism in Spain, and the In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794). But even while the Club still existed, the name of Jacobins had been popularly applied to all promulgators of extreme revolutionary opinions. Nowadays, in France this term refers to a centralistic... Jacobin attitude towards the unitary and centralist French state, as well as An nationalistic ideology in Belgium that favours a strong central state, with less or no autonomy for the Flemish, the Walloon, the German speaking and Brussels bilingual nations within Belgium. It insists on restoring total sovereignty of the Belgian state level, after decades of state structure reforms that made Belgium... Belgian nationalism, fiercely opposed towards equal rights and more autonomy for the Flemings (Dutch: Vlamingen) are inhabitants of Flanders, the northern half of Belgium. The official language of Flanders is Dutch. The Flemish version of Dutch is different in usage (comparable to American vs. British English) and in intonation. A Fleming can easily spot a Dutchman even when speaking a mere sentence... Flemings, and the Basque or Corsican nationalists. Systematically, wherever state nationalism is strong, there are conflicting appeals to both the loyalty of the people, and on territories, as the Turkish nationalism and its brutal repression of Kurdish nationalism, the opposition between strong central governement in Spain and France with Basque, Catalan, and Corsican nationalism.

Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. According to the theory of nationalism, the preservation of identity features, the independence in all subjects, the wellbeing, and the glory of ones own nation are fundamental values... Religious nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a consequence of shared Religion, sometimes used interchangeably with faith, is commonly defined as belief concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine, and the practices and institutions associated with such belief. In its broadest sense some have defined it as the sum total of answers given to explain humankinds relationship with the universe. Religion... religion. A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s. The first line reads Toward a New Life in Romanian, the second line reads The Promised Land in Hungarian. Zionism is a political movement among Jews (although supported by some non-Jews) which maintains... Zionism is an example, though many, if not most, forms of ethnic nationalism are in some ways religious nationalism as well. For example, A true colour image of Ireland, captured by a NASA satellite on January 4, 2003. Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales are visible to the east. Ireland is located west of the European landmass, which is part of the continent of Eurasia. Ireland (Éire in Irish) is the... Irish nationalism is associated with This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. See Catholicism (disambiguation) for alternative meanings Catholicism has two main ecclesiastical meanings, described in Websters Dictionary as: a) the whole orthodox Christian church, or adherence thereto; and b) the doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto... Catholicism; The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. India has grown significantly, both in population and in strategic importance in the last two decades. The Indian economy is... Indian nationalism is associated with This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). Aum, the most sacred syllable and quintessential symbol of Hinduism, represents the first manifestation of the unmanifest Brahman. Hinduism (सनातन धर्म; commonly called Sanātana Dharma... Hinduism. In modern India, a contempary form of Hindu nationalism, or Hindutva (Hinduness, a word coined by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his 1923 pamphlet entitled Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? ) is used to describe movements advocating Hindu nationalism. The former ruling party in India, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is closely associated with a group of organizations that promote Hindutva. They... Hindutva has been prominent among many followers of the The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; Indian Peoples Party) is one of the largest political parties in India. In the 12th Lok Sabha (1999-2004) it was the single largest party with 179 (out of 545) members. It is the successor party of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh (BJS; Indian Peoples... Bharatiya Janata Party and The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is a Hindu nationalist movement which bases itself on the principles of Hindutva. It was started in 1925 by Dr. K.B. Hedgewar. According to the BBC, RSS is the largest voluntary organization in the world. Since 1925, it has slowly gained prominence and political influence... Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. In general, religious nationalism is viewed as a form of An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. This boundary may take any of a number of forms -- racial, cultural, linguistic, economic, religious, political -- and may be... ethnic nationalism.

Sometimes however religion is more of a marker of a group than the motivation for their nationalism. For example although most An Irish nationalist is generally one who seeks (greater) independence of Ireland from Great Britain, including since 1921 the goal of a United Ireland. The nationalist position is often contrasted with that of Unionists. In the 19th century most nationalists were in favour of Home Rule – an Irish parliament... Irish nationalist leaders of the last 100 years are Catholic is a term generally used in relation to the members, beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. More broadly, it can be applied to Christian churches in general. Early Christians used the term to describe the whole undivided Church, the words literal meaning is universal or whole... Catholic, in the 19th century and especially in the (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. Historians will sometimes specifically refer to the 18th century as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death... 18th century many nationalistic leaders were Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. It generally refers to those that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the Reformation of the 16th century, their offshoots, and those that share similar doctrines or ideologies. It is commonly considered one of the three major branches of Christianity... Protestant. Irish nationalists are not fighting for Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. History of the term The term theologia is used in Classical Greek literature, with the meaning... theological distinctions like transubstantiation, the status of the The term Virgin Mary has several different meanings: For the historical and multi-denominational concept of Mary, see Mary, the mother of Jesus. For the Roman Catholic theological and doctrinal concept of Mary, see Blessed Virgin Mary. For the issue of Marian apparitions, see Marian apparitions. For shrines associated with... Virgin Mary, or the primacy of the Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978. The Pope is the Catholic bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches (note that the name within the communion is simply the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church). In addition to... Pope. Rather they are fighting for an ideology that identifies the geographical island of A true colour image of Ireland, captured by a NASA satellite on January 4, 2003. Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales are visible to the east. Ireland is located west of the European landmass, which is part of the continent of Eurasia. Ireland (Éire in Irish) is the... Ireland with a particular view of A page from the Book of Kells. The culture of the people living on the island of Ireland is far from monolithic. Many notable cultural divides exist between the rural people and city dwellers, between the Catholic and Protestant people of Northern Ireland, between the Irish-speaking people within and... Irish culture, which for some nationalists does include Catholicism but has as a more dominant element other elements of culture. For many nations that had to struggle against the consequences of the imperialism of another nation, nationalism was linked to the pursuit of an ideal of freedom.

Islam ( Arabic al-islām الإسلام,  listen?) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. Etymology In Arabic, Islām means submission and is described as a Dīn, meaning way of life... Islam is nominally opposed to any notion of Nationalism, Tribalism, Racism, or any other categorization of people not based on one's beliefs. Instead of nationalism, Islam advocates a strong feeling of community between all muslims, which is called the Ummah (أمة) is an Arabic and Islamic word that means community or nation. It is correctly used to mean the nation of the believers (Ummah Al-Muhmini) in Islam, thus the whole muslim world. The phrase al-ummatun wahid in the Quran (the One Community) refers to all... Ummah. This feeling of communal consciousness is emphasised by the awareness that a Muslim's daily prayers are shared with others as the sun sweeps across the globe, and during the holy month of Ramadan or Ramadhan (Arabic: رمضان ) is the ninth month of the Islamic year. Siyam or Saum (fasting in English) is the fourth of the Five Pillars of Islam and involves fasting during Ramadan. Timing The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, and months begin when the... Ramadan when worldwide Muslims fast and give charity together, and culminates in the sacred The Hajj or Haj is the Pilgrimage to Mecca (or, Makkah) and is the fifth of the Five Pillars of Islam. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime. The government of Saudi Arabia... Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca in which muslim men and women of all cultures, colours, and backgrounds come together. The word ummah is often incorrectly translated into English as the Islamic "nation" (not to be confused with the " The Nation of Islam (NOI), also known as the Black Muslim Movement (although the term is discouraged by the NOI), is a spiritual and political black separatist movement founded in America in 1930 by Wallace Fard Muhammad (1877- ?). The Nation of Islam has a somewhat tenuous connection to mainstream... Nation of Islam" which differs altogether from the teachings of Islam and is disapproved of by most Muslims). However, the concept of the Ummah (أمة) is an Arabic and Islamic word that means community or nation. It is correctly used to mean the nation of the believers (Ummah Al-Muhmini) in Islam, thus the whole muslim world. The phrase al-ummatun wahid in the Quran (the One Community) refers to all... Ummah is often strongly linked to the Caliphates and Empires of Islam's history. In the theories of some Islamic thinkers, the community of muslims should unite to form a modern version of these empires, and so this can be seen as a unique, religiously based form of nationalism.

Banal nationalism is a concept put forward by Michael Billig (Prof. Social sciences, University of Loughborough) whereby the everyday, less visible forms of nationalism exist, that remind and shape the minds of the nations on a day to day basis.

Extremism

Ultra-nationalists are extreme Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. According to the theory of nationalism, the preservation of identity features, the independence in all subjects, the wellbeing, and the glory of ones own nation are fundamental values... nationalists or Patriotism is a feeling of love and devotion to ones own homeland (patria, the land of ones fathers). This article surveys the concept of patriotism from the viewpoints of history, politics, ethics, and biology. Defense of the homeland is a commonplace of military patriotism: commemorating the students at... patriots. The term has a clearly A word or phrase is pejorative if it expresses contempt or disapproval. It comes from the Latin pejoratus, made worse, and made a surprisingly late entry in written English, 1882, probably deriving from a contemporary French usage, [1] The word pejorative itself is so frequently misspelled as perjorative that the... pejorative meaning, and is particularly used for those ardently opposed to international cooperation. See also: Chauvinism is extreme and unreasoning partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs, especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred towards a rival group. The term is derived from Nicolas Chauvin, a soldier under Napoleon Bonaparte, due to his fanatical zeal for his Emperor. The term entered... chauvinism, The Spirit of 76 by Archibald McNeal Willard, 1891 Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, especially with regard to a hawkish political stance. The term originated in Britain, introduced by Irish music-hall singer G. H. MacDermott at the London Pavilion during the diplomatic crisis of 1878, when Britain... jingoism

Extremist political movements such as Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. The word fascism (uncapitalized) has come to mean any political stance or system of government resembling Mussolinis, as... fascism and Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Leon Trotsky described the system as totalitarian, and this description has become widely used by critics of Stalinism. Stalinism as political theory The term Stalinism is sometimes used to... Stalinism are usually marked by a strong combination of ethnic nationalism and state nationalism, the most extreme example being The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). Black, white, and red were in fact the colors of the old North German Confederation flag (invented by Otto von Bismarck, based on... Nazism (see Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. The Third Reich is an Anglicization of the German... Nazi Germany). While Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Leon Trotsky described the system as totalitarian, and this description has become widely used by critics of Stalinism. Stalinism as political theory The term Stalinism is sometimes used to... Stalinism was not overtly nationalist in doctrine, ethnic minorities within the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик... Soviet Union and Eastern Europe is, by convention, that part of Europe from the Ural and Caucasus mountains in the East to an arbitrarily chosen boundary in the West. Usually some or all of the countries adjacent to Russias western border are included. As is also true of continents, regions are only... Eastern Europe were brutally repressed during Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin ( Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili ( Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილ... Stalin's reign, and a strong nationalist character was encouraged during Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II (the The Eastern Front1 was the theatre of combat between Nazi Germany and its allies against the Soviet Union during World War II. It was somewhat separate from the other theatres of the war, not only geographically, but also for its scale and ferocity. The front was opened by Operation Barbarossa... Great Patriotic War).

In some cases there has been a reaction against nationalism. An example was the perception in pre- Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. Battle aftermath. Remains of the Chateau Wood World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict occurring from 1914 to... World War I, European The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. Socialism is a concept, an ideology and a collection of party-based political movements that have evolved and branched over time. Initially, it was based on the organized working class, with the purpose of building a classless... socialist movements that nationalism was being used to prevent workers uniting against Capitalism has been defined in various ways (see definitions of capitalism). In common usage it refers to an economic system in which land and capital are privately owned and operated for profit and where investments, production, distribution, income, and prices are determined largely through the operation of a free market... capitalism. Adherents to Globalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In specifically economic contexts, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or free trade. Between 1910 and 1950, a... globalisation also discourage nationalistic tendencies, as nationalism can be a barrier to global trade and a global capitalist system.

Another example is in present-day Germany, The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea... Israel, Ireland and Official language Japanese Capital Tokyo Largest City Tokyo Emperor Akihito Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 60th 377,835 km² 0.8% Population  - Total ( 2004)  - Density Ranked 10th 127,333,002 337/km² GDP  - Total (PPP, 2005)  - Total (nominal)  ... Japan where there are people who are not comfortable with any nationalistic, patriotic, or even cultural symbols, because these have become associated (and permanently discredited in their view) with violent nationalism (see Literally, self-hatred refers to an extreme dislike of oneself, or being angry at oneself. The term is also used to designate a dislike or hatred of a group to which one belongs. For instance, ethnic self-hatred is the extreme dislike of ones ethnic group. Some people are... self-hatred).

Ultra-nationalists

Politicians and movements often held by the Anglo-Saxon mainstream to be ultra-nationalist include:

• Croix de Feu was a French nationalist group of the Interwar period. In English the name is Cross of Fire. Primarily a group of veterans of the First World War, it advocated integralism along with its larger rival Action Française. It benefited from the Catholic Churchs proscription of... Croix de Feu, inter-war fascist movement in France
• Ishihara is the person on the right on this LDP election poster Shintaro Ishihara (石原 慎太郎 Ishihara Shintarō; born 1932), author, outspoken Japanese nationalist, populist, and current governor of Tokyo, was born in Hyogo Prefecture in Japan. After winning the Akutagawa Prize (Japans most prestigious... Shintaro Ishihara, Tokyo (東京; Tōkyō, lit. eastern capital) is the capital of Japan as well as the most populous conurbation in Japan, and the worlds largest metropolitan area by population with 33,750,000 people living within its urban influence. A little more than 12 million people... Tokyo Governor
• Jörg Haider in Carinthia (promotional photo) Jörg Haider (born January 26, 1950) is an Austrian politician. He is currently Governor of Carinthia. Haider was a leader of the far right Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) and a leading figure in that party until April 2005, when... Jörg Haider, The Austrian Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, abbreviated to FPÖ) is an Austrian political party usually associated with the name of Jörg Haider. The FPÖ is generally regarded as a populist party and often classed as a Euronationalist party. It promises stronger anti-immigration laws, stricter law enforcement and... Austrian Freedom Party politician
• Kach was an extremist right-wing Israeli party led by Meir Kahane. After his assassination in 1990, it split into two movements, Kach and Kahane Chai, literally Kahane lives. This page will deal with all three movements. Kach Meir Kahanes Kach had two main items on its political agenda... Kach, Israeli group
• Le Pen Jean-Marie Le Pen (born June 20, 1928) is a controversial French politician. He is the president of the nationalist party Front National, widely considered to be far right. Le Pen is known for advocating a ban on immigration to France from countries outside Europe, and withdrawal or... Jean-Marie Le Pen, This article is about the French political party, not the WWII French resistance movement Front National. The Front National (National Front in English; acronym: FN) is a right-wing reactionary political party in France, often accused of being racist on account of its campaigning against immigration. The party was founded... Front National leader
• Željko Ražnatović or in Serbian Cyrillic writing Жељко Ражњатовић, (April 17, 1952 - January 15, 2000), widely known as Arkan or Аркан, was a Serbian paramilitary leader, nationalistic politician, assembly... Zeljko Raznatovic (Arkan), Serbian politician and militia commander
• Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky (Влади́мир Во́льфович Жирино́вский in Russian) (b. April 25, 1946) is a controversial Russian politician, and leader of the Liberal... Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian politician

Commonalities of all forms of nationalism

Some political theorists make the case that any To discriminate is to make a distinction. There are several meanings of the word, including statistical discrimination, or the actions of a circuit called a discriminator. This article addresses the most common colloquial sense of the word, invidious discrimination. That is, irrational social, racial, religious, sexual, ethnic and age-related... discrimination of forms of nationalism is false. All forms of nationalism rely on the population being a nation; that is, that all the members of the population believe that they share some kind of common culture, and culture can't be wholly separated from This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. Ethnicity is sometimes used as a euphemism for race, or as a synonym for minority group. While ethnicity and race are related concepts... ethnicity. Even the supposedly ethnically neutral "civic culture" of the United States, for example, relies on The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. It is the third most common first language (native speakers), with around 402 million people in 2002. English has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence... English as the one national language, has "God" on its coinage and in its The Pledge of Allegiance is a promise or oath of allegiance to the United States, and to its national flag. It is commonly recited in unison at public events, and especially in public school classrooms, where the Pledge is often a morning ritual. In its present form, the words of... Pledge of Allegiance, and designates official holidays, which promote cultural biases.

See also the concept of Manifest Destiny, meaning obvious (or undeniable) fate was a belief originally held by Democratic Republicans, specifically Warhawks during the presidency of James Madison, that stated the United States had a divinely-inspired mission to expand itself and its system of government to the western frontier. Origin of the phrase The... Manifest Destiny, American The term Nativism is used in both politics and psychology in two fundamentally different ways. In politics nativist refers to the socio-political positions taken up by those who identify themselves as native-born. In psychology, nativist is comparable to innate, the hard-wired components of human psychology. Political Nativism... nativism, the The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee of the United States House of Representatives. The committee investigated what it considered un-American propaganda, but was condemned by many for persecuting people and ruining their lives and careers on account of their personal political beliefs. The... House Un-American Activities Committee.

What makes nationalism so attractive?

One reason why nationalism has maintained its appeal over the centuries might be that belonging to a culturally, economically or politically strong nation makes one feel better regardless of one's own contribution to this strength. This is often reflected in form of increase in confidence of the nation, when the nation is economically strong; or as a means to garner popular support when the ruling elites perceives external threat that needs to bring up a national unified front to tackle the threat.

Prominent nationalists

• Michel Aflaq (1910 - June 23, 1989) was the ideological founder of Baathism, a form of Arab nationalism. He was born in Damascus to an Greek Orthodox Christian family of a middle class background. He was first educated in the westernized schools of French mandate Syria, where he was a... Michel Aflak
• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Pasha, named Atatürk ( 1881– November 10, 1938), Turkish reformist, soldier, and statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. Early career Atatürk was born in the Ottoman city of Selânik (Salonika), now... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
• Prime Minister Menachem Begin Menachem Begin (August 16, 1913 - March 9, 1992) became the 6th Prime Minister of Israel in May 1977. He negotiated the Camp David Accords with Egyptian president Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat, for which they jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978. He greatest credit to... Menachem Begin
• Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella (Muhammad Ahmad Bin Balla) (born December 25, 1916, Maghnia, Algeria) was the first President of Algeria, and seen by many as the Father of the Nation. Ben Bella was born in a small village in western Algeria during the height of the French colonial period to... Ahmed Ben Bella
• The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill KG, OM, CH, FRS ( November 30, 1874 – January 24, 1965) was a British statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II. At various times an author, soldier, journalist, and politician, Churchill is generally regarded as... Winston Churchill
• Michael Collins is the name of several people: Michael Collins (Irish leader), an Irish patriot and revolutionary Michael Collins (movie) Michael Collins (Limerick TD), a modern-day Irish politician Michael Collins (astronaut), an American astronaut Michael Collins (musician), a British clarinetist Michael Collins (author) This is a disambiguation page —... Michael Collins
• John George Diefenbaker (September 18, 1895 - August 16, 1979) was the thirteenth Prime Minister of Canada. Born in Neustadt, Ontario, Canada, he received a B.A. in 1915, an M.A. in Political Science and Economics in 1916, and an LL.B. in 1919 from the University of Saskatchewan. Diefenbaker... John Diefenbaker
• Faisal I Faisal ibn Husayn (May 20, 1883 – September 8, 1933) was for a short while king of Greater Syria in 1920 and king of Iraq from 1921 to 1933. He was a member of the Hashemite dynasty. He was born in Taif (in present-day Saudi Arabia) in... Emir Faisal
• Vicente Fox Quesada (born July 2, 1942) is the current president of Mexico. He was elected in the 2000 presidential election, a historically significant election that made him the first president elected from an opposition party since Francisco I. Madero in 1910. His current term runs through 2006, re-election... Vicente Fox
• Portrait of General Charles de Gaulle. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( November 22, 1890 – November 9, 1970), in France commonly referred to as général de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. (  pronunciation of his name?) Prior to World War II... Charles de Gaulle
• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to... Mahatma Ghandi
• Johann Gottfried Herder Johann Gottfried von Herder (August 25, 1744 - December 18, 1803), German poet, critic, theologian, and philosopher, is best known for his concept of the Volk and is generally considered the father of ethnic nationalism. Biography Along with Wilhelm von Humboldt, he proposed what is now called the... Johann Gottfried von Herder, Materials for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind [1]  (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1784herder-mankind.html)
• Theodor Herzl Theodor Herzl (May 2, 1860–July 3, 1904) was an Austrian Jewish journalist who became the founder of modern political Zionism. His Hebrew personal names were Benjamin Zeev (בנימין זאב). Herzl was born in Budapest. He settled in Vienna... Theodor Herzl
• Eamon de Valera1 (born Edward George de Valera, Irish name Éamonn de Bhailéara) (October 14, 1882 - August 29, 1975), was a leader of Irelands struggle for independence from Britain in the early 20th Century, and of the Republican opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, and was subsequently... Eamon de Valera
• For other people with the surname Hitler, see Hitler (disambiguation). Adolf Hitler ( 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary – 30 April 1945 in Berlin, Germany) was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (more widely known as the Nazi Party) and Führer und Reichskanzler... Adolf Hitler
• Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini ( July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) ruled Italy as a dictator from 1922 to 1943. He created a fascist state through the... Benito Mussolini
• The Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, GCB, QC (January 11, 1815 - June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada from July 1, 1867 - November 5, 1873 - and - October 17, 1878 - June 6, 1891. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland. While there is some debate over his actual... Sir John A. Macdonald
• Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, (born 18 July 1918) is a former President of South Africa, was one of its chief anti-apartheid activists, and was also an anti-apartheid saboteur and guerrilla leader. He is now almost universally considered to be a heroic freedom fighter. He spent his childhood... Nelson Mandela
• Daniel François Malan (May 22, 1874 - February 7, 1959) is seen as the champion of South African nationalism. He was also the first prime minister of the apartheid government in South Africa. Daniel F. Malan Malan was born in the village of Riebeek-Wes. In 1905, Malan was ordained... Daniel Malan
• Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر) Gamal Abdel Nasser (January 15, 1918 - September 28, 1970) was the second President of Egypt after Muhammad Naguib and is considered one of the most important Arab leaders in history. He was the... Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Kwame Nkrumah Kwame Nkrumah (September 21, 1909 - April 27, 1972) was a Ghanaian politician and one of the most influential founders of Pan-Africanism. He was born in Nkroful, Gold Coast (Ghana) as Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma. Educated at Achimota School, Accra and the Roman Catholic Seminary, Amisano, he taught... Kwame Nkrumah
• Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi Muammar Abu Minyar al-Qaddafi 1 (Arabic: معمر القذافي Mu`ammar al-Qadhdhāfī) (born 1942), leader of Libya since 1970 and a controversial Arab statesman. Early history Qaddafi was the youngest child from a... Muammar al-Qaddafi
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau (June 28, 1712 - July 2, 1778) was a Swiss-French philosopher, writer, political theorist, and self-taught composer of The Age of Enlightenment Biography of Rousseau The tomb of Rousseau in the crypt of the Panth on, Paris Rousseau was born in Geneva, Switzerland... Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Louis David Riel (October 22, 1844 - November 16, 1885), sometimes called the Father of Manitoba, was a Canadian politician and leader of the Métis, an ethnic group of mixed Cree, Ojibway, Saulteaux, French Canadian, and British descent. He led a Resistance movement against the Canadian government in the Canadian... Louis Riel
• Patrice Emery Lumumba (July 2, 1925 – January 17/18, 1961) was the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Early life Lumumba was born in Onalua in the Kasai province of the Belgian Congo. He was educated at a missionary school and worked in Leopoldville (Kinshasa... Patrice Lumumba
• Shah Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi (Persian: رضا پهلوی), (March 16, 1877–July 26, 1944), called Reza Shah the Great after his death, was Shah of Persia (later Iran) from December 15, 1925 to September 16, 1941. On February 21, 1921, Reza Khan Mirpanj... Reza Shah
• Malcolm X (pronounced Malkolm Eks, May 19, 1925–February 21, 1965 – also: Malcolm Little, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, and Omowale) was a spokesman for the Nation of Islam, and a founder of both the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. He was assassinated... Malcolm X

Benedict Anderson has stated, "only face-to-face contact can sustain community: nations are in some sense an illusion." [2] (http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/1/8.html) (see also [3]  (http://www.nationalismproject.org/what/anderson.htm)).

Historical nationalism

Historical events (not just wars) in which nationalism played an essential role have included:

• The The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years... French Revolution between 1789 and 1799
• The The Rebellions of 1837 were a pair of Canadian armed uprisings that occurred in 1837 in response to frustrations in political reform and ethnic conflict. A key shared goal was the establishment of responsible government. The rebellions occurred in two Canadian colonies: Patriotes Rebellion, also known as the Lower Canada... Rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada
• The current war, " The Troubles is a term used to describe two periods of violence in Ireland during the twentieth century. This article discribes the latter, for the earlier Troubles, see Anglo-Irish War and Irish Civil War. The Troubles is a generic term used to describe a period of sporadic communal violence... The Troubles " in Northern Ireland is an administrative region and one of four parts of the United Kingdom. It has a land border with the Republic of Ireland in the island of Ireland and is otherwise bounded by sea. It covers 14,139 square kilometres (5,459 square miles) in the north-east... Northern Ireland, as well as the liberation of most of Ireland from British rule in 1921.
• The (Redirected from 1848 Revolutions) —Alexis de Tocqueville, Recollections The European Revolutions of 1848, in some countries known as the Spring of Nations, were the bloody consequences of a variety of changes that had been taking place in Europe in the first half of the 19th century. In politics, both... 1848 Revolutions, which occurred throughout the European continent
• The Black nationalism is a political and social movement prominent in the 1960s and early 70s among African Americans in the United States. The movement, also known as Pan Africanism, can be traced back to Marcus Garveys Universal Negro Improvement Association of the 1920s. The UNIA seeks to acquire economic... black nationalist opposition to White nationalism is the attempt to create racial identity groups which advance the social and economic interests of White or Caucasian people. White nationalist beliefs White nationalism is the belief that white people have a common group identity and interests, a belief considered uncontroversial when advanced by any other racial... white nationalist rule in The Republic of Zimbabwe is a country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Victoria Falls, Zambezi river, Kariba Dam and Limpopo river. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west, Zambia to the north and Mozambique to the east... Zimbabwe, formerly This article is about the break-away colony of (Southern) Rhodesia , today Zimbabwe. See Rhodesia (disambiguation). Rhodesia (after Cecil Rhodes) is the former name of a British colony in Africa governed by a white minority. With the end of white minority rule, the colony was given formal independence from Britain... Rhodesia during the 1960s and 1970s
• The Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy... Italian unification under the rule of Piedmont is a region of northwestern Italy. It has an area of 25,400 km2 and a population of est. 4.3 million. Its capital is Turin. Piedmont is surrounded on three sides by the Alps mountain range, including the Monviso, where the Po River rises. It borders with France... Piedmont and Sardinia (Sardigna, Sardinna or Sardinnia in the Sardinian language, Sardegna in Italian, Sardenya in Catalan), is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy, France and Tunisia, south of Corsica. It forms part of Italy. Sardinia has an area of 24,090 km2 and a population of 1... Sardinia
• The unification of Germany can refer to: the 1871 formation of the German Empire under Otto von Bismarck. the 1990 reunification of Germany at the end of the Cold War. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title... German Unification under Otto von Bismarck of The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia ( German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad... Prussia
• The The Arab Revolt (1916–1918) was initiated by Sherif Hussein ibn Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Yemen. After the Turkish nationalist reform party Young Turks coup in 1908, Ottoman... Arab Revolt of 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. Impressionist Monet paints Water Lilies. January 8 - Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli January 17 - The Professional Golfers Association... 1916- 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January-February January 8 - President Woodrow Wilson announces his Fourteen Points for the aftermath of World War I. January 24 - a decree of the Council of Peoples Commissars, introducing the Gregorian calendar in Russia since February... 1918
• The rise of Shah Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi (Persian: رضا پهلوی), (March 16, 1877–July 26, 1944), called Reza Shah the Great after his death, was Shah of Persia (later Iran) from December 15, 1925 to September 16, 1941. On February 21, 1921, Reza Khan Mirpanj... Reza Shah in 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). Events January 2 - The first religious radio broadcast ( KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) January 2 - Spanish liner Santa Isabel sinks off Villa Garcia - 244 dead January 2 - DeYoung Museum in Golden Gate Park San Francisco opens. January 20... 1921.
• The nationalization of the 1881 drawing of the Suez Canal The Suez Canal ( Arabic, Qanā al-Suways), west of the Sinai Peninsula, forms a 163  km (118 miles) ship canal in Egypt between Port Said (Būr Saīd) on the Mediterranean Sea and Suez (al-Suways) on the... Suez Canal by Gamal Abdel Nasser.
• The unification of The Syrian Arab Republic is a country in the Middle East, bordering (from south to north) on Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. The borders with Israel and Turkey are subject to dispute, pending the resolution of outstanding conflicts over possession of the Golan Heights and the region of Iskenderun... Syria and The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt under the The United Arab Republic (UAR) was a country that existed as a union between the republics of Egypt and Syria between 1958 and 1961; though Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1970. Established on February 1 as a first step towards a pan-Arab nation, the UAR... United Arab Republic and its demise.
• Algerian Nationalism A new generation of Muslim leadership emerged in Algeria at the time of World War I and grew to maturity during the 1920s and 1930s. It consisted of a small but influential class of évolués, other Algerians whose perception of themselves and their country had been shaped... Nationalism and resistance in Algeria as a prelude to the The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Lib ration Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. Although the French government of... Algerian War of Independence.
• The establishment of the Apartheid ( International Phonetic Alphabet in English and in Afrikaans) is the policy and the system of laws implemented and enforced by White minority governments in South Africa from 1948 till 1990; and by extension any legally sanctioned system of racial segregation. The first recorded use of the word, which means... apartheid state in The Republic of South Africa (pronunciation) is a large republic in Southern Africa. It is located at the southern tip of the continent, and borders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. The small nation of Lesotho is entirely contained within South African territory. Its economy is the largest and most... South Africa but the The National Party (sometimes called the Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Its policies included apartheid, establishing a republic and the promotion of Afrikaner culture. Founding and ideology The National Party was founded by Afrikaner nationalists soon after the establishment of the... National Party of South Africa; Afrikaners (sometimes known as Boers) are white South Africans, predominantly of Calvinist German, French Huguenot, Friesian and Walloons descent who speak Afrikaans. Some settlers from other parts of Europe (e.g. Scandinavia and Britain) also joined the ranks of the Afrikaners. Non-Europeans (including Malay, Indian, Khoi and Bantu) make... Afrikaner nationalists.
• The conflict between two different nationalisms, Canadian and Quebecois during the Quebec referendums on independence of 1980 and 1995. As well as the 1972 The Front de Libération du Québec (Quebec Liberation Front), commonly known as the FLQ, was a separatist group founded in the 1960s and based primarily in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. They distinguished themselves primarily by their use of violence and terrorism as a means to achieve their goals. The... FLQ terrorist attacks in Quebec
• The The Republic of the Fiji Islands occupies an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Vanuatu, west of Tonga and south of Tuvalu. National motto: Rerevaka na Kalou ka Doka na Tui (English: Fear God and honour the Queen) Official languages English, Bau Fijian, and Hindustani (Hindi/Urdu) Capital... Fiji coups of Fiji Coups of 1987 refers to the 1987 overthrow of the government of Fiji by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, then third in command of the Royal Fiji Military Forces. Depending on perspective, one may view the event either as two successive coups detat separated by a four-month intermission... 1987 and Timeline (2000) May: 19, 20, 26, 27, 29, 30. June: 7, 20. July: 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 27. November. Aftermath and Investigation (2001-2004) May 19, 2000 A group led by George Speight takes Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry and others hostage in the Parliament building of Fiji in... 2000.
• The rebellions and revolutions in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s against white colonial rule
• The rise in White nationalism is the attempt to create racial identity groups which advance the social and economic interests of White or Caucasian people. White nationalist beliefs White nationalism is the belief that white people have a common group identity and interests, a belief considered uncontroversial when advanced by any other racial... white nationalist or anti-immigrant violence in western countries since the 1970s

The two World Wars, Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. Battle aftermath. Remains of the Chateau Wood World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict occurring from 1914 to... World War I and Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II, can also be described as historical events fueled by nationalism, though wars are listed in the following section.

Related concepts

Nation and state, nation-state

A nation is not to be confused with a This article discusses states as sovereign political entities. For other meanings, see state (disambiguation). In international law and international relations, a state is a geographic political entity possessing politicial sovereignty, i.e. not being subject to any higher political authority. In casual language, the idea of a state and a... state, although nation is many times wrongfully used as a synonym for such. See: -1... nation state.

Anti-nationalism

Anti-nationalism is the idea that nationalism is dangerous and leads to conflict and For other uses of War, see War (disambiguation). War is conflict, between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical force inflicted by the use of weapons. Other terms for war include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. (See Limitations on war below.) War is contrasted with peace, which is... war. Inherent in anti-nationalism is the idea that one must reject all forms of The Spirit of 76 by Archibald McNeal Willard, 1891 Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, especially with regard to a hawkish political stance. The term originated in Britain, introduced by Irish music-hall singer G. H. MacDermott at the London Pavilion during the diplomatic crisis of 1878, when Britain... jingoism.

Prominent anti-nationalists have included:

• Arthur C. Clarke, progenitor of communication satellites, is considered by many to be a grand master of science fiction. Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (born December 16, 1917) is a British author and inventor, probably most famous for his science fiction novel 2001: A Space Odyssey which was written concurrently with... Arthur C. Clarke
• For other uses of the name Einstein, please see Einstein (disambiguation) Portrait of Albert Einstein taken by Yousuf Karsh on February 11, 1948 Albert Einstein ( March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a theoretical physicist who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. He proposed... Albert Einstein
• Terence Hanbury White (May 29, 1906 - January 17, 1964) was a writer. He was born in Bombay, India. After graduating from Queens College, University of Cambridge with a first-class degree in English, he spent some time teaching at Stowe, before becoming a full-time writer. He was interested in... T.H. White
• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was... Vladimir Lenin
• Stanley Hauerwas

Patriotism

Patriotism is a feeling of love and devotion to ones own homeland (patria, the land of ones fathers). This article surveys the concept of patriotism from the viewpoints of history, politics, ethics, and biology. Defense of the homeland is a commonplace of military patriotism: commemorating the students at... Patriotism is mostly synonymous with nationalism. However, in an The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. It is the third most common first language (native speakers), with around 402 million people in 2002. English has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence... English language context, it differs in that patriotism is usually regarded as something positive within the national group, while nationalism is usually projected on others, usually with a negative effect. In a Continental Europe is the continent of Europe, explicitly excluding the European islands and peninsulae. In British usage, Great Britain and Ireland are excluded. In the English-speaking mind, Continental Europe (often simply called the Continent by the British) is foremost represented by the Benelux, Germany and especially France. In Scandinavian... Continental European context, the distinction is rather that nationalism is projected towards one's own Alternate meanings: People (magazine); surat an-Nas (The People) in the Quran. People on the stairs to the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago In general, the English word people refers to a specific group of humans, or to persons in a general sense. A people may also be... people, i.e. one's A nation is an imagined community of people created by a national ideology, to which certain norms and behavior are usually attributed. Added to this is usually the idea that a national (a person of the national ideology) should speak a certain language. The language itself might however be a... nation, while patriotism connotes a This article discusses states as sovereign political entities. For other meanings, see state (disambiguation). In international law and international relations, a state is a geographic political entity possessing politicial sovereignty, i.e. not being subject to any higher political authority. In casual language, the idea of a state and a... state — or an For alternative meanings, see Empire (disambiguation) An empire (also known technically, abstractly or disparagingly as an imperium, and with powers known among Romans as imperium) comprises a set of regions locally ruled by governors, viceroys or client kings in the name of an emperor. By extension, one could classify as... empire — and its government.

See also Chauvinism is extreme and unreasoning partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs, especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred towards a rival group. The term is derived from Nicolas Chauvin, a soldier under Napoleon Bonaparte, due to his fanatical zeal for his Emperor. The term entered... chauvinism.

Language

A common language has been one of the main presuppositions for nationalism; in France, for example, before the The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years... French Revolution, There are a number of languages of France, although the French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only official language of the country. However, several historical regional languages are still spoken to varying degrees. Some of them are sometimes called patois, but this term (roughly meaning... regional languages such as Breton can refer to: The Breton language A person from Brittany Author André Breton This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it... Breton and Occitan, or langue doc is a Romance language characterized by its richness, variability, and by the intelligibility of its dialects. It is spoken by 2 to 10 million people in France, Italy, and Spain 8. An estimated 7 million people in France understand the language. It must be noted... Occitan were spoken in the various regions which were mutually incomprehensible. Following the Revolution, French was imposed as the national language. For instance, in Traditional coat of arms This article is about the historical duchy and French province, as well as the cultural area of Brittany. For the current French administrative région of Bretagne, see Bretagne. For other meanings, see Brittany (disambiguation). Brittany ( French: Bretagne,  French pronunciation?; Breton: Breizh; Gallo: Berta... Brittany, This page is about the Breton language. For the author, see André Breton. Breton (Brezhoneg) is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany in France. History Breton is not thought to be a modern-day descendant of any continental Celtic language such as Gaulish, though... Celtic names were forbidden. The same phenomenon occurred in Britain and the United States. In the majority of the cases, policies were passed to accelerate the downsizing of A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a country. In Europe and in some other parts of the world, like in Canada, minority languages are often defined by legislation and afforded some form of official support. However, throughout the world the political system... minority language groups at various moments in history. Even a policy of Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. Laissez-faire economic... laissez-faire with regard to languages will generally lead to a unification under the language of the prevailing group or groups. See also: This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. This is an article about language policy in France. France has one official language, the French language, and many other regional languages of France (which have no official status), both in the metropolitan... Language policy in France

Some theorists believe that nationalism became pronounced in the Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th century for the simple reason that language became more important as unifier due to increased This article or section should include material from New literacy studies. Literacy is the ability to use text to communicate across space and time. It is often reduced to read and write, or, sometimes, the ability to read. In modern context, the word means reading and writing in a level... literacy. With increasing numbers of people reading Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South Carolina. A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication (more specifically, a periodical), usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special-interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly. General-interest... newspapers, A book is a collection of leaves of paper, parchment or other material, bound together along one edge within covers. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book. In library and... books, A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet), or it may consist of a few pages that... pamphlets and so on, which were increasingly widely available and read since the spread of the printing press, it became possible for the first time to develop a broader cultural attachment that went beyond the local community. At the same time, differences in language solidified, breaking down old A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. The number of speakers, and the area itself, can be of arbitrary size. It follows that a dialect for a larger... dialects, and excluding those from completely different language groups.

Nationalist movements from Ireland to India promote the teaching, preservation, and usage of traditional languages, such as Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages. They were spoken across western Europe in ancient times, but are now limited to a few enclaves in the British Isles and on the peninsula of Brittany in France. There are four main groups... Celtic, The Modern Hebrew language is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. What makes it unique is that the original Hebrew Bible, the Torah, that Orthodox Judaism teaches to have been recorded in the time of Moses 3,300 years ago, was written in Biblical Classical Hebrew. Jews... Hebrew, and Hindi (हिन्दी) is a language spoken in most states in northern and central India. It is an Indo-European language, of the Indo-aryan subfamily. It evolved from the Middle Indo-Aryan prakrit languages of the middle ages, and indirectly, from Sanskrit. Hindi derives a... Hindi. See also: Language revival is the revival, by governments, political authorities, or enthusiasts, to recover the spoken use of a language that is no longer spoken or learned at home. Language death is the process by which a language ceases to be used by the people who formerly spoke it. Language revival... Language revival

Even the The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States, a country which supposedly transcends nationality, has a long tradition of discrimination for other languages than English. Prominent examples are the German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. It is the language with the most native speakers in the European Union. It is spoken... German language, which was nearly eradicated during Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. Battle aftermath. Remains of the Chateau Wood World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict occurring from 1914 to... World War I; French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. In 1999 French was the 11th most spoken language in the world being spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and... French and Italian is a Romance language spoken by about 70 million people, most of whom live in Italy. Standard Italian is based on Tuscan dialects and is somewhat intermediate between the languages of Southern Italy and the Gallo-Romance languages of the North. The long-established Tuscan standard has, over the... Italian have nearly disappeared from everyday life. Today Spanish is the second most common language in the United States, after English, being spoken in some grade by about 27.8 million people (or 10.5% of the population) in 2000. Nowadays, the United States has the fifth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world, after Mexico, Colombia, Spain... Spanish is a large second language across large portion of the country. Some politicians, such as Patrick Buchanan Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938), usually known as Pat Buchanan, is an American conservative journalist and a well known television political commentator. In 2000, he ran for President of the United States on the Reform Party ticket. He has previously sought, though never received, presidential nomination... Pat Buchanan have consciously opposed the rise of Spanish as a second American language for fear that it would undermine traditional institutions.

In the The Arab world The Arab world comprises twenty-two countries stretching from Morocco in the west to Oman in the east. They have a combined population of 300 million people and their combined economies surpass USD$1 trillion annually. The majority of people in Arab countries profess Islam, but sizable... Arab World during the colonial period, the Turkish (Türkçe or Türk dili) is a Turkic language, spoken natively by over 100 million speakers in Turkey, Cyprus, and worldwide. Classification Turkish is a member of the Turkish family of languages, which includes Balkan Gagauz Turkish, Gagauz, and Khorasani Turkish in addition to... Turkish language, French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. In 1999 French was the 11th most spoken language in the world being spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and... French language, This article is about the international language known as Spanish. For other languages spoken in Spain see Languages of Spain. Spanish or Castilian is an Iberian Romance language, and the third or fourth most spoken language in the world. It is spoken as a first language by about 352 million... Spanish language and The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. It is the third most common first language (native speakers), with around 402 million people in 2002. English has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence... English language were often forced upon the Arabs. When the colonial period ended (mostly after World War Two), a process of "Arabisation" began; reviving the Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. It is spoken throughout the Arab world and is widely known throughout the Islamic world. Arabic has been a literary language for over 1500 years, and is the liturgical language of Islam. The expression Arabic may refer either to... Arabic language to unify their states and to facilitate a broader Arab (disambiguation). There are three factors which may assist to varying degrees in determining whether someone is considered Arab or not: Political: whether they live in a country which is a member of the Arab League (or, more vaguely, the Arab world); this definition covers more than 300 million people... Arab identity. Countries such as The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, or Algeria, is a nation in north Africa, and the second largest country on the African continent. It is bordered by Tunisia in the northeast, Libya in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mali and Mauritania in the southwest, and Morocco as... Algeria and Western Sahara (EH in ISO 3166-1) is a region of northwestern Africa, bordering Morocco on the north, Algeria on the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. The largest city is El Aaiún (Laayoune), containing the majority of the population. Whether... Western Sahara have undergone large scale Arabisations, going from French and Spanish to Arabic respectively. Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism. Pan-Arabism has tended to be both secular, socialist, and against Western influence. Pan-Arabism was first pressed by Amir Hussein, the Sherif of Mecca, who... Pan-Arabism was a major motivation for this, as were dreams of national liberation which mostly, except for in a few notable cases ( The term Palestine may refer to: Palestine: A geographical region in the Middle East, centered on Jerusalem. It is claimed by Palestinians and (under the name Eretz Israel) Jews as their ancestral home. The West Bank and the Gaza Strip, sometimes collectively referred to as the Palestinian territories The Palestinian... Palestine and Western Sahara (EH in ISO 3166-1) is a region of northwestern Africa, bordering Morocco on the north, Algeria on the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. The largest city is El Aaiún (Laayoune), containing the majority of the population. Whether... Western Sahara), came to fruition. While within the Arab World itself (which is basically a political entity), some nationalistic attempts were made to emancipate a domestic This article addresses vernacular language; see also vernacular architecture. The vernacular is the native language of a country or locality. In previous centuries scholarly work in western Europe was typically written in Latin, so the works written in a native language (such as Italian or German) were said to be... vernacular from the repression of Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. It is spoken throughout the Arab world and is widely known throughout the Islamic world. Arabic has been a literary language for over 1500 years, and is the liturgical language of Islam. The expression Arabic may refer either to... classical Arabic as a formal A foreign language is a language not spoken by the indigenous people of a certain place: for example, English is a foreign language in Japan. It is also a language not spoken in the native country of the person referred to, i.e. an English speaker living in Japan can... foreign language, that is incomprehensible to the illiterate natives of some politically - while not necessarily linguistically, culturally or racially - Arabized country. These attempts took place in Egypt first in mid 20th century by the Egyptian scholar and nationalist Ahmad Lutfi al-Sayyid, who called upon the formalization of the Egyptian Vernacular as the native language of the Egyptian people. And again recently by the Egyptian researcher Bayoumi Andil whose research and investigations in what he define as the "Modern Egyptian Language" leaded him to declare it "irrelevant" to Arabic, and constituting the fourth phase of the ancient Egyptian language, as descendant from The Coptic Language is the last phase of the Egyptian languages, and is the direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language written in the hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. Coptic itself is, however, written in a slightly modified form of the Greek alphabet. As a living language of daily conversation... Coptic, with which it is intimately related, on the syntactic, morphological, and phonological levels. Similar attempts of emphasizing and stressing A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a country. In Europe and in some other parts of the world, like in Canada, minority languages are often defined by legislation and afforded some form of official support. However, throughout the world the political system... minority languages which are completely independent of Arabic, were made by the For the Star Wars planet, see Nubia (Star Wars). Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. Nubian Wedding near Aswan, Egypt Its people spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian... Nubians who were split between The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt and the Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Sudan Sudan has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the Halaib Triangle. States Main article: States of Sudan Sudan has 26 states or wilayat: Al Jazirah, Al Qadarif, Bahr al Jabal, Blue Nile, East Equatoria, Junqali, Kassala, Khartoum, Lakes, North Bahr al... Sudan. And also to a relatively more successful extent, by the The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group indigenous to the Maghreb, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. There are between 14 and 25 million speakers of Berber languages in North Africa (see Berber languages#Population.) Through the centuries Berbers have... Amazigh (also known as Imazighen or The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group indigenous to the Maghreb, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. There are between 14 and 25 million speakers of Berber languages in North Africa (see Berber languages#Population.) Through the centuries Berbers have... Berber) in The Kingdom of Morocco is a country in northwest Africa. It has a long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Algeria to the east, Western Sahara to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to its north and west... Morocco.

Racism

Although nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in one's own superiority over others, excesses of nationalism have not infrequently led to An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. Racism is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human capacities, that a certain race is inherently superior or inferior to others, and/or that individuals... racist variants of the ideology (see The Spirit of 76 by Archibald McNeal Willard, 1891 Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, especially with regard to a hawkish political stance. The term originated in Britain, introduced by Irish music-hall singer G. H. MacDermott at the London Pavilion during the diplomatic crisis of 1878, when Britain... Jingoism). Excessive nationalism or self-pride has convinced many European powers that they were morally justified in imposing their rule on smaller or militarily weaker nations.

Around the beginning of the 20th century in many countries all over the world a tendency existed to mix nationalism with An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. Racism is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human capacities, that a certain race is inherently superior or inferior to others, and/or that individuals... racism. One of the clearest examples of racist nationalism was embodied in the The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). Black, white, and red were in fact the colors of the old North German Confederation flag (invented by Otto von Bismarck, based on... Nazi movement in Germany with the resulting Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust refers to Nazi Germanys systematic genocide ( ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II starting in 1941 and continuing through 1945. The Jews of Europe were the main targets of the Holocaust, in what the... Holocaust.

However there are other examples of racism that could have been motivated through nationalism, including The term ethnic cleansing refers to various policies of forcibly removing people of another ethnic group. At one end of the spectrum, it is virtually indistinguishable from forced emigration and population transfer, while at the other it merges with deportation and genocide. At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing... ethnic cleansings during the The Yugoslav wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia that went on in the 1990s. They comprised two series of successive wars affecting all of the six former Yugoslav republics. Conflicts in the west War in Slovenia (1991) — a short 10-day... Yugoslav secession war in the Events and trends Technology Explosive growth of the Internet; decrease in the cost of computers and other technology Reduction in size and cost of mobile phones leads to a massive surge in their popularity Year 2000 problem (commonly known as Y2K) Microsoft Windows operating system becomes virtually ubiquitous on IBM... 1990s, the removal of Germans from the 1937 flag of the Volga German ASSR The Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (German: Autonome Sozialistische Sowjet-Republik der Wolga-Deutschen, Russian: Автономная Советская Социалис... Volga Republic during the Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s - 1940s - 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Years: 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 Events and trends Technology First nuclear bomb First cruise missile, the V1 flying bomb and the first ballistic missile, the... 1940s, the repressions against blacks in the United States during the Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur Tansley coins term ecosystem War, peace and politics Socialists proclaim The death of Capitalism Rise to... 1930s, the extermination of the The text or formatting below is generated by a template which has been proposed for deletion. Please see its entry on Wikipedia:Templates for deletion for comments and voting. Armenia (disambiguation). Armenia ( Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan, Hayq) is a landlocked country in southern Caucasus... Armenians in the The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman Empire in 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January 12 - The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the U.S. Congress. January 12 - United States House of Representatives rejects proposal to give women the right to vote. January 13 – An... 1915, State terrorism is a controversial term that is separate from the more common term state sponsored terrorism. State terrorism is defined by some as violence upon a national population committed by national governments or their proxies. State terrorism can be effected directly, at the hands of national military or security... terror bombing and gas attacks by the British army in The Republic of Iraq is a Middle Eastern country in southwestern Asia encompassing the ancient region of Mesopotamia. It shares borders with Kuwait and Saudi-Arabia to the south, Jordan to the west, Syria to the north-west, Turkey to the north, and Iran to the east. Its current leadership... Iraq in the Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Years: 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Referred to as the Roaring 20s. Events and trends Technology John Logie Baird invents the first working television system... 1920s and Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur Tansley coins term ecosystem War, peace and politics Socialists proclaim The death of Capitalism Rise to... 1930s, killing of the Afrikaners (sometimes known as Boers) are white South Africans, predominantly of Calvinist German, French Huguenot, Friesian and Walloons descent who speak Afrikaans. Some settlers from other parts of Europe (e.g. Scandinavia and Britain) also joined the ranks of the Afrikaners. Non-Europeans (including Malay, Indian, Khoi and Bantu) make... Boers in British A concentration camp is a large detention center created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. The term refers to situations where the internees are persons selected for their conformance to broad criteria... concentration camps at the end of the 19th century, and others.

Pride

Exceeding or violated pride or in the worst case both together can be the most potent driving forces for the rise of nationalism. In Germany the soil for nationalism was prepared by a sequence of a period with exceeding pride followed by a period of defeat and devastation. Whereas during the "Wilhelminian" era exceeding pride has been risen by the German government, the period after WWI was determined by violated pride due to defeat and the conditions of the Versailles Treaty. In conjunction with the resulting economic devastation due to hyperinflation ( 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events January 7 - Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64-57 votes. January 10 - Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann... 1922, 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-June January 1 - Grouping of all UK railway companies into four larger companies January 10 - Lithuania seizes and annexes Memel January 11 - Troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany... 1923, and 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 2 - Canada and the United States agree on a plan to preserve Niagara Falls. January 9 - The Seeing Eye is established with the mission to train dogs to assist the blind ( Nashville, Tennessee... 1929), this led to the rise of Nazism.

See also

• This is a list of nationalist conflicts and nationalist organizations. Ethnic nationalist conflicts Americas 1837 — Patriotes Rebellion 1846–1848 — Mexican War 1898 — Spanish-American War 1970 — October Crisis Balkans 1821–28 — Greek War of Independence 1878 — Bulgarian War of Independence 1912–... List of nationalist conflicts and organizations
• Liberty leading the people, embodying the Romantic view of the French Revolution of 1830; its painter Eugène Delacroix also served as an elected deputy Romantic nationalism (also organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of... National romanticism
• This article is about National Mysticism of all cultures. For mysticism particular to Nazism or Fascism, see Nazi mysticism Although its somehow vague, the expression National mysticism or occultism can be used to delimit a whole series of claims, beliefs or fallacies regarding a specific or various ethnic groups... National mysticism
• Nationalism and sport are often intertwined, as sports provide a venue for symbolic competition between nations; sports competition often reflects national conflict, and in fact has often been a tool of diplomacy. The involvement of political goals in sport is seen by some as contrary to the fundamental ethos of... Nationalism and sport
• Populism is a political ideology or rhetorical style that holds that the common person is oppressed by the elite in society, which exists only to serve its own interests, and therefore, the instruments of the State need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and instead used for the... Populism
• The Spirit of 76 by Archibald McNeal Willard, 1891 Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, especially with regard to a hawkish political stance. The term originated in Britain, introduced by Irish music-hall singer G. H. MacDermott at the London Pavilion during the diplomatic crisis of 1878, when Britain... Jingoism
• Xenophobia means fear of strangers or the unknown and comes from the Greek ξενοφοβια, xenophobia, literally meaning fear of the strange. It is often used to describe fear of or dislike of foreigners, but racism in general is sometimes described as a... Xenophobia
• Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as she/he is influenced by her/his belonging to a group or culture. Constructing cultural identity Common characteristics and ideas may be clear markers of a shared cultural identity, but essentially... Cultural identity
• Nationalism in the United States covers various topics: Contents // Categories: Politics stubs | Politics of the U.S. ... Nationalism in the United States
• Arab nationalism is a nationalist ideology in Arab world. It is defined by a belief that all Arabs are united by a shared history, culture, and language. Closely related is Pan-Arabism which calls for the creation of a single Arab state, but not all Arab nationalist are also Pan... Arab Nationalism
• Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism. Pan-Arabism has tended to be both secular, socialist, and against Western influence. Pan-Arabism was first pressed by Amir Hussein, the Sherif of Mecca, who... Pan-Arabism
• A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s. The first line reads Toward a New Life in Romanian, the second line reads The Promised Land in Hungarian. Zionism is a political movement among Jews (although supported by some non-Jews) which maintains... Zionism
• Pan-Iranism is an ideology that advocates solidarity and reunification of the people living in the Iranian Plateau (Falaat-e Iran), including Azeris, Baluchis, Ironians (Ossetians), Kurds, Pashtuns, and Tajiks. These people lived in unity until the mid 1800’s, when the Iranian Plateau was divided and conquered by... Pan-Iranism

External links

• Nation and Nationalism Part 1 (http://www.i3pep.org/archives/2004/11/23/nation-and-nationalism-one/)
• Nation and Nationalism Part 2 (http://www.i3pep.org/archives/2004/11/23/nation-and-nationalism-two/)
• What is a Nation? (http://www.tamilnation.org/nation.htm) - Nadesan Satyendra
• Religious Nationalism and Human Rights, David Little, United States Institute of Peace (http://www.usip.org/research/rehr/relignat.html) also briefly discusses history of nationalism
• Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Nationalism (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook17.html) — There's a lot of information here to incorporate
• Alfred Verdross and Othmar Spann: German Romantic Nationalism, National Socialism and International Law (http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol6/No1/art6.html), Anthony Carty, European Journal of International Law
• The Nationalism Project (http://www.nationalismproject.org) is the world's most comprehensive website on nationalism.
• The Prohibition of Nationalism in Islam (http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Fields/2704/article29.html)

References

• Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, ISBN 0860913295
• Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, London: Basil Blackwell, 1986, pp 6–18.
• Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism, ISBN 0803975252