German Papiermark Mark (German)
A 500 Million mark banknote from Germany of 1923 (http://www.germannotes.com)
User(s)	Germany
Subunit
1/100	Pfennig
Symbol	M
Pfennig	pf.
Plural	Mark
Pfennig	pfennig
Coins	1, 2, 5, 10, 50 Pfennig ½, 1, 3, 200, 500 Mark
Banknotes	1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10 000, 20 000, 50 000, 100 000, 200 000, 500 000, 1 000 000, 2 000 000, 5 000 000, 107, 2×107, 5×107, 108, 5×108, 109, 5×109, 1010, 2×1010, 5×1010, 1011, 2×1011, 5×1011, 1012, 2×1012, 5×1012, 1013, 2×1013, 5×1013, 1014 Mark
Central bank	Reichsbank
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

The name Papiermark (English: paper mark) is applied to the German currency from the point in 1914 when the link between the Mark and gold was abandoned, due to the outbreak of the First World War. In particular, the name is used for the banknotes issued during the hyperinflation in Germany of 1922 and especially 1923, which was a result of the Germans' decision to pay their war debt by printing banknotes. 500 Million Mark Germany 1923 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A £20 Bank of England banknote. ... Currency signs • ¤ ฿ • ₵ • ¢ • $ • ₡ • B/. • ₫ • € • ƒ • ₲ • ₭ £ • ₤ • Lm • ₥ • • ₱ • P • R • Sk • ₨ ৲ • S/. • ৳ • R$ • $ • ₮ • ₩ • ¥ • zł • ₴ • ₪ ₳ • ₢ • ₰ • ₯ • ₠ • ₣ • ℳ • ₧ • I/.• Kčs 10 Pfennig iron coin 1917 German Empire 5 Pfennig iron coin 1915 German Empire 1 Pfennig coin 1950 Deutschland 1918 25 pfennig iron coin German Empire. ... Currency signs • ¤ ฿ • ₵ • ¢ • $ • ₡ • B/. • ₫ • € • ƒ • ₲ • ₭ £ • ₤ • Lm • ₥ • • ₱ • P • R • Sk • ₨ ৲ • S/. • ৳ • R$ • $ • ₮ • ₩ • ¥ • zł • ₴ • ₪ ₳ • ₢ • ₰ • ₯ • ₠ • ₣ • ℳ • ₧ • I/.• Kčs 10 Pfennig iron coin 1917 German Empire 5 Pfennig iron coin 1915 German Empire 1 Pfennig coin 1950 Deutschland 1918 25 pfennig iron coin German Empire. ... Look up plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Currency signs • ¤ ฿ • ₵ • ¢ • $ • ₡ • B/. • ₫ • € • ƒ • ₲ • ₭ £ • ₤ • Lm • ₥ • • ₱ • P • R • Sk • ₨ ৲ • S/. • ৳ • R$ • $ • ₮ • ₩ • ¥ • zł • ₴ • ₪ ₳ • ₢ • ₰ • ₯ • ₠ • ₣ • ℳ • ₧ • I/.• Kčs 10 Pfennig iron coin 1917 German Empire 5 Pfennig iron coin 1915 German Empire 1 Pfennig coin 1950 Deutschland 1918 25 pfennig iron coin German Empire. ... A 100 Mark banknote issued by the German Reichsbank in 1908 (http://www. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... German 20 Mark banknote from 1914 (www. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is out of control, a condition in which prices increase rapidly as a currency loses its value. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

Further information: 1920s German inflation

From 1914, the value of the Mark fell. The rate of inflation rose following the end of WWI and reached its highest point in October 1923. The currency was stabilized in November, 1923 after the announcement of the creation of the Rentenmark, although the Rentenmark did not come into circulation until 1924. When it did, it replaced the Papiermark at the rate of 1,000,000,000,000 Papiermark = 1 Rentenmark. Later in 1924, the Rentenmark was replaced by the Reichsmark. A 1926 5 Rentenmark banknote The Rentenmark (literally, Security Mark) (RM) was a currency issued on 15 November 1923 to stop the hyperinflation of 1922 and 1923 in Germany. ... User(s) Germany Subunit 1/100 Reichspfennig Symbol RM Reichspfennig Rpf. ...

In addition to the issues of the government, emergency issues of both tokens and paper money, known as Kriegsgeld (war money) and Notgeld (emergency money), were produced by local authorities .

Coins

During the war, cheaper metals were introduced for coins, including aluminium, zinc and iron, although silver ½ Mark pieces continued in production until 1919. Aluminium 1 Pfennig were produced until 1918 and the 2 Pfennig till 1916. Whilst iron 5 Pfennig, both iron and zinc 10 Pfennig and aluminium 50 Pfennig coins were issued until 1922. Aluminium 3 Mark were issued in 1922 and 1923, and aluminium 200 and 500 Mark were issued in 1923. Aluminum redirects here. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... This article is about the chemical element. ...

Banknotes

First World War issues

In 1914, the State Loan Office began issuing paper money known as "Darlehnskassenschein" ("Darlehnskassenscheine" from 1917). These circulated alongside the issues of the Reichsbank. Most were 1 and 2 Mark notes but there were also 5, 20 and 50 Mark notes. A 100 Mark banknote issued by the German Reichsbank in 1908 (http://www. ...

Post War issues

The victor nations in WWI decided to assess Germany for their costs of conducting the war against Germany. With no means of paying in gold or currency backed by reserves, Germany ran the presses until the debt was paid, causing the value of the Mark to collapse. Many Germans literally carted wheelbarrows of cash to pay for groceries.

During the hyperinflation, ever higher denominations of banknotes were issued by the Reichsbank and other institutions (notably the Reichsbahn railway company). The Papiermark was produced and circulated in enormously large quantities. Before the war, the highest denomination was 1000 Mark, equivalent to approximately 50 British pounds or 238 US dollars. In early 1922, 10,000 Mark notes were introduced, followed by 100,000 and 1 million Mark notes in February 1923. July 1923 saw notes up to 50 million Mark, with 10 milliard (10¹⁰) Mark notes introduced in September. The hyperinflation peaked in October 1923 and banknote denominations rose to 100 billion (10¹⁴) Mark. At the end of the hyperinflation, these notes were worth approximately 5 pounds or 24 dollars. A £20 Ulster Bank banknote. ... A 100 Mark banknote issued by the German Reichsbank in 1908 (http://www. ... The Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR, literally German Imperial Railway) was the name of the German national railway created from the railways of the individual states of the German Empire following the end of World War I. It was founded in 1920 as the Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen when the Weimar Republic (formally Deutsches... For details of notes and coins, see British coinage and British banknotes. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... One million million (1,000,000,000,000) is the natural number following 999,999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,000,001. ...

Note on numeration

In German, "Milliarde" is 1,000,000,000, while "Billion" is 1,000,000,000,000. See Long and short scales. The long and short scales are two different numerical systems used throughout the world: Short scale is the English translation of the French term échelle courte. ...

See also

• 1922 in Germany
• 1923 in Germany

References

The Standard Catalog of World Coins is a series of numismatic catalogues that is commonly known as the Krause catalogues in the numismatic trade. ... The Standard Catalog of World Paper Money is a very well-known catalogue of banknotes that is published by Krause Publications in three volumes. ...

External links

• Don's World Coin Gallery - Germany
• Ron Wise's World Paper Money - Germany - 1865 to 1919 ^{Mirror site}
• Ron Wise's World Paper Money - Germany - 1920 to 1923 ^{Mirror site}
• The Global History of Currencies - Germany
• Global Financial Data data series - Germany Deutschemark
• Global Financial Data currency histories table ( Microsoft Excel format)
• Exchange rates