German Americans are common in the US. Light blue indicates counties that are predominately German ancestry.

German Americans are citizens of the United States of German ancestry. Around 8 million German immigrants have entered the United States since its inception, with the majority arriving between 1840 and 1920. German immigrants arrived for a wide variety of reasons. Some came seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Germany, and others simply for the chance to start afresh in the New World. California and Pennsylvania have the largest German populations, with over 6 million Germans residing in the two states alone. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3766x2820, 1311 KB) A chart of the top ancestries in the US, as provided by the 2000 census. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3766x2820, 1311 KB) A chart of the top ancestries in the US, as provided by the 2000 census. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  - Total   - Width   - Length    - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 3rd 158,302 sq mi  410,000 km² 250 miles  402. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 33rd 119,283 km² 255 km 455 km 2. ...

Numbering over 47 million, German Americans are the largest self-reported ethnic group in the United States.

First German Americans

German immigrants made up a substantial population of colonial Pennsylvania, where they often came into political conflict with the Quakers. The first German settlement in Pennsylvania was founded in 1683, although some Germans were already in America in other colonies at that time. Eventually, Germans would constitute about one-third of the population of Pennsylvania at the time of the Revolution. Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 33rd 119,283 km² 255 km 455 km 2. ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... The American Revolution was a revolution that ended two centuries of rule of the Thirteen Colonies by the British Empire and created the modern United States of America. ...

A large German colony in Virginia called Germanna was located near Culpeper and was founded by two waves of colonists in 1714 and 1717. Many of these colonists were essentially hijacked to Virginia in questionable circumstances relating to Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood, having intended to go to Pennsylvania. Many Germanna descendants took part in the Revolution and later were on the forefront of migration west to Kentucky and beyond. Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 35th 110,862 km² 320 km 690 km 7. ... Introduction Germanna refers to a German colony in Virginia, settled in two waves, first in 1714 and then in 1717. ... Culpeper is a town located in Culpeper County, Virginia. ... // Events August 1 - George, elector of Hanover becomes King George I of Great Britain. ... // Events January 4 — The Netherlands, Britain & France sign Triple Alliance February 26-March 6 What is now the northeastern United States was paralyzed by a series of blizzards that buried the region. ... Alexander Spotswood c. ... Official language(s) English Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 37th 104,749 km² 225 km 610 km 1. ...

In the 1790 U.S. census, the first taken by the new country, Germans are estimated to have constituted nearly 9% of the white population in the United States. 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

German Americans throughout the country

Germans trickled in to major US cities in response to the Industrial Revolution, and the demand for cheap immigrant labor made the US an attractive destination for immigration. Following the revolutions in German states in 1848, a wave of immigrant refugees flooded the United States and became known as Forty-Eighters. Heavy German immigration to the United States occurred between 1848 and World War I, during which time nearly 6 million Germans immigrated to the U.S. The Germans became widespread throughout the Northern half of the country, especially the Midwestern states. By 1900, the cities of Cleveland, Milwaukee, Hoboken and Cincinnati all had populations which were over 40% German. The Over-the-Rhine neighborhood in Cincinnati was one of the largest German American cultural centers. In Richmond, Virginia, German Americans were at least 30% of the population. A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ... // Preliminaries Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ... The Forty-Eighters were Germans who traveled to the United States and Australia after the Revolutions of 1848. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead:5 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:8 million Military dead:4 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:7 million The First World... The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... Nickname: The Forest City Motto: Progress and Prosperity Official website: www. ... Nickname: The City of Festivals, The Brew City, The Cream City, The Nations Watering Hole Official website: http://www. ... Image of Hoboken taken by NASA (red line shows where Hoboken is). ... Nickname: The Queen City Official website: http://www. ... Over the Rhine (or OTR, as they are sometimes referred to) are an Ohio-based musical band. ... Nickname: The Queen City Official website: http://www. ... Nickname: River City Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra Official website: http://www. ...

Present population

Top US Ancestries as of 2000.

German Americans are the largest self-reported ethnic group in the United States today. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1892x2088, 306 KB) A chart of the top ancestries in the US, as provided by the 2000 census. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1892x2088, 306 KB) A chart of the top ancestries in the US, as provided by the 2000 census. ...

According to the 2000 U.S. census, 47 million Americans are of German ancestry. German Americans represent 16% of the total U.S. population and 24% of the non-Hispanic white population. Only 1.5 million of these speak German. This article is about the year 2000. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Of the four major U.S. regions, German was the most-reported ancestry in the Midwest, second in the West, and third in the Northeast and South regions. German was the top reported ancestry in 23 states, and it was one of the top five reported ancestries in every state except Maine and Rhode Island. The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ... This article deals with the western United States. ... The U.S. Northeast is a region of the United States of America defined by the US Census Bureau. ... The U.S. Southern states or The South, known during the American Civil War era as Dixie, is a distinctive region of the United States with its own unique historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... Official language(s) None Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 39th 86,542 km² 305 km 515 km 13. ... Official language(s) None Capital Providence Largest city Providence Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 50th 4,005 km² 50 km 65 km 32. ...

Diversity

The immigrants were as diverse as Germany itself, except that very few aristocrats or upper middle class businessmen came. For example, consider Texas, with about 20,000 Germans in the 1850s (from Handbook of Texas Online):

The Germans who settled Texas were diverse in many ways. They included peasant farmers and intellectuals; Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and atheists; Prussians, Saxons, Hessians, and Alsatians; abolitionists and slaveowners; farmers and townsfolk; frugal, honest folk and ax murderers. They differed in dialect, customs, and physical features. A majority had been farmers in Germany, and most came seeking economic opportunities. A few dissident intellectuals fleeing the 1848 revolutions sought political freedom, but few, save perhaps the Wends, came for religious freedom. The German settlements in Texas reflected their diversity. Even in the confined area of the Hill Country, each valley offered a different kind of German. The Llano valley had stern, teetotaling German Methodists, who renounced dancing and fraternal organizations; the Pedernales valley had fun-loving, hardworking Lutherans and Catholics who enjoyed drinking and dancing; and the Guadalupe valley had atheist Germans descended from intellectual political refugees. The scattered German ethnic islands were also diverse. These small enclaves included Lindsay in Cooke County, largely Westphalian Catholic; Waka in Ochiltree County, Midwestern Mennonite; Hurnville in Clay County, Russian German Baptist; and Lockett in Wilbarger County, Wendish Lutheran.

Religious affiliations

Immigrants from Germany in the 1800s brought many different religions with them. The largest numbers were generally Catholic or Lutheran, although the Lutherans were themselves split several ways. The more conservative groups comprised the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod, based in Illinois, Wisconsin and Missouri, and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Other Lutherans formed a complex checkerboard of synods which in 1988 merged, along with Scandanavian synods, into the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Others were Reformed theological background, descendants of the 'evangelisch' or German "Evangelical Church" in Germany. Many immigrants joined quite different churches from those in Germany, especially the Methodist church. Luthers seal Lutheranism is a Christian tradition based upon the main theological insights of Martin Luther. ... The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (LCMS) is the second-largest Lutheran body in the United States. ... WELS Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) is a United States religious denomination belonging to the Lutheran tradition within Christianity. ... The ELCA The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) is a mainline Protestant denomination headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. ... The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organisationally independent. ... The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ...

1850 census map shows Lutheran population--almost all German since few Scandinavians had arrived

Before 1800 communities of Amish, Mennonites and Hutterite had formed and are still in existence today. Some still speak dialects of German, including Pennsylvania German. Others immigrants were secular, rejecting formal religion. Many middle class Jewish immigrants became peddlers and storekeepers in small towns. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (524x685, 95 KB) Summary 1850 US census map of Luthern churches Licensing This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (524x685, 95 KB) Summary 1850 US census map of Luthern churches Licensing This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... Amish couple in a horse-drawn buggy in rural Holmes County, Ohio, the site of one of the largest concentrations of Amish in the United States The Amish are a denomination of Anabaptists, found primarily in the United States and Canada are very simlar to and often considered a subgroup... The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist (Re-baptizers) denominations named after and influenced by the teachings and tradition of Menno Simons (1496-1561). ... Hutterites are a communal branch of Anabaptists who, like the Amish and Mennonites, trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the 16th century. ... The Pennsylvania Dutch (more correctly Pennsylvania Deutsch or Pennsylvania German, speakers of the Pennsylvania German language) are a people of various religious affiliations, living mostly in central Pennsylvania, with cultural traditions dating back to the German immigrations to America in the 17th and 18th centuries. ...

German American communities

Today, most German Americans have assimilated to the point that they no longer have readily identifiable ethnic communities, though there are still many metropolitan areas where German is the most reported ethnicity, such as Detroit, Chicago, Kansas City, Cleveland, Indianapolis, Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Louisville, Richmond, Virginia, and Milwaukee. The following list shows specifically German neighborhoods and areas that are now largely extinct. (It focuses on urban areas and does not include the rural areas extending from western New Jersey and Upstate New York to the Great Plains that were, or still are, heavily German.) Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ... Nickname: City of Fountains or Heart of America Official website: http://www. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Indianapolis skyline Indianapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana. ... The Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. ... Nickname: Gateway City, Gateway to the West, or Mound City Official website: http://stlouis. ... Cincinnati, Ohio viewed from the SW, across the Ohio River from Kentucky. ... For other places with the same name, see Louisville (disambiguation). ... Nickname: River City Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra Official website: http://www. ... This article is about Milwaukee in Wisconsin. ... Official language(s) None defined, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 47th 22,608 km² 110 km 240 km 14. ... Upstate New York is the region of New York State outside of the core of the New York metropolitan area. ... The Great Plains is the broad expanse of prairie which lies east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States of America and Canada, covering all or parts of the U.S. states of New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota and North Dakota and the...

• Irvington, New Jersey
• Hoboken, New Jersey
• Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati, Ohio
• Yorkville, Manhattan
• Woodhaven, Queens
• Ridgewood, Queens
• College Point, Queens
• Glendale, Queens
• Bushwick, Brooklyn
• Gerritsen Beach, Brooklyn
• Williamsburg, Brooklyn
• Lindenhurst, New York
• Rahway, New Jersey
• Lincoln Square, Chicago
• Foggy Bottom, Washington

Irvington is a township located in Essex County, New Jersey. ... Image of Hoboken taken by NASA (red line shows where Hoboken is). ... A section of Yorkville as seen from a high rise on Second Avenue and 87th Street Yorkville is a neighborhood within the Upper East Side of the borough of Manhattan in the city of New York City. ... Woodhaven is part of the borough of Queens in New York City. ... Ridgewood is a small community in Queens, New York, that borders the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bushwick and Williamsburg, and the Queens neighborhoods of Maspeth, Middle Village and Glendale. ... The sad dump one bitter 19-year old, calls home. ... Glendale is a neighborhood near the geographic center of the borough of Queens in New York City. ... Bushwick is a place in the borough of Brooklyn, New York, USA. It was founded in 1661 by Governor Peter Stuyvesant as Boswijck. ... Gerritsen Beach is a Brooklyn neighborhood, located next to Floyd Bennett Field and Manhattan Beach, on Rockaway Inlet. ... The Williamsburg Bridge connects the Brooklyn neighborhood to Manhattan Williamsburg is a neighborhood in northern Brooklyn, New York City. ... Lindenhurst is a village located in Suffolk County, New York, on the southern shore of Long Island in the Town of Babylon. ... Rahway is a city located in Union County, New Jersey. ... Lincoln Square is a neighborhood located on the North Side of Chicago. ...

Assimilation and World War I

After two or three generations in America the Germans assimilated to American customs--some of which they heavily influenced--and switched their language to English. As one scholar concludes, "The overwhelming evidence ... indicates that the German-American school was a bilingual one much (perhaps a whole generation or more) earlier than 1917, and that the majority of the pupils may have been English-dominant bilinguals from the early 1880's on." [1] By 1914 the older members were attending German language church services while the younger members were attending English services (in Lutheran, Evangelical and Catholic churches). In German parochial schools the children spoke English among themselves, though some of their classes were in German. In 1917-18, nearly all German language instruction ended, as did most (but not all) German language church services.

During World War I, German Americans, especially those born abroad, were sometimes accused of being too sympathetic to the German Empire. Theodore Roosevelt denounced "hyphenated Americanism" and insisted that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime. A small minority came out for Germany, including H. L. Mencken, who believed the German democratic system was superior to American democracy. Likewise Harvard psychology professor Hugo Munsterberg dropped his efforts to mediate between America and Germany and threw his efforts behind the German cause. See his obituary. Several thousand vocal opponents of the war were imprisoned.[2] Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty. One man was killed in Illinois. Some Germans during this time "Americanized" their names (e.g. Schmidt to Smith) and limited their use of the German language in public places. In Chicago Frederick Stock temporarily stepped down as conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra until he finalized his naturalization papers. Berlioz replaced Wagner on programs. In Cincinnati, reaction to anti-German sentiment during World War I, caused the Public Library of Cincinnati to withdraw all German books from its shelves. [3] German-named streets were renamed [4]. Nebraska banned instruction in any language except English but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the ban illegal in 1923 (Meyer v. Nebraska), by which time the nativist mood had largely subsided. Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead:5 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:8 million Military dead:4 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:7 million The First World... Flag of the German Empire, 1871–1919: black-white-red Coat of arms The term German Empire commonly refers to Germany, from its foundation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II on November 9, 1918. ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... H. L. Mencken Henry Louis Mencken (September 12, 1880 – January 29, 1956), better known as H. L. Mencken, was a twentieth century journalist, satirist and social critic, a cynic and a freethinker, known as the Sage of Baltimore and the American Nietzsche. He is often regarded as one of the... Hugo Münsterberg (1863 - 1916) was a U.S. (German-born, in Danzig) psychologist. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ... Frederick Stock (1872 - 1942) was a U.S. (German-born) conductor and composer. ... The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, based in Chicago, Illinois, is one of the leading orchestras in the world. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Meyer v. ... The term Nativism is used in both politics and psychology in two fundamentally different ways. ...

Assimilation shown in 1921 cartoon

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1338x811, 223 KB) [[Image Example. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1338x811, 223 KB) [[Image Example. ...

World War II

114,000 Germans came to the United States between 1931 and 1940, many of whom were anti-Nazis fleeing government oppression. [5] About 25,000 people became paying members of the pro-Nazi German American Bund during the years before the war. [6] German Americans who had been born overseas were the subject of some suspicion and discrimination during the war, although prejudice and sheer numbers meant they suffered less than Japanese Americans. The Alien Registration Act of 1940 required 300,000 German born U.S. resident aliens to register with the federal government and restricted their travel and property ownership rights. [7] [8] Under the still active Alien Enemy Act of 1798 the United States government interned nearly 11,000 German Americans between 1940 and 1948. Some of these were United States citizens. Civil rights violations occurred. 500 were arrested without warrant. Others were held without charge for months or interrogated without benefit of legal counsel. Convictions were not eligible for appeal. An unknown number of "voluntary internees" joined their spouses and parents in the camps and were not permitted to leave. [9] [10] [11] [12] The German-American Bund was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s. ... Serving from 1999 to 2003, Army General Eric Shinseki of Hawaii became the first Asian American military chief of staff. ... The Alien Registration Act or Smith Act (18 USC 2385) of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise, or teach the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence... The Alien and Sedition Acts were acts of Congress passed during the administration of President John Adams; his signature made them into law on July 14, 1798. ...

President Franklin D. Roosevelt however kept his promise to German Americans that they would not be hounded as in 1917-1918. Roosevelt made a deliberate effort to name prominent German Americans to top war jobs, including General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Admiral Chester Nimitz, General Carl Spaatz, and Republican leader Wendell Willkie. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, serving as translators and even as spies for the United States. [13] The war evoked complex reactions among German Americans at the time, many of whom severed relationships with relatives in Europe and downplayed their ethnic heritage to blend with prevailing American culture. [14] Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945) was an American politican from the U.S. state of New York. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969, popularly known as Ike) was an American soldier and politician. ... Chester Nimitz Chester William Nimitz (February 24, 1885 – February 20, 1966) was the Commander in Chief of Pacific Forces for the United States and Allied forces during World War II. He was the nations leading authority on submarines, as well as Chief of the Navys Bureau of Navigation... Carl Tooey Spaatz (June 28, 1891 – July 14, 1974) was an American general in World War II. Carl Andrew Spatz (Spaatz added the second a in 1937 at the request of his wife and daughters to clarify the pronunciation of the name) was born on June 28, 1891, in Boyertown... Wendell L. Willkie Wendell Lewis Willkie (February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was a lawyer, born in Elwood, Indiana, the only native of Indiana to be nominated as the presidential candidate for a national party, having never held any sort of high elected office. ...

From the 1970s onwards, time had largely abated the anti-German sentiment produced by World War 2. Today, recent German Americans share the same features as any other Western European immigrant group in the USA. Mostly professionals, academics, and spouses, they reflect the changing nature of Europe as a preferred destination for immigrants rather than a source of migrating peoples. Although their numbers are far fewer than previous generations of German American immigrants, their personal and cultural ties to Germany and Europe are once again just as strong. [15]

German American influence

Germans have contributed to a vast number of areas in American culture and technology. Baron von Steuben, a former Prussian officer, led the reorganization of the U.S. Army during the War for Independence and helped make the victory against British troops possible. The Steinway & Sons piano manufacturing firm was founded by immigrant Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg in 1853. German settlers brought the Christmas tree custom to the United States. The Studebakers built large numbers of wagons used during the Western migration; Studebaker later became an important early automobile manufacturer. Carl Schurz, a refugee from the unsuccessful first German democratic revolution of 1848 (see also German Confederation), served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior. Baron von Steuben Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus Steuben, Baron von Steuben (November 15, 1730-November 28, 1794) was a German army officer who served with George Washington in the American Revolutionary War and is credited with teaching American troops the essentials of military drill and discipline. ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa, German: Preußen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: PrÅ«sai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad... The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... Combatants American Revolutionaries, France, Netherlands, Spain, Native Americans Great Britain, German mercenaries, Loyalists, Native Americans Commanders George Washington, Comte de Rochambeau, Nathanael Greene William Howe, Henry Clinton, Charles Cornwallis (more commanders) The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence,[1] was a conflict that... The Steinway & Sons logo Steinway & Sons is a piano maker based in New York City and Hamburg, Germany. ... Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg (February 17, 1797 - 1871), piano manufacturer. ... A Christmas tree in a Danish home. ... Studebakers Lazy S logo designed by Raymond Loewy was used from the 1950s until 1966 Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company was a United States wagon and automobile manufacturer that was incorporated in 1868[1]. The company was a maker of wagons, most notably the Conestoga wagons, until the end of... Carl Schurz Carl Schurz (March 2, 1829 – May 14, 1906) was a German revolutionist, American statesman and reformer, and Union Army general in the American Civil War. ... —Alexis de Tocqueville, Recollections The European Revolutions of 1848, in some countries known as the Spring of Nations, were the bloody consequences of a variety of changes that had been taking place in Europe in the first half of the 19th century. ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was a loose association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ... The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, concerned with such matters as national parks and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ...

Due to the tragic developments in Germany leading from World War I and World War II, many researchers of German (particularly German-Jewish) origin left Germany due to economic problems or as a result of racial, religious, and political persecution. Probably the most famous of them was Albert Einstein, known for his Theory of Relativity. Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead:17 million Civilian dead:33 million Total dead:50 million Military dead:8 million Civilian dead:4 million Total dead:12 million World War II... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Albert Einstein, photographed by Oren J. Turner in 1947. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Relativity: The Special and General Theory Albert Einsteins theory of relativity, or simply relativity, refers specifically to two theories: special relativity and general relativity. ...

After World War II, Wernher von Braun, and most of the leading engineers from the former German rocket base Peenemünde, were brought to the U.S. They contributed to the development of U.S. military rockets, as well as of rockets for the NASA space program. Wernher von Braun stands at his desk in the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama in May 1964, with models of rockets developed and in progress. ... Peenemündes position in Germany Peenemünde is a village in the northeast of the German island of Usedom. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The influence of German cuisine is seen in the cuisine of the United States throughout the country. Frankfurters, hamburgers, bratwurst, sauerkraut, strudel are common dishes; some of these, like frankfurters and hamburgers, actually bear the names of German cities. Germans were important in the beer and wine industries. German bakers introduced the pretzel. The revival of microbreweries is partly due to instruction from German beer masters. See also Lager Beer Riot. There are remnants left in the rural Midwest/ Cincinnati, Ohio is known for its German American festival Zinzinnati, held annually. It is among the largest German American festivals in the U.S. Also Oktoberfest celebrations are held throughout the country. German Cuisine varies greatly from region to region. ... As a nation of immigrants, it is no suprise that the cuisine of the United States is incredibly diverse. ... Hamburgers often contain beef, lettuce, onions, and other toppings in a bun. ... Bratwurst with cabbage and potatoes A bratwurst is a composed of pork, beef, and sometimes veal. ... Sauerkraut and sausage on a plate (help· info) is finely sliced white cabbage fermented by Lactobacillus bacteria. ... Apfelstrudel A strudel is a type of Central European pastry, especially popular in Austria, where its believed to have been originated. ... A selection of bottled beers A selection of cask beers Beer is the worlds most popular alcoholic beverage. ... Wine is an alcoholic beverage produced by the fermentation of grapes and grape juice. ... A modern factory produced hard pretzel. ... Beer barrels outside the Castle Rock microbrewery in Nottingham, England. ... The Lager Beer Riot took place in Chicago, Illinois in 1855 after Mayor Levi Boone, great-nephew of Daniel Boone, proposed an ordinance which would close taverns on Sundays and raise the cost of a liquor license from $50 to $300 per year. ... Cincinnati, Ohio viewed from the SW, across the Ohio River from Kentucky. ... Oktoberfest at night Oktoberfest () is a two-week festival held each year in Munich (München), Bavaria, Germany, during late September and early October. ...

German American presidents

There have been two presidents of the United States of America who were of German ancestry. One was Dwight Eisenhower (this surname was originally spelled Eisenhauer in Germany), the other was Herbert Hoover (original family name Huber). Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ... Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964), the 31st President of the United States (1929-1933), was a successful mining engineer, humanitarian, and administrator. ...

See also

• Ethnic German
• German in the United States
• German-American relations
• History of Germany
• Immigration to the United States
• List of famous German Americans
• German-Brazilian

Ethnic Germans (usually simply called Germans, in German Volksdeutsche, or (less exactly but also less tainted by Nazism) Auslandsdeutsche (lit. ... Disambiguation: This article is about the language known as German as it is spoken in the United States. ... German-American relations are the transatlantic relations between Germany and the United States and between the German and American people in particular. ... This article gives an overview of the History of Germany. ... The French gift Statue of Liberty was a common sight to many immigrants who entered the United States through Ellis Island Immigration to the United States is the act of immigrating, or moving, to the United States from another nation. ... An incomplete list of German Americans - Americans of notable German descent: // Artists Albert Bierstadt painter George Grosz, artist Emanuel Leutze, painter Erwin Panofsky, art historian Severin Roesen, painter Karl Ferdinand Wimar, painter Authors L. Frank Baum, author The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Charles Bukowski, poet (born in Germany; German mother... // Name and Location Deutschbrasilianer (in German), teuto-brasileiro or germano-brasileiro (in Portuguese), or German-Brazilian (in English) basically is a person of German origin (i. ...

References

• Colman J. Barry, The Catholic Church and German Americans. (1953)
• Angus Baxter, In Search of Your German Roots. The Complete Guide to Tracing Your Ancestors in the Germanic Areas of Europe. Fourth Edition (2001)
• Thomas Cochran, The Pabst Brewing Company: The History of an American Business (1948)
• Carol K. Coburn, Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender, and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868-1945 (1992).
• Kathleen Neils Conzen, Germans in Minnesota (2003)
• Dobbert, Guido .A. "German-Americans between New and Old Fatherland, 1870-1914". American Quarterly 19 ( 1967): 663-80. In JSTOR
• Ellis, M. and P. Panayi. "German Minorities in World War I: A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA." Ethnic and Racial Studies 17 ( April 1994): 238-59.
• Albert Bernhardt Faust. The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence 2 vol (1909)]
• Jon Gjerde, The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917 (1997)
• Gleason, Philip. The Conservative Reformers: American Catholics and the Social Order. (1968)
• Iverson, Noel. Germania, U.S.A.: Social Change in New Ulm, Minnesota. (1966), emphasizes Turners
• Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest, Social and Political Conflict 1888-1896" (1971), focus on voting behavior of Germans, prohibition issue, language issue and school issue
• Johnson, Hildegard B. "The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 41 (1951): 1-41. in JSTOR
• Jordon, Terry G. German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-century Texas. (1966)
• Kazal, Russell A. Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity (2004) ethnicity and assimilation in 20c Philadelphia
• Kazal, Russell A. "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept." American Historical Review 100 (1995): 437-71. in JSTOR
• Luebke, Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans During World War I. (1974)
• Luebke, Frederick C. ed. Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln (1971)
• Luebke, Frederick. Immigrants and Politics: the Germans of Nebraska, 1880-1900. (1969)
• O'Connor, Richard. German-Americans: an Informal History. (1968), popular
• Henry A. Pochmann, and Arthur R. Schultz; German Culture in America, 1600-1900: Philosophical and Literary Influences (1957)
• Roeber, A. G. Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (1998)
• Thernstrom, Stephan ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1973)
• Tischauser, Leslie V. The Burden of Ethnicity The German Question in Chicago, 1914-1941 1990.
• Tolzmann, Don H., ed. German Americans in the World Wars, vols. 1 and 2. Munich, Germany: K.G. Saur, 1995.
• Don Heinrich Tolzmann, The German-American Experience (2000)
• Carl Frederick Wittke, The German-Language Press in America (1957)
• Carl Wittke, Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America (1952)
• Carl Wittke, We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant (1939), ch 6, 9
• Wood, Ralph, ed. The Pennsylvania Germans. (1942)
• Catholic Encyclopedia article

External links

• German-American links from University of Cincinnati