The Mjolnir is one of the primary symbols of Germanic neopaganism. Effigies of the hammer are commonly worn amongst Germanic Neopagans.

Germanic neopaganism is the modern revival of historical Germanic paganism. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 523 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (710 × 814 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 523 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (710 × 814 pixel, file size: 1. ... Drawing of an archeological find of a gold plated hammer in silver. ... Polytheistic reconstructionism, or simply reconstructionism, is the practice of re-establishing and practicing historical polytheistic religions in the modern world. ... ROSIE IS A GERMN LADYGermanic paganism refers to the religion of the Germanic nations preceding Christianization. ...

Reconstructions of the Germanic Pagan traditions began in the 19th century Romantic movement. Later in the 1960s, various Neopagan groups emerged around the world, some of which based their beliefs on the pre-Christian Germanic faiths. Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. ... Neopaganism (sometimes Neo-Paganism, meaning New Paganism) is a heterogeneous group of religions which attempt to revive ancient, mainly European pre-Christian religions. ...

The terms Ásatrú ("Æsir faith"), Odinism, Forn Sed ("Old custom", Anglo-Saxon Fyrnsidu), (Germanic) Heathenry^[1][2] Theodism and other terms are used as descriptors for those who adhere to the belief system encompassed by the term Germanic neopaganism. Use of terminology varies by region as well as intent, much like denominations in other religions. Mjolnir, the hammer of Thor, is one of the major symbols of Ásatrú. This article is about the reconstruction of Norse paganism in particular. ... In Old Norse, the Æsir (singular Ás, feminine Ásynja, feminine plural Ásynjur, Anglo-Saxon Ós, from Proto-Germanic *Ansuz) are the principal gods of the pantheon of Norse mythology. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon[1], Old English: ) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa (tribal belief) is a North American variant of Germanic Neopaganism which seeks to reconstruct the beliefs and practices of several historic Northern European tribes. ...

Attitude and focus of adherents may vary considerably, from strictly historical polytheistic reconstructionism to syncretist (eclectic), pragmatic psychologist, or even occult or mysticist approaches. Polytheistic reconstructionism, or simply reconstructionism, is the practice of re-establishing and practicing historical polytheistic religions in the modern world. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... Look up Eclectic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Psychologism in the philosophy of mathematics is the explanation or derivation of mathematical or logical laws in terms of psychological facts. ... The word occult comes from the Latin occultus (clandestine, hidden, secret), referring to knowledge of the hidden. In the medical sense it is used commonly to refer to a structure or process that is hidden, e. ... Thule Society emblem Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a quasi-religious undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the combination of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. ...

Terminology

Different terms exist for the various types of Germanic neopaganism. Some terms are specific in reference whereas other are blanket terms for a variety of groups.

Ásatrú

Main article: Ásatrú

Ásatrú is an Old Norse compound derived from Ása, the plural genitive of Áss, which refers to the Aesir, (one of the two families of gods in Norse mythology, the other being the Vanir), and trú, literally "troth" or "faith". Thus, Ásatrú is the "Æsir's faith." The term is the Old Norse/Icelandic translation of Asetro, a neologism coined in the context of 19th century romantic nationalism, used by Edvard Grieg in his 1870 opera Olaf Trygvason. Ásatrúar, sometimes used as a plural in English, is properly the genitive of Ásatrú. Mjolnir, the hammer of Thor, is one of the major symbols of Ásatrú. This article is about the reconstruction of Norse paganism in particular. ... Mjolnir, the hammer of Thor, is one of the major symbols of Ásatrú. This article is about the reconstruction of Norse paganism in particular. ... Old Norse is the Germanic language spoken by the inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300. ... Look up Plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ... The Æsir (pron. ... Vanir is the name of one of the two groups of gods in Norse mythology, the other and more well known being the Æsir. ... This article cites very few or no references or sources. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Edvard Hagerup Grieg (15 June 1843 – 4 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist who composed in the romantic period. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Olaf Tryggvason (969–September 9, 1000) (Old Norse: Óláfr Tryggvason, Norwegian: Olav Tryggvason) was son of Tryggve Olavsson, king of Viken (Vingulmark and Ranrike), and great-grandson of Harald Fairhair. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ...

Use of Ásatrú for Germanic paganism preceding 19th century revivalist movements is an anachronism. Likewise, use of Ásatrú as a synonym of Germanic neopaganism, while widespread in the USA, can be misleading. Organizations self-describing as Ásatrú cover a wide spectrum of belief and ideals ranging from Left-wing politics, New Age spirituality, Neo-Tribalism, reconstructionism, folkish, and neonazi currents. ROSIE IS A GERMN LADYGermanic paganism refers to the religion of the Germanic nations preceding Christianization. ... “Leftism” redirects here. ... New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ... Neo-Tribalism is the ideology that human beings have evolved to live in a tribal, as opposed to a modern, society, and thus cannot achieve genuine happiness until some semblance of tribal lifestyles has been re-created or re-embraced. ... Polytheistic reconstructionism, or simply reconstructionism, is the practice of re-establishing and practicing historical polytheistic religions in the modern world. ... Folk can refer to a number of different things: It can be short for folk music, or, for folksong, or, for folklore; it may be a word for a specific people, tribe, or nation, especially one of the Germanic peoples; it might even be a calque on the related German... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ...

Forn Siðr

Old Norse Forn Siðr, Anglo-Saxon Fyrnsidu and its modern Scandinavian analogues Forn Sed, all meaning "Old Custom", is used as a term for pre-Christian Germanic culture in general, and for Germanic neopaganism in particular, mostly by groups in Scandinavia. Old Norse forn "old" is cognate to Sanskrit purana, English far. Old Norse siðr "custom" (not to be confused with sīðr "late"), Anglo-Saxon sidu, seodu "custom", cognate to Greek ethos, in the sense of "traditional law, way of life, proper behaviour". In meaning, the term corresponds exactly to Sanskrit sanātana dharma, the native term for Hinduism. In contradistinction to Ásatrú, inn forni siðr is actually attested in Old Norse, contrasting with inn nýi siðr "the new custom", and similarly Heiðinn siðr, contrasting with Kristinn siðr, and í fornum sið "in old (heathen) times".^{[citations needed]} Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon[1], Old English: ) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... The Puranas are part of Hindu Smriti; these religious scriptures discuss devotion and mythology. ... Ethos (ἦθος) (plurals: ethe, ethea) is a Greek word originally meaning the place of living that can be translated into English in different ways. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Hinduism (known as in modern Indian languages[1]) is a religion that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ...

Heathenry

Heathen (Old English hæðen, Old Norse heiðinn) was coined as a translation of Latin paganus, in the Christian sense of "non-Abrahamic faith". In Icelandic Sagas, the terms heiðni and kristni (Heathenry and Christianity) are used as polar terms to describe the older and newer faiths. Historically, the term was influenced by Gothic *haiþi, appearing as haiþno in Ulfilas' bible as translating gunē Hellēnis, "Greek (i.e. gentile) woman" of Mark 7:26, probably with an original meaning "dwelling on the heath", but it was also suggested that it was chosen because of its similarity to Greek ethne "gentile" or even that it is not related to "heath" at all, but rather a loan from Armenian hethanos, itself loaned from Greek ethnos. The Miercinga Rice Theod and several other groups, narrow the sense of the word to Germanic neopaganism in particular, and prefer it over neopagan as a self-designation. [5][6] Heathen is a term used both to describe a person who does not follow an organized religion, and also a modern practitioner of Heathenry. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon[1], Old English: ) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... An Abrahamic religion (also referred to as desert monotheism) is any religion derived from an ancient Semitic tradition attributed to Abraham, a great patriarch described in the Torah, the Bible and the Quran. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Germanic neopaganism. ... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ... Representation of Ulfilas surrounded by the Gothic alphabet Ulfilas or Wulfila (perhaps meaning little wolf) (c. ... The word gentile is an anglicised version of the Latin word gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe. ... The Gospel of Mark (literally, according to Mark; Greek, Κατά Μαρκον, Kata Markon),(anonymous[1] but ascribed to Mark the Evangelist) is a Gospel of the New Testament. ... Heaths are anthropogenic habitats found primarily in northern and western Europe, where they have been created by thousands of years of human clearance of natural forest vegetation by grazing and burning on mainly infertile acidic soils. ... An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ... The word gentile is an anglicised version of the Latin word gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe. ...

Heathenry is used for strictly polytheistic reconstructionist approaches, as opposed to syncretic, occult or mysticist approaches. While some practitioners use the term Heathenry as an equivalent to Paganism, others use it much more specifically. It is used by those who are re-creating the old religion and world-view from the literary and archaeological sources, and describe themselves as "Heathen" in part to distinguish themselves from other pagans whose rituals come from more modern sources. Romuva Spring JorÄ— festival in Kulionys, Lithuania in 2006. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... Thule Society emblem Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a quasi-religious undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the combination of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. ... Look up pagan, heathen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Odinism

The term Odinism was coined by Orestes Brownson in his 1848 Letter to Protestants.^[3] The term was re-introduced in the late 1930s by Alexander Rud Mills in Australia with his First Anglecyn Church of Odin and his book The Call of Our ancient Nordic Religion. In the 1960s and early 1970s, Else Christensen's Odinist Study Group and later the Odinist Fellowship brought the term into usage in North America. In the UK, the Odinic Rite has specifically identified themselves as "Odinists" since the 1970s, and is the longest running group to do so. Odinists do not necessarily focus on the worship of Odin and most honour the full pantheon.[7] Orestes Augustus Brownson (1803-1876) was a New England intellectual and activist, preacher and labor organizer. ... Alexander Rud Mills (1885-1964) was a prominent Australian Odinist, and one of the earliest proponents of the rebirth of Germanic Neopaganism in the 20th Century. ... Else Christensen (1913–2005), affectionately referred to as the Folk Mother, was a pioneering figure in the emergence of Asatru and Odinism in the Post WWII Era. ... The Odinist Fellowship was an early Germanic Pagan Reconstructivist organization, founded by Else Christensen in 1969, in Canada. ... The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ... For other meanings of Odin, Woden or Wotan see Odin (disambiguation), Woden (disambiguation), Wotan (disambiguation). ...

Theodism

Main article: Theodism

Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa seeks to reconstruct the beliefs and practices of the Anglo-Saxon tribes which settled in England. þéodisc is the adjective of þéod "people, tribe", cognate to deutsch. As it evolved, the Theodish community moved past solely Anglo-Saxon forms and other Germanic tribal groups were also being reconstituted; Theodism, in this larger sense, now encompass groups practicing tribal beliefs from Scandinavia and the Continent, following in the model set forth by the Anglo Saxon theods founded in the 1970s. The term Theodism now encompasses Norman, Frisian, Angle, Saxon, Jutish, Gothic, Alemannic, Swedish and Danish tribal cultures. This relaxing of the original term "Theodism" functionally identifies Germanic neopagans who practice or advocate Neo-Tribalism. [8] Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa (tribal belief) is a North American variant of Germanic Neopaganism which seeks to reconstruct the beliefs and practices of several historic Northern European tribes. ... Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa (tribal belief) is a North American variant of Germanic Neopaganism which seeks to reconstruct the beliefs and practices of several historic Northern European tribes. ... The famous parade helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to King Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Deutsch is: the German word for german a misspelling of the word Dutch, see Dutch (disambiguation) one of the three cognates of medieval Dietsch // A German family name Diana Deutsch, British-born, American cognitive psychologist Felix Deutsch, Helene Deutsch, Austrian-born American psychologist, Morton Deutsch Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch, Russian astronomer... Neo-Tribalism is the ideology that human beings have evolved to live in a tribal, as opposed to a modern, society, and thus cannot achieve genuine happiness until some semblance of tribal lifestyles has been re-created or re-embraced. ...

Odalism and Wotanism

Odalism (a philosophy of Green Social Darwinism) and Wotanism (a philosophy originally pioneered by Guido von List, but later appropriated by neo-Nazis such as David Lane^[4]) are two terms primarily focused on politics rather than religion. The odal or othala rune Odalism (from the Proto-Germanic word ôþalan which roughly means heritage,) is a Teutonic Folkish movement based on pride in ones own ancient cultural and religious traditions, rather than adopting those of outside cultures. ... Green politics or Green ideology is the ideology of the Green Parties, mainly informed by environmentalism, ecosophy and sustainable economics and aimed at developing a sustainable society. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Wotanism is the name of a racial religion promulgated by David Lane. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... David Lane David Eden Lane (November 2 1938 — May 28, 2007) was an American white supremacist leader and author, who died while serving a 190-year prison sentence in the Federal Supermax prison in Florence, Colorado. ...

When the FBI identified threats towards the domestic security of the USA related to the turn of the Millennium in 2000 in the Project Megiddo report,^[5] it stated that: "Without question, this initiative [i.e. Project Megiddo itself] has revealed indicators of potential violent activity on the part of extremists in this country. Militias, adherents of racist belief systems such as Christian Identity and Odinism, and other radical domestic extremists are clearly focusing on the millennium as a time of action." [Emphasis added] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... A millennium (pl. ... Project Megiddo was a report researched and written by the FBI under Louis Freehs leadership. ... Christian Identity is a label applied to a wide variety of loosely-affiliated groups and churches with a racialized theology. ...

However, the 'extremists' among Germanic neopagans in the USA would refer to themselves as Wotanists rather than as Odinists.

On November 10, 1999 the International Asatru/Odinic Alliance (IAOA) (see: Odinic Rite) accused the F.B.I. of violating its First Amendment rights to freedom of religion, free speech, and peaceful assembly. The reason given for this accusation was the propagation of numerous false statements and innuendos in the Project Megiddo report. is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ... The first ten Amendments to the U.S. Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. ... The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ...

Other terms

Some other less common terms often used interchangeably are the Northern Tradition and Elder Troth.

Irminism or Irminen-Gesellschaft is a distinctly Folkish philosophy, based on the writings of Hjuka Coulter's book Germanic Heathenry.^[2] The term Odian usually denotes one who subscribes to the philosophies of Stephen Flowers' Rune Gild which is not a religious organization, but is primarily focused on the esoteric study of the Runes.^[6] ... Stephen Edred Flowers Ph. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ...

The use of the term "Neopagan" to apply to Germanic reconstructionists is controversial. Some reconstructionist, ethnic and indigenous religious groups take great issue with being referred to as "Pagan" or "Neopagan," in order to distance themselves from aspects of popular Neopaganism, such as eclecticism, the practice of magic, and a tendency to conduct rituals within a Wiccan format, that they find irrelevant or even inimical to their religious practice.^[7] Neopaganism or Neo-Paganism is any of a heterogeneous group of new religious movements, particularly those influenced by ancient, primarily pre-Christian and sometimes pre-Judaic religions. ... The pentagram within a circle, a symbol of faith used by many Wiccans, sometimes called a pentacle. ...

Heithni or Vidartru is a current of Heathenism that gives emphasis to the approach of humankind with the natural world. The Heithinn theology and cosmology are an absolutization of the general Heathen pantheism: Heithni doesn't give a role to the deities, but completely eclipses them. For this reason Heithni is not monistic nor polytheistic, but exclusively pantheistic.

History

Romantic period

Main article: Germanic mysticism

The first modern attempt at revival of ancient Germanic religion took place in the 19th Century during the late Romantic Period amidst a general resurgence of interest in traditional Germanic culture, in particular in connection with romantic nationalism in Scandinavia and the related Viking revival in Victorian era Britain. The last traditional pagan sacrifices in Scandinavia, at Trollkyrka, appear to date to about this time. Thule Society emblem Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a quasi-religious undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the combination of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Early modern publications dealing with what we now call Viking culture appeared in the 16th century, e. ... Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her accession to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Trollkyrka (Trolls church) is a tall and secluded mountain in the heart of the National Park of Tiveden, Sweden, which served until the 19th century as a pagan sacrificial ground (horgr, see also blót). ...

Organized Germanic pagan or occult groups such as the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft emerged in Germany in the early 20th century. Several early members of the Nazi Party were part of the Thule Society, a study group for German antiquity. Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Germanic Faith-Community) is a German Germanic Pagan Reconstructivist society. ... The Nazi Party (German: , or NSDAP, English: National Socialist German Workers Party), was a far-right, racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Germanic mysticism. ...

The connections of this movement to historical Germanic paganism are tenuous at best, with emphasis lying on the esoteric as taught by the likes of Julius Evola, Guido von List and Karl Maria Wiligut. While it is postulated that occult elements played an important role in the formative phase of Nazism, and of the SS in particular, after his rise to power, Adolf Hitler discouraged such pursuits. Point 24 of the National Socialist Party program, stated that the party endorsed "Positive Christianity." [9] Julius Evola born Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola, aka Baron Evola (May 19, 1898-June 11, 1974), was an Italian esotericist and occult author, who wrote extensively on Hermeticism, the metaphysics of sex, Tantra, Buddhism, Taoism, mountaineering, the Holy Grail, militarism, aristocracy, on matters political, philosophical, historical, racial, religious, as well... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Karl Maria Wiligut (alias Weisthor) (December 10, 1866 - January 3, 1946) was also known as Himmlers Rasputin. He was born in Vienna in what was then Austria-Hungary. ... The   (German for Protective Squadron), abbreviated (Runic) or SS (Latin), was a large security and military organization of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany. ... Hitler redirects here. ...

Some Germanic neopagans and occultists were subjected to persecution by the Nazi state. Friedrich Bernhard Marby spent 99 months in KZ Dachau and Siegfried Adolf Kummer was detained the same time as Marby (in 1935) and was never heard of again.^[8] The founder of the original pre-nazi Deutsches Ahnerbe, Herman Wirth was exiled and prohibited from writing or lecturing because his views of traditional Germanic religion were perceived as incompatible with the goals of the state. Another pioneer of the revival, Ludwig Fahrenkrog, founder of the Germanic Glaubens-Gemeinschaft was prohibited from public speaking or holding religious rituals because he refused to end his public lectures and personal correspondences with the obligatory "Heil Hitler". Dr. Ernst Wachler who built the Harzer Bergtheater specifically for Germanic plays and operas was sent to KZ Auschwitz where he perished.^[9] Many adherents of historical Germanic paganism and Germanic Neopaganism (Asatru, Odinism) have been persecuted, mainly by Christians. ... The main entrance just after the liberation Memorial at the camp, 1997. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ...

Several books published by the Nazi party including Die Gestaltung Der Feste Im Jahres- Und Lebenslauf In Der SS-Familie (The Celebrations in the Life of the SS Family) by Fritz Weitzel, as well as the SS Tante Friede blatantly portray the fact that the National Socialists thought traditional Germanic Heathenry was primitive superstition which needed reworking to better serve the state. Celebrating the traditional festivals like Jul and Sommersonnenwende were encouraged, but not in the context of traditional seasonal sacrifices to the Pagan Gods, but rather the veneration of the Nazi state and Fuhrer. One of the most frequently cited "Pagan" elements of the Nazi regime - their usage of the Armanen runes - were in fact nothing more than an ahistorical Weimar-era invention of Guido von List with no connection whatsoever to Paganism.^[10] Yule is the winter solstice celebration of the Scandinavian Norse mythology and Germanic pagans. ... -1...

20th century revival

A second revival began in the 1930s in Australia, led by the Odinist pioneer Alexander Rud Mills and his eventual wife, Evelyn. Australian Odinists held regular ceremonies in the Dandenong Ranges, near Melbourne, until Mills himself was arrested and sent to an Australian concentration camp (Loveday, SA) early in World War 2. Mills was never charged with any offense and therefore never convicted of anything, but his congregation took the hint and maintained a low profile thereafter.

A third revival began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Ásatrú was recognized as an official religion by the Icelandic government in 1973, largely due to the efforts of Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson. In USA, around the same period, Else Christensen began publishing "The Odinist" newsletter and Stephen McNallen began publishing a newsletter titled The Runestone. McNallen formed an organization called the Asatru Free Assembly, which was later renamed the Ásatrú Folk Assembly (AFA) [10]. The AFA fractured in 1987-88, resulting in the creation of the Ásatrú Alliance [11], headed by Valgard Murray, publisher of the "Vor Tru" newsletter. Around the same time, the Ring of Troth (now just called the Troth) was founded by other former members of the AFA. [12]. Mjolnir, the hammer of Thor, is one of the major symbols of Ásatrú. This article is about the reconstruction of Norse paganism in particular. ... Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson (1924–1993), a native of Iceland, was a godhi, or Heathen priest. ... Else Christensen (1913–2005), affectionately referred to as the Folk Mother, was a pioneering figure in the emergence of Asatru and Odinism in the Post WWII Era. ... Stephen A. McNallen (born October 15, 1948) is an influential Germanic Neopagan leader and writer. ... The Asatru Folk Assembly is an Ásatrú organization based in the US which was founded by Stephen McNallen in 1994. ... The Ring of Troth, now called simply The Troth, is a US Germanic Neopagan organization. ...

In 1972 the spiritual descendants of Mills' Odinist movement in Australia obtained from the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth of Australia a written undertaking that open profession of Odinism in Australia would not be persecuted. The Odinic Rite of Australia subsequently obtained tax deductible status from the Australian Tax Office. The ATO accepts this as the definition of Odinism: "the continuation of ... the organic spiritual beliefs and religion of the indigenous peoples of northern Europe as embodied in the Edda and as they have found expression in the wisdom and in the historical experience of these peoples".

In 1976 Garman Lord formed the Witan Theod, the first Theodish group. Shortly thereafter, Ealdoraed Lord founded the Moody Hill Theod in Watertown, New York. The Angelseaxisce Ealdriht formed in 1996 and was founded by Swain and Eric Wodening and Winifred Hodge. Theodism now encompasses groups practicing tribal beliefs from Scandinavia and the Continent, in addition to following in the model set forth by the early Anglo Saxon peoples.

The Odinic Rite was established in England in 1972, and in the 1990s expanded to include chapters in Germany (1995) [13], Australia (1995) [14] and North America (1997) [15]. A Netherlands section was added in (2006)[16]. The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ...

In post-World War II Germany, the Artgemeinschaft Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (AG GGG) emerged in 1951 founded by Wilhelm Kusserow. The AG GGG has a distinct racialist belief (Artglaube). Later the non-political Heidnische Gemeinschaft (HG) founded by Géza von Neményi in 1985. In 1991 the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (GGG),led by Von Neményiand, split off from the HG. In 1997 the Nornirs Ætt was founded as part of the Rabenclan and in 2000 the Eldaring was founded. The Eldaring is affiliated with the US based Troth. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Artgemeinschaft Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (AG GGG) is a German Neopagan organization, founded in 1951. ... Hitlers Nazi Germany: the epitome of 20th-century racialism Racialism is a term used to describe racial policy, in what is generally perceived to be a negative sense, as promoting stratification and inequality between racial categories (in themselves, often disputed). ... The Heidnische Gemeinschaft (HG; pagan society) is an esoteric German Neopagan society founded in 1985 by Géza von Neményi, influenced by the Armanen-Orden. ... Géza von Neményi (born 1958) founded the German Neopagan society Heidnische Gemeinschaft (1985) and reactivated the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (1991). ... Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Germanic Faith-Community) is a German Germanic Pagan Reconstructivist society. ... Nornirs Ætt is a German Germanic Neopagan association, founded 1997 as a split off the Rabenclan. ... Eldaring full name Der Eldaring - the Troth Deutschland e. ... The Ring of Troth, now called simply The Troth, is a US Germanic Neopagan organization. ...

In Scandinavia, the Swedish AsatruSociety formed in 1994, and in Norway the Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost formed in 1996 and Foreningen Forn Sed formed in 1999. They have been recognized by the Norwegian government as a religious society, allowing them to perform "legally binding civil ceremonies" (i. e. marriages). In Denmark Forn Siðr also formed in 1999 and in Sweden Nätverket Gimle formed in 2001, as an informal community for individual heathens. Nätverket Forn Sed formed in 2004, and has a network consisting of local groups (blotlag) from all over the Sweden. The Swedish AsatruSociety (Sveriges asatrosamfund) is a religious organization, founded in 1994, practicing old Norse paganism and Norse mythology. ... The Ã…satrufellesskapet Bifrost (Asatru fellowship Bifrost, founded 1996) is one of two Asatru organizations recognized by the Norwegian government. ... Foreningen Forn Sed is a Norwegian Germanic Neopaganism organization. ... ...

Distribution of adherents

Today, Germanic neopaganism is practiced throughout the world. Scandinavia, Germany, Britain, North America, Australia and New Zealand all have numerous Germanic neopagan organizations. Groups and practitioners also exist in Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and in Latin America, (Mexico, Brasil) and Russia. Scandinavia is a historical and geographical region centered on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe and includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

The exact number of adherents worldwide is unknown, partly because of the lack of a clear definition separating Asatru (or Odinism) from other similar religions. There are perhaps several hundred practitioners in North America, about 700 in Iceland, a thousand or so in Australia, and a few hundred in both Scandinavia and Germany, with smaller groups scattered world wide, adding to a total of a few thousand.

As of 2001, the City University of New York estimated that some 140,000 people in the USA self-identify as "Pagan" [17] (excluding Wiccan (134,000), New Age (68,000), Druid (33,000), Spiritualist (116,000) and aboriginal religions (4,000)). The total number of neopagans worldwide is estimated at roughly one million [18] [19], of which about a third each are located in the UK, the USA, and over the rest of the world.

Factions

Germanic neopagan groups are generally organized into democratic and republican forms of church government, as inspired by the parliamentary Things of the Viking era and subsequent parliamentary systems of Britain and the Scandinavian countries.[20][21] They promote individual rights and freedom of speech reminiscent of the free jarls of Norse saga.[22][23] Democracy describes a series of related forms of government. ... in particular, for the archaizing senses of republic, as a translation of politeia or res publica Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose... A thing or ting (Old Norse and Icelandic: þing; other modern Scandinavian: ting) was the governing assembly in Germanic societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by lawspeakers. ... The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-born warriors and traders of Norsemen (literally, men from the north) who originated in Scandinavia and raided the coasts of Britain, Ireland and mainland Europe as far east as the Volga River in Russia from the late 8th–11th century. ... A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... Jarl may refer to: Alternative word for the peerage dignity Earl Japan Amateur Radio League, the Amateur Radio association of Japan Jarl, a Norse title Jarl Wahlström, the 12th General of The Salvation Army Category: ... Excerpt NjÃ¥ls saga in the Möðruvallabók (AM 132 folio 13r) circia 1350. ...

Solitary practice, or practice in small circles of friends or family is common. These are often called kindreds or hearths, although often they are not formal.[24]Germanic neopagan organizations have been active since the 1970s, but most of these larger groups are loose federations and do not require committed membership comparable to a church. Consequently, there is no central authority, and associations remain in a state of fluidity as factions form and break up.[25] [26] In Ásatrú and some forms of Germanic neopaganism, a Kindred is a local worship group. ... In common historic and modern usage, a hearth (Har-th) is a brick- or stone-lined fireplace or oven used for cooking and/or heating. ... It has been suggested that Ecclesia (Church) be merged into this article or section. ...

Despite a common Norse /Germanic cosmology and belief system, adherents of Germanic neopaganism hold a wide spectrum of political beliefs. Some groups - especially in Germany and the USA - exhibit racially-oriented philosophies while in Iceland, Ásatrú has left-wing associations. Mjolnir, the hammer of Thor, is one of the major symbols of Ásatrú. This article is about the reconstruction of Norse paganism in particular. ...

In the USA, early Germanic neopagan groups such as Else Christensen's Odinist Fellowship held National Socialist philosophies, but later dropped these associations. Else Christensen (1913–2005), affectionately referred to as the Folk Mother, was a pioneering figure in the emergence of Asatru and Odinism in the Post WWII Era. ... The Odinist Fellowship was an early Germanic Pagan Reconstructivist organization, founded by Else Christensen in 1969, in Canada. ... National Socialism redirects here. ...

Mattias Gardell, reader for religious history at the University of Stockholm, categorizes Germanic neopaganism into "militant racist", "ethnic" and "nonracist" particularly in North America. In the militant racist position, Asatru is an expression of the "Aryan racial soul". The ethnic position is that of "tribalism", ethnocentric but opposed to the militant racist position. According to Gardell, the militant racist faction has grown significantly in North America during the early 2000s estimating that, as of 2005, it accounts for 40-50% of North American Odinists or Asatruar with the other two factions at close to 30% each.^[11] Mattias Gardell (born 1958) is a reader for religious history at the University of Stockholm. ... A reader might be several different things, depending on the context: there are several cities in the United States named Reader a reader is a minor member of the clergy in some Christian churches a reader is a book of different pieces of writing, often by many authors, collected for... Stockholm University Stockholm University, or Stockholms universitet, is a state university in Stockholm, Sweden. ... The Aryan race is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ...

Currently, the three largest Germanic neopagan groups in the USA specifically denounce racism and national socialism. The three largest American Ásatrú organizations have specifically denounced any association with racist groups.^[12] There is an antagonistic relationship between many neo-Nazis and the membership of most Ásatrú organizations in the USA, who view "national socialism as an unwanted totalitarian philosophy incompatible with freedom-loving Norse paganism".^[13]

In Scandinavia, Ásatrú has connections with the black metal subculture, notably Varg Vikernes who was responsible for the burning of several Christian churches in the 1980s and 1990s in Norway, in an attempt to restore Norway to its pagan roots. Black metal is a heavy metal subgenre. ... Varg Vikernes Varg Vikernes IPA: , born Kristian Vikernes on February 11, 1973, outside of Bergen, Norway, is a musician currently imprisoned for the 1993 murder of Øystein Euronymous Aarseth. ...

In Australia, most Odinists are probably socialists in the specifically Australian tradition of socialism, which includes respect for women, government mediation between labour and capital, and the right of the Australian people to determine who is allowed to land on their shores.

Ethics and beliefs

Ethics in Germanic neopaganism are guided by an elaborate concept of 'soul' and 'self’, personal ørlög or Wyrd and even luck. The belief in Wyrd - a concept of fatalism or determinism, similar to some Graeco-Roman concepts of destiny is a commonly held belief amongst most Germanic neopagans.[27][28] People's personal destinies are shaped in part by what is past, in part by what they and others are now doing, by the vows they take and contracts they enter into. Wyrd is a concept in ancient Anglo-Saxon and Nordic cultures roughly corresponding to fate. ... “Good luck” redirects here. ... It has been suggested that Theological fatalism be merged into this article or section. ... Determinism is the philosophical proposition that every event, including human cognition and behavior, decision and action, is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences. ... For other uses of Fate, see Fate Destiny refers to a predetermined course of events. ...

The Germanic neopagan community is primarily bound together by common symbological and social concepts. Personal character and virtue is emphasized: truthfulness, self-reliance, and hospitality are important moral distinctions, underpinning an especially cherished notion of honour.[29] Alexander Hamilton defending his honour by obliging to duel Aaron Burr. ...

Germanic neopaganism notably lacks any discussion of redemption, salvation, or perfection, as well as their conceptual precursors. The Germanic neopagan moral system parts ways with other religions in its' egoist foundations. Germanic neopaganism does not formalize restraint on individual behavior. For example, it is inimical to lists of wholesale injunctions against specific behaviors. For other uses of the word, see Redemption Redemption is a religious concept referring to forgiveness or absolution for past sins and protection from eternal damnation. ... In theology, salvation can mean three related things: being saved from something, such as suffering or the punishment of sin - also called deliverance; being saved for something, such as an afterlife or participating in the Reign of God - also called redemption; being saved through a process of healing or transformation... Perfection is, broadly, a state of completeness and flawlessness. ... Egoism may refer to any of the following: psychological egoism - the doctrine that holds that individuals are always motivated by self-interest ethical egoism - the ethical doctrine that holds that individuals ought to do what is in their self-interest rational egoism - the belief that it is rational to act...

Comparison of the Nine Noble Virtues of modern Germanic neopaganism, which are loosely based on the Havamal can be contrasted with the Judeo-Christian Ten Commandments. Such a comparison shows that it is not the actual behaviour (such as "thou shalt not steal") which are prescribed, but rather an emphasis on character traits, such as "truth", "self reliance" and "honour". It is left to the individual to figure out that stealing in most contexts will be in violation of such ideals. Consequently, some actions which other religions condemn wholesale, may be considered virtues by Germanic neopagans, as long as they are carried out shrewdly and in accord with personal honour, both in the eyes of the individual and the community. Individual pride is one such example. The Nine Noble Virtues are the ethical code followed by practitioners of Odinism / Asatru. ... Hávamál (The Words of the High One), (known also as The Sayings of Har, or the High Song of Odin), a work of Old Norse poetry, is a source document for the study of Norse mythology, being a set of rules for wise living (and survival) purportedly written... This 1768 parchment (612x502 mm) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Decalogue at Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue. ...

Germanic neopaganism reveres the natural environment in principle; Germanic neopaganism opposes neither technology nor its material rewards. More mystical currents of Heathenry may be critical of industrialization or modern society, but even such criticism will focus on decadence, lack of virtue or balance, rather than being a radical criticism of technology itself.^[14] See also Decadent movement Decadence refers to a personal trait and, much more commonly, to a state of society. ...

Reconstructionism

Main article: Polytheistic reconstructionism

Germanic neopaganism (as opposed to neopaganism in general) is often defined as reconstructionist. Not all adherents subscribe to the reconstructionist philosophy, but follow more new age and individualistic self-empowering concepts, rather than attempting to restore or reconstruct the ancient beliefs of the original Germanic pagans. Polytheistic reconstructionism, or simply reconstructionism, is the practice of re-establishing and practicing historical polytheistic religions in the modern world. ... Neopaganism or Neo-Paganism is any of a heterogeneous group of new religious movements, particularly those influenced by ancient, primarily pre-Christian and sometimes pre-Judaic religions. ... Polytheistic reconstructionism, or simply reconstructionism, is the practice of re-establishing and practicing historical polytheistic religions in the modern world. ... New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ...

Rites and practices

The primary deities of Germanic neopaganism are those of Anglo-Saxon religion and of Norse Mythology (see list of Norse gods). Germanic neopaganism also has a component of ancestor worship or veneration, as well as animism. In the simplest form, the gods are viewed as distant ancestors or progenitors who are honoured and revered, while in the adherent's personal practices, direct ancestors (referred to sometimes as Dis) are often praised and honoured during the rituals of sumbel and blót. Animism or land veneration is most evident in the rituals dedicated to the elves and wights.[30] Anglo-Saxon religion is the religious practices and beliefs of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes of pre-Christian England to about the 7th century AD. // Origins and History The Anglo-Saxons arrived in Britain from southern Scandinavia, the Netherlands and northern Germany. ... Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... Norse gods Divided between the Æsir and the Vanir, and sometimes including Jotun, the dividing line between these groups is less than clear. ... In its most general sense, the term Animism refers to belief in souls (anima is Latin for soul): in this sense, animism is present in nearly all religions, including religions such as Christianity that see souls as distinct from bodies and as limited to humans. ... Symbel (from Proto-Germanic *sumlan banquet, continuing *sm-lo-, i. ... The Blót was the pagan Germanic sacrifice to Norse gods and Elves. ...

Blót

Main article: Blót

Blót is the historical Norse term for sacrifice or ritual slaughter. In Germanic neopaganism, blóts are often celebrated outdoors in nature, the celebrants sometimes clad in home-made Viking Age attire. A blót may be highly formalized, but the underlying intent resembles inviting and having an honored guest or family member in for dinner. Food and drink may be offered. Most of this will be consumed by the participants, and some of the drink will be poured out onto the soil as a libation. Home-brewed mead as the "Germanic" drink par excellence is popular.[31][32] The Blót was the pagan Germanic sacrifice to Norse gods and Elves. ... The Blót was the pagan Germanic sacrifice to Norse gods and Elves. ... Marcus Aurelius and members of the Imperial family offer sacrifice in gratitude for success against Germanic tribes: contemporary bas-relief, Capitoline Museum, Rome For other uses, see Sacrifice (disambiguation). ... The Viking Age is the name of the age in Northern Europe, following the Germanic Iron Age. ... Libation scene, Greek red figure cup, c. ... Mead Mead is a fermented alcoholic beverage made of honey, water, and yeast. ...

Offerings during a blót usually involve mead or other alcohol, sometimes food, sometimes song or poetry, specially written for the occasion or for a particular deity, is delivered as an offering. The blót ritual may be based on historical example, scripted for the occasion or may be spontaneous. Certain Germanic neopagan groups, most notably the Theodish, strictly adhere to historical formulaic ritual, while other groups may use modernized variants. Usual dress for a blót is whatever suits the seasons - many blóts are outdoors, sometimes at sacred sites. Some Germanic neopagans, most notably the Theodish, wear clothing modeled on those of the Anglo-Saxon or Norse 'Viking' during ritual, while others eschew this practice. The famous parade helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to King Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625. ... The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-born warriors and traders of Norsemen (literally, men from the north) who originated in Scandinavia and raided the coasts of Britain, Ireland and mainland Europe as far east as the Volga River in Russia from the late 8th–11th century. ...

Sumbel

Main article: Symbel

Sumbel (also spelled symbel) is a Norse and Anglo-Saxon drinking rite in which an intoxicating drink (usually mead or ale) is passed around an assembled table. At each passing of the drink, participants make a short speech, usually following the pattern of "Toast-Boast-Oath", see Bragarfull. The Toast honors some mentor, revered relative, or favorite god of the participant. The Boast is an opportunity for the participant to honour himself in terms of some good work accomplished. The Oath is a promise to carry out some good work in the future. Participants are not required to say anything and may simply pass the drink along. Oaths made during Sumbel are considered binding upon the individuals making them. Another common pattern is to toast to a god or virtue, then a hero or ancestor, and the final round being either open, or else given to either a boast or an oath. [33] Symbel (from Proto-Germanic *sumlan banquet, continuing *sm-lo-, i. ... Symbel (from Proto-Germanic *sumlan banquet, continuing *sm-lo-, i. ... The bragarfull promise-cup or bragafull best cup or chieftains cup was in Norse culture a particular drinking from a cup or drinking horn on ceremonial occasions, often involving the swearing of oaths when the cup or horn was drunk by a chieftain or passed around and drunk by...

Seid

Main article: Seid

Seid and Spae are forms of "sorcery" or "witchcraft", the latter having aspects of prophecy and shamanism. Seid and spae are not common rituals, and are not engaged in by many adherents of Germanic neopaganism. Usually seid or spae rituals are modeled after the ritual detailed in the Saga of Eric the Red: a seiðkona dressed in traditional garb will sit on a high-seat or platform and prophesize in a formulaic manner as women sing or chant galdr around her. In the UK, seidr relies less on formal ritual and more informal practices of healing (Blain, 2002b), protection, and for developing links with land and ancestors. It may be related - in past and present - to alterations of consciousness and negotiations with otherworld beings. Seid (Old Norse: seiðr, sometimes anglicized as seidhr, seidh, seidr, seithr or seith) was a form of shamanism practised by pre-Christian Norse and arguably other Germanic cultures and continued in modern times by people who practice the reconstructionist beliefs of Ásatrú or heathenry. ... Seid (Old Norse: seiðr, sometimes anglicized as seidhr, seidh, seidr, seithr or seith) was a form of shamanism practised by pre-Christian Norse and arguably other Germanic cultures and continued in modern times by people who practice the reconstructionist beliefs of Ásatrú or heathenry. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Sorceress by John William Waterhouse Magic and sorcery are the influencing of events, objects, people and physical phenomena by mystical, paranormal or supernatural means. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section seems to describe future events as if they have already occurred. ... A shaman doctor of Kyzyl. ... Eiríks saga rauða or the Saga of Eric the Red is a saga on the Norse exploration of North-America. ... Galðr (plural galðrar) is the Old Norse for spell (compare Old English: gealdor or galdor, derived from which is Modern English yell). ...

The berserkergangr may be described as a sort of religious ecstasy, associated with Odin, and thus a masculine variant of the 'effeminate' ecstasy of Seid.[34] Berserkers in the kings hall, illustration by Louis Moe, 1898 Berserkers (or Berserks) were Norse warriors who fought in an uncontrollable rage or trance of fury, the berserkergang. ... For other meanings of Odin, Woden or Wotan see Odin (disambiguation), Woden (disambiguation), Wotan (disambiguation). ...

Artistic output and influence

Originally grown out of 19th century Romanticism, the Viking revival had associations with the Gothic novel and Romantic art such as the Pre-Raphaelites or the art nouveau. Also of note is the influence of Richard Wagner's "Ring Cycle." Artistic taste of adherents are often related to the High Fantasy genre based on Germanic mythology. New Age currents are another influence, although not necessarily related. These elements may blend with traditional Germanic folklore. Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. ... Early modern publications dealing with what we now call Viking culture appeared in the 16th century, e. ... Strawberry Hill, an English villa in the Gothic revival style, built by seminal Gothic writer Horace Walpole The gothic novel was a literary genre that belonged to Romanticism and began in the United Kingdom with The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole. ... The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a group of English painters, poets and critics, founded in 1848 by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt. ... Vitebsk Railway Station one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or music dramas as he later came to call them). ... The Ring of the Nibelung or, in the original German, Der Ring des Nibelungen, is a series of four epic operas. ... High fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy fiction that is set in invented or parallel worlds. ... New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Literature

• In literature, there have been several novels published by Heathens, notably Kveldulf Gundarsson (under the name Stephen Grundy), drawing on the Volsunga Saga and Nibelungenlied for inspiration.

Neofolk The Ramsund carving in Sweden depicts 1) how Sigurd is sitting naked in front of the fire preparing the dragon heart, from Fafnir, for his foster-father Regin, who is Fafnirs brother. ... The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. ...

• Neofolk music counts Germanic paganism as one of its largest and most obvious influences. Many of the instruments used are traditional and the music is largely acoustic.

Metal Neofolk is a form of folk music that emerged from European ideals and post-industrial music circles. ...

• Various artists within the Black metal, Folk metal and Viking metal genres utilize imagery derived from Germanic paganism, particularly Norse polytheism.

Black metal is a heavy metal subgenre. ... Folk metal is a diverse collection of music, encompassing a wide variety of different styles and approaches. ... Viking metal is a cross-genre reference usually used to describe the lyrical and thematic elements of bands rather than the music itself. ...

Symbolism

Popular symbols of Germanic neopaganism are the Valknut, Mjollnir, the Irminsul, Yggdrasil and various other historical Germanic symbols. Depictions of Odin and Germanic deities are also common. Runes are popular, in particular the Odal, Tyr and Algiz runes.[35][36] The Odinic Rite additionally claims the Fylfot (Swastika) as an "ancient Odinist symbol".[37] Odin with Sleipnir, Valknuts are drawn beneath the horse (Tängelgarda stone) The valknut (Old Norse valr, slain warriors + knut, knot) is a symbol consisting of three interlocked triangles. ... Mjolnir has inspired many works of art, such as this drawing. ... Detail of the bent Irminsul on the Externsteine relief. ... This illustration shows a 19th century attempt to visualize the world view of the Prose Edda. ... For other meanings of Odin, Woden or Wotan see Odin (disambiguation), Woden (disambiguation), Wotan (disambiguation). ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Týr, depicted here with both hands intact, is identified with Mars in this illustration from an 18th century Icelandic manuscript. ... Algiz is a reconstructed Proto-Germanic name for the ᛉ rune, representing Proto-Germanic final z. ... The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ... Notional arms – Argent a fylfot azure (a blue fylfot on a white shield) – exemplifying the design of the fylfot commonly shown in modern heraldry texts. ... -1...

The Black Sun is a symbol used by Irminist groups, as well as various Neonazi & occult groups. Additionally, Armanen variants of historic runes, such as the "Gibor rune" and isolated uses of the "Sig" rune indicate a Von Listian and, sometimes, a possible Third Reich influence.[38] Black Sun can refer to: Black Sun (book by Abbey) Black Sun (book by Goodrick-Clarke) Black Sun (film) Black Sun (album) Black Sun (Star Wars) The Black Sun, Cyric, a god in the Forgotten Realms setting Black Sun is a virtual nightclub in the novel Snow Crash by Neal... The Armanen runes (or Armanen Futharkh as List called them) are a row of 18 runes closely based on the Younger Futhark invented by, or according to his claim revealed to, the Austrian occult mysticist and Germanic revivalist Guido von List in 1902. ... The Armanen runes (or Armanen Futharkh as List called them) are a row of 18 runes closely based on the Younger Futhark invented by, or according to his claim revealed to, the Austrian occult mysticist and Germanic revivalist Guido von List in 1902. ... SIG can refer to: Special Interest Group. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

See also

Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... Look up pagan, heathen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... ROSIE IS A GERMN LADYGermanic paganism refers to the religion of the Germanic nations preceding Christianization. ... Norse paganism or Nordic religion is a termed used to abbreviate the religion preferably amongst the Germanic tribes living in Nordic countries under pre-Christian period that are supported by archaeology findings and early written materials. ... Neopaganism or Neo-Paganism is any of a heterogeneous group of new religious movements, particularly those influenced by ancient, primarily pre-Christian and sometimes pre-Judaic religions. ... The Baltic countries were the last part of Europe to be Christianized, and vestiges of paganism blend into a neopaganism movement that is largely independent of Western Asatru. ... Finnish neopaganism is an attempt to revive old Finnish paganism, a pre-Christian religion of Finland. ... Most Slavic neopagans follow customs of old Slavic religion and revere Slavic gods. ... Mjolnir, the hammer of Thor, is one of the major symbols of Ásatrú. This article is about the reconstruction of Norse paganism in particular. ... The odal or othala rune Odalism (from the Proto-Germanic word ôþalan which roughly means heritage,) is a Teutonic Folkish movement based on pride in ones own ancient cultural and religious traditions, rather than adopting those of outside cultures. ... The Odinic Rite (OR) is a Germanic pagan reconstructivist society whose aims are to promote all aspects of Germanic paganism, termed Odinism after the chief god of Norse mythology, Odin. ... Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa (tribal belief) is a North American variant of Germanic Neopaganism which seeks to reconstruct the beliefs and practices of several historic Northern European tribes. ... Wotanism is the name of a racial religion promulgated by David Lane. ...

Notes

References

External links

• BBC Article on heathenry written by members of the Association of Polytheist Traditions
• The English Companions - Ða Engliscan Gesiþas Historical society devoted to the study of the Anglo-Saxon period
• Nine Worlds Radio
• Northvegr the Northvegr Foundation, a non-profit educational foundation that hosts many texts relevant to Germanic paganism
• SPLC A critical report from Mattias Gardell, in an interview with the Southern Poverty Law Center
• Woden's Harrow Asatru - Norse Mythology - Art - Literature - Runes
• Woodharrow Institute Lectures on Germanic and Indo-European culture, language and literature

The Northvegr Foundation is a nonprofit educational foundation. ... The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ...

Organizations

Note: The following list is not meant to be all inclusive, but represent the large variety of extant Germanic neopagan groups. The list below, sorted geographically, includes associations with a certain amount of structure and stability.