Gheorghe Bibescu (1804-1873), was a hospodar (Prince) of Wallachia between 1843 and 1848. His rule coincided with the revolutionary tide that culminated in the 1848 Wallachian revolution. 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic origin, meaning lord. The rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia (only occasionally joined) were styled hospodars in Slavic writings from the 15th century to 1866, alongside the title of voivod. ... Below is the list of Wallachian rulers, since the first mentioned until the unification with Moldavia in 1859. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a revolutionary wave which erupted in Sicily and then, further triggered by the revolutions of 1848 in France, soon spread to the rest of Europe and as far afield as...

Early political career

The Wallachian Assembly in 1837

Born in Craiova as the first son of Dimitrie Bibescu, a member of the Bibescu boyar family, he studied Law in Paris. After his return to Wallachia, he was elected deputy in the Extraordinary Public Assembly, the legislative forum established by the Imperial Russian overseeres at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829, representing the Dolj County during the Pavel Kiseleff administration. He subsequently took on different offices, including that of secretary of state. Before his election as hospodar, he was seen as an opponent of his predecessor, Alexandru II Ghica. Image File history File links ObÅŸteasca_Adunare,_1837. ... Image File history File links ObÅŸteasca_Adunare,_1837. ... County Dolj County Status County capital Mayor Antonie Solomon, Democratic Party, since 2004 Area 81,41 km² Population (2002) 302,601 Density  inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Pages in category Bibescu family There are 8 pages in this section of this category. ... A boyar (also spelled bojar) or bolyarin was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian, Romanian and Bulgarian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the tenth through the seventeenth century. ... Equality and the balancing of interests under law is symbolised by a blindfold and weighing scales For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The National Assembly is either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... The Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 was sparked by the Greeks struggle for independence. ... Dolj is a county (judeÅ£) in the Southern Romania, in South-Western Wallachia region, in the South of Oltenia, with the capital city at Craiova (population: 314,437). ... Count Pavel D. Kiselyov (portrait by Franz Krüger, 1851). ... Alexandru II or Alexandru D. Ghica (1796 - 1862), a member of the Ghica family, was caimacam (regent) of Wallachia (4 July 1856- October 1858); between April 1834 and 7 October 1842, he was Prince of Wallachia. ...

Hospodar of Wallachia

Election

On January 1, 1843, the first (and only) elections carried out in accordance with the Organic Statute took place in Wallachia; these were carried out by a representative assembly, and had been prompted by Ghica's abuse.^[1] Of many candidates, Bibescu and his older brother, Barbu Ştirbei, were the most popular choices with Imperial Russia. Bibescu was elected hospodar, supported by both the conservative boyars and the younger liberals. One of his first gestures in office was to grant pardon to radicals who had conspired against Ghica (including Mitică Filipescu and Nicolae Bălcescu). January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The National Assembly of Wallachia in 1837 Regulamentul Organic (Romanian name, translated as Organic Statute or Organic Regulation; French: Règlement Organique, Russian: Oрганический регламент, Organichesky reglament)[1] was a quasi-constitutional organic law enforced in 1831–1832 by the Imperial Russian authorities in Moldavia and Wallachia (the two Danubian Principalities... Barbu Dimitrie Åžtirbei (1796 or 1801—1869; also written as Stirbey), and a member of the Bibescu boyar family, was a Prince of Wallachia on two occasions, in 1848-1853 and in 1854-1856. ... Conservatism is a political philosophy that usually favors traditional values and strong foreign defense. ... This article is part of or related to the Liberalism series Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Liberalism by country | Romanian political parties ... A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. ... This article gives an overview of Liberalism and Radicalism in Romania. ... In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power. ... Nicolae Bălcescu Nicolae Bălcescu (1819-1852) was a Romanian historian, writer, and revolutionary. ...

Bibescu did not change the government immediately after the election, as it was made up mostly of Ghica's political adversaries. However, his relations with the Public Assembly started to deteriorate due to disagreements on several legislative projects.

The Trandafiloff affair and dissolution of the Assembly

A soirée at the Princely Palace, 1843

In the spring of 1844, the Wallachian government approved the request of the Russian engineer Trandafiloff, to be allowed to administer the country's mines (which were subject to private ownership). Moreover, if any mine owner did not begin extracting from their mines within 18 months, the Russian company was to take over the administration of the mines for 12 years, by paying 10% of the income to the owner and 10% to the Wallachian state. Image File history File links Reception_at_Palatul_Domnesc,_1843. ... Image File history File links Reception_at_Palatul_Domnesc,_1843. ...

Bibescu approved the contract, but the Public Assembly protested against it: the deputies saw it as an intervention of the protecting power in local politics. The contract was eventually cancelled, but, caught between the Assembly's position and the Russian authorities, on March 4, 1844, Bibescu dissolved the Public Assembly with the approval of Russian Emperor Nicholas I.^[2] When elections for the body were convened in November 1846, he used several means to silence opposition, thus awarding himself a subservient legislature.^[3] A clear separation between him and Romantic nationalists occurred when he ordered the refoundation of the Saint Sava College as a French-language school — based on his view that Romanian was incompatible with modernization.^[4] March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1844 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... At different times, a ruler in Kievan Rus/Muscovy/Imperial Russia bore the title of Kniaz (translated as Duke or Prince), Velikiy Kniaz (translated as Grand Duke, Grand Prince or Great Prince), Tsar, Emperor. ... Nicholas I (Russian: Николай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich), July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796–March 2 (February 18, Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Saint Sava College was one of the earliest Academic institutions of Wallachia, Romania. ... Knowledge of French in the European Union and candidate countries Bilingual (English/French) stop sign on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. ... Modernization is closely linked to classical liberalism. ...

Two and a half years after that, Bibescu passed laws for public works and public administration. In the summer of 1844, he took a long trip through the country in order to inspect the public institutions and local authorities in the major cities. Look up Public works in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

On the eve of the Revolution of 1848

The Islaz Proclamation

In December 1846, he was advised by Kiseleff to call for new Public Assembly elections. The elections brought a new Assembly dominated by politicians loyal to the hospodar. With this legislature, Bibescu passed several important laws, such as a new law on the Eastern Orthodox clergy, one that allowed the hospodar to approve the church budget, and a law freeing all the Roma slaves who belonged to the church and to the public authorities. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1379x1037, 385 KB) Proclamaţia de la Islaz, textul original în caractere (semi-)chirilice. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1379x1037, 385 KB) Proclamaţia de la Islaz, textul original în caractere (semi-)chirilice. ... The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that views itself as the historical continuation of the original Christian community established by Jesus and the Twelve Apostles, preserving the traditions of the early church unchanged, accepting the canonicity of the first seven ecumenical councils held between the 4th and the... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... Tzigane redirects here; for the composition by Maurice Ravel, see Tzigane (Ravel). ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ...

Gheorghe Bibescu worked for better relations with Moldavia (the other Danubian Principality under Russian supervision), and, starting 1847, the two countries established a customs union, after an agreement with Mihail Sturdza, the Moldavian hospodar.^[5] This was the culmination of his attempt to remove Wallachia's traders and guilds from foreign competition (see Sudiţi), first manifested in his project to increase taxes on foreign goods.^[6] Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A customs union is a free trade area with a Common External Tariff. ... Mihail Sturdza (1795-1884) was a prince of Moldavia from 1834 to 1849. ... This is a list of rulers of Moldavia. ... A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade. ... People in Bucharest during the late 1700s The SudiÅ£i (plural of Sudit - Romanian language, from Italian suddito, meaning subject or citizen) were inhabitants of the Danubian Principalities (Wallachia and Moldavia) who, for the latter stage of the 18th and a large part of the 19th century — during and after... A tax (also known as a duty) is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ...

Bibescu also convinced the Russian government to allow him to impose some taxes on those monasteries that had been dedicated to various Orthodox centers of worship outside the Danubian Principalities' territories (the ownership issue, stringent ever since the end of the Phanariote epoch, implied that church property eluded state intervention, channelling income towards places such as Mount Athos; it was to be settled through secularization under the rule of Alexander John Cuza). Monastery of St. ... Dedication (Lat. ... An image of the extravagance attributed to Phanariotes in Wallachia: Nicholas Mavrogenes riding through Bucharest in a deer-drawn carriage (late 1780s) Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek: Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek families residing in Phanar[1] (Φανάρι, modern Fener),[2] the chief Greek quarter of... Capital Karyes Languages Koine Greek, Church Slavonic (both liturgical), as well as Modern Greek, Russian, Serbian, Georgian, Bulgarian, Romanian (civil) Head of State Greek Minister of For. ... Secularization or secularisation is a process of transformation as a society slowly migrates from close identification with the local institutions of religion to a more clearly separated relationship. ... Alexander John Cuza Alexandru Ioan Cuza (March 20, 1820, Galaţi – May 15, 1873, Heidelberg), more commonly known in English as Alexander John Cuza, was the domnitor (ruler) of the United Principalites of Romania between 1859 and 1866. ...

In the summer of 1848, the revolution broke out. Initially, Wallachian radicals had unsuccessfully attempted to attract Bibescu to their side. They then issued the Islaz Proclamation of June 9, 1848. On June 11, Gheorghe Bibescu accepted the proclamation and two days later, abdicated and left the country, leaving it to be ruled by a Provisoral Government which succumbed to Ottoman intervention in September. In 1859, Bibescu was presented as candidate to the throne by the conservatives who opposed Wallachia's union with Moldavia. The 1849 Proclamation of Islaz written in Romanian Cyrillic. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... Look up abdication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ...

He died in Paris.

Personal life

Gheorghe Bibescu was married to Zoe Brâncoveanu, the last of the Brâncoveanu family, therefore inheriting all the titles and wealth. The marriage was unsuccessful, as Zoe became mentally ill. Bibescu entered into a conflict with the Orthodox Church, as he wanted to divorce Zoe. He eventually managed to obtain the divorce in 1845 and in September of the same year, he married Maria Văcărescu, in Focşani. The CraioveÅŸti, later BrâncoveneÅŸti, were a boyar family in Wallachia who gave the country several of its Princes and held the title of Ban of Oltenia (whether of Strehaia or Craiova) for ca. ... For the record label, see Divorce Records. ... County Vrancea County Status County capital Mayor Decebal Bacinschi, Social Democratic Party, since 2004 Population (2002) 103,219 Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ...

The Brâncoveanu patrimony passed on to Zoe and Gheorghe Bibescu's son, Grégoire Bibesco-Bassaraba (the father of Anne de Noailles). Anne de Noailles, born November 1, 1876 (other sources say November 15) – died April 30, 1933, was a member of the exiled Romanian royalty and an accomplished writer. ...

Alexandru II or Alexandru D. Ghica (1796 - 1862), a member of the Ghica family, was caimacam (regent) of Wallachia (4 July 1856- October 1858); between April 1834 and 7 October 1842, he was Prince of Wallachia. ... Below is the list of Wallachian rulers, since the first mentioned until the unification with Moldavia in 1859. ... Barbu Dimitrie Åžtirbei (1796 ? - Nice, 1869) was a hospodar of Wallachia twice, between 1848-1853 and 1854-1856, member of the Bibescu boyar family. ...

Notes

References

• Keith Hitchins, Românii, 1774-1866, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1998 (translation of the English-language edition The Romanians, 1774-1866, Oxford University Press, USA, 1996)
• Nicolae Isar, "Sub semnul romantismului de la domnitorul Gheorghe Bibescu la scriitorul Simeon Marcovici", University of Bucharest, 2003, ISBN 973-575-818-0. Accessed online 8 July 2006.