Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [1]
Type	Natural
Criteria	VII, VIII
Reference	369
Region†	Europe and North America
Inscription History
Inscription	1986  (10th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

The Giant's Causeway (or Irish: Clochán na bhFómharach^[2]) is an area of about 40,000 interlocking basalt columns, the result of an ancient volcanic eruption. It is located on the north-east coast of Northern Ireland, about 3 kilometres (2 miles) north of the town of Bushmills. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986, and a National Nature Reserve in 1987 (by the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland). In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers, the Giant's Causeway was named as the fourth greatest natural wonder in the United Kingdom. The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. Most of the columns are hexagonal, although there are also some with four, five, seven and eight sides. The tallest are about 12 metres (36 ft) high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres thick in places. Giants Causeway usually refers to the Giants Causeway rock formation in Northern Ireland, but might also be Giants Causeway, New South Wales, a similar smaller formation in Australia This article consisting of geographical locations is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 678 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Giants Causeway, Co. ... As of 2006, there are a total of 830 World Heritage Sites located in 138 State Parties. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... For the cities, see Basalt, Colorado and Basalt, Idaho. ... Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska photographed from the International Space Station For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Ulster County: District: Moyle District UK Parliament: North Antrim European Parliament: Northern Ireland Dialling Code: 028, +44 28 Post Town: Bushmills Postal District(s): BT57 Population (2001) 1,319 Bushmills (in Irish: Muileann na Buaise) is a village on the north coast of County... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... National Nature Reserve is a United Kingdom government conservation designation for a nature reserve of national significance. ... An opinion poll is a survey of opinion from a particular sample. ... Current Radio Times logo Radio Times is the BBCs weekly television and radio programme listings magazine. ... This article is about the Stevie Wonder album Natural Wonder. ... For other uses, see Hexagon (disambiguation). ... This article is about the unit of length. ... FT can stand for: Fault-tolerance Fourier transform, a mathematical transform France Télécom, the main telecommunication company in France Financial Times, a business-oriented newspaper Fortean Times, a magazine devoted to the anomalous phenomena Flyertalk, a travel-related Internet forum EMD FT, a pioneering diesel locomotive built in...

The Giant's Causeway is today owned and managed by the National Trust; it is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern Ireland. The standard of the National Trust The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as The National Trust, is a British preservation organization. ...

History

Geological

Engraving of Susanna Drury's A View of the Giant's Causeway: East Prospect

During the Paleogene period, Antrim was subject to intense volcanic activity, when highly fluid molten basalt intruded through chalk beds to form an extensive lava plateau. As the lava cooled rapidly, contraction occurred. While contraction in the vertical direction reduced the flow thickness (without fracturing), horizontal contraction could only be accommodated by cracking throughout the flow. The extensive fracture network produced the distinctive columns seen today. The basalts were originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau which formed during the Paleogene period.^[3] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) period is a unit of geologic time that began 65 and ended 23 million years ago. ... For the cities, see Basalt, Colorado and Basalt, Idaho. ... Look up lava, Aa, pahoehoe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Contraction in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Rangipo Desert of the North Island Volcanic Plateau. ... The Thulean Plateau also known as the Thulean Province, was a great basaltic lava plain that existed during the Paleogene period,[1] which possibly extended over 1,800,000 km2 (700,000 sq mi) in the northern Atlantic Ocean region. ... Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) period is a unit of geologic time that began 65 and ended 23 million years ago. ...

Legend

Legend has it that the Irish giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) built the causeway to walk to Scotland to fight his Scottish counterpart Benandonner. One version of the legend tells that Fionn fell asleep before he got to Scotland. When he did not arrive, the much larger Benandonner crossed the bridge looking for him. To protect Fionn, his wife Oonagh laid a blanket over Fionn and pretended he was actually Fionn's baby son (in a variation, Fionn fled after seeing Benandonner's great bulk, and asked his wife to disguise him as the baby.) In both versions, when Benandonner saw the size of the 'infant', he assumed the alleged father, Fionn, must be gigantic indeed. Therefore, Benandonner fled home in terror, ripping up the Causeway in case he was followed by Fionn. For other uses, see Legend (disambiguation). ... Fionn mac Cumhaill (pronounced /fʲiːn̪ˠ mˠak kuwaːlʲ/ in Irish or /fɪn mɘ kuːl/ in English) (earlier Finn or Find mac Cumail or mac Umaill, later Anglicised to Finn McCool) was a mythical hunter-warrior of Irish mythology, occurring also in the mythologies of Scotland... This article is about the country. ...

Another variation is that Oonagh painted a rock shaped like a steak and gave it to Benandonner, whilst giving the baby (Fionn) a normal steak. When Benandonner saw that the baby was able to eat it so easily, he ran away, tearing up the causeway.

The "causeway" legend corresponds with geological history in as much as there are similar basalt formations (a part of the same ancient lava flow) at the site of Fingal's Cave on the isle of Staffa in Scotland. Entrance to Fingals cave, 2004 Entrance to Fingals cave, 1900 (Showing a lower tide) View from the depths of the cave with the island of Iona visible in the background, 2004 Fingals Cave is a sea-cave on the uninhabited island of Staffa, in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland... Fingals Cave around 1900 View from West to East Staffa (Norse for staff, column, or pillar island), an island of the Inner Hebrides in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. ...

Tourism

The "discovery" of the Giant's Causeway was announced to the world in 1693 by the presentation of a paper to the Royal Society from Sir Richard Bulkeley, a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, although the "discoverer" had, in fact, been the Bishop of Derry who had visited the site a year earlier. The site received international attention when Dublin artist Susanna Drury made watercolour paintings of it in 1739; they won Drury the first award presented by the Royal Dublin Society in 1740 and were engraved in 1743.^[4]In 1765 an entry on the Causeway appeared in volume 12 of the French Encyclopédie, which was informed by the engravings of Drury's work; the engraving of the "East Prospect" itself appeared in a 1768 volume of plates published for the Encyclopédie.^[5] In the caption to the plates French geologist Nicolas Desmarest suggested, for the first time in print, that such structures were volcanic in origin. For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... For other institutions named Trinity College, see Trinity College. ... For other places with similar names, see Derry (disambiguation) and Londonderry (disambiguation). ... Susanna Drury, later Susanna Warter[1] (c. ... The Royal Dublin Society (RDS) was founded in 1731 by members of the Dublin Philosophical Society in their Trinity College Dublin rooms as the Dublin Society. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Nicolas Desmarest (September 16, 1725 - September 20, 1815) was a French geologist. ...

The site first became popular with tourists during the nineteenth century, particularly after the opening of the Giant's Causeway Tramway, and only after the National Trust took over its care in the 1960s were some of the vestiges of commercialism removed. Visitors can walk over the basalt colums which are at the edge of the sea, a 1km walk from the entrance to the site. The Causeway has been without a permanent visitors' centre since 2000, when the last building burned down.^[6] Public money was at that time set aside to construct a new centre and, following an architectural competition, a proposal was accepted to build a visitors' centre largely set into the ground, thus protecting the landscape surrounding the Causeway. The Giants Causeway & Bushmills Railway operates a narrow gauge 3ft (900mm) line between Giants Causeway and the old Bushmills distillery in Northern Ireland. ...

The 2007 Controversy

In September 2007, however, a privately financed proposal for a new centre was given preliminary approval by the new Northern Ireland Environment Minister and Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) member Arlene Foster.^[7] Immediately afterwards, the public money that had been allocated to the Causeway development was frozen. The proposal resulted in an ongoing row about the relationship between the private developer Seymour Sweeney and the DUP; Mr Sweeney is a member of the DUP, although both parties deny that Mr Sweeney has ever given to the party financially.^[8] It was also alleged that Mrs Foster had overriden the advice of her civil servants in coming to her decision. This article is about the political party in Northern Ireland. ... Cllr Arlene Isabel Foster (née Kelly) (b. ...

There is also a good deal of disagreement as to whether a private developer should ever on principal be permitted to benefit from such a site as the Causeway, given both its cultural and economic importance and also given the fact that the site and its environs are largely owned by the National Trust. The Causeway is within Moyle District Council area, and the Council signalled its displeasure at the prospect of a private development; neighbouring Coleraine Borough Council also voted against the private plans and in favour of a public development project.^[9] In the most recent turn of events, Moyle Council responded to overtures by Mr Sweeney in November 2007 by handing the land on which the previous visitors' centre stood to the National Trust, thus giving the Trust complete control of both the Causeway and surrounding land. Although it would now seem highly unlikely that either Mr Sweeney's proposed development or any other private scheme can go ahead, the public funds for a Causeway scheme also remain, for the moment at any rate, in abeyance. Many countries have an organisation called The National Trust or something similar. ... Moyle District Council is a Local Council in County Antrim in the north-east corner of Northern Ireland. ... Coleraine Borough Council is a Local Council partly in County Antrim and partly in County Londonderry in Northern Ireland. ...

Similar structures

Although the basaltic columns of the Giant's Causeway are impressive, they are not unique. Basalt columns are a common volcanic feature, and they occur on many scales (faster cooling produces smaller columns). Other notable sites include Fingal's Cave in Scotland, the Garni gorge in Armenia, the Cyclopean Isles near Sicily, Devils Postpile National Monument in California, Devils Tower National Monument in Wyoming, Santa Maria Regla Basalt Prisms in Hidalgo, Mexico, the "Organ Pipes" formation on Mount Cargill in New Zealand, the giant "Rocha dos Bordões" ("Rod Rock") formation in Flores (Azores), at Gành Đá Đĩa in the Phú yên province of Vietnam^[10], and the "Columnar Cape" (Russian: Mis Stolbchaty) on Kunashir, the southernmost of the Kurile Islands in Russia. Entrance to Fingals cave, 2004 Entrance to Fingals cave, 1900 (Showing a lower tide) View from the depths of the cave with the island of Iona visible in the background, 2004 Fingals Cave is a sea-cave on the uninhabited island of Staffa, in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland... The Garni Gorge is situated 23 km east of Yerevan, Armenia, just below the village with the same name, and is carved out by where the Goght river runs through. ... The Cyclopean Isles, noted for their rows of basaltic columns piled one above another, lie off the eastern coast of Sicily, not far from Mount Etna. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... The longer fragments of basalt at the base of the cliff can be larger than a person. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Devils Tower is a monolith (more technically, an igneous intrusion) or volcanic neck located near Hulett and Sundance in Crook County, northeastern Wyoming, above the Belle Fourche River. ... Official language(s) English Capital Cheyenne Largest city Cheyenne Area  Ranked 10th  - Total 97,818 sq mi (253,348 km²)  - Width 280 miles (450 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 0. ... Hidalgo is a state in central Mexico, with an area of 20,502 km². In 2000 the state had a population of some 2,231,000 people. ... Mount Cargill and Buttars Peak seen from above North East Valley, Dunedin Mount Cargill is a 680 metre high volcanic outcrop which dominates the skyline of northern Dunedin, New Zealand. ... Flores Island (pron. ... Phu Yen (in Vietnamese Phú Yên  ) is a province in the South Central Coast of Vietnam. ... Kunashir Island (国後島:Kunashiri in Japanese, Кунашир (Kunashir) in Russian, Black Island in Ainu language), a southwestern island of the Kuril Islands, located in the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. ... The Kuril Islands The Kuril Islands (Russian: Кури́льские острова́), also known as Kurile Islands, stretch northeast from Hokkaido, Japan, to Kamchatka, separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the North Pacific Ocean. ...

Notable features, flora and fauna

Some of the structures in the area, having been subject to several million years of weathering, resemble objects, such as the Organ and Giant's Boot structures pictured here. Other features include many reddish, weathered low columns known as Giants Eyes, created by the displacement of basalt boulders; the Shepherd's Steps; the Honeycomb; the Giant's Harp; the Chimney Stacks; the Giant's Gate and the Camel's Hump. The area is a haven for sea birds such as fulmar, petrel, cormorant, shag, redshank guillemot and razorbill, while the weathered rock formations host a number of rare and unusual plants including sea spleenwort, hare's foot trefoil, vernal squill, sea fescue and frog orchid. Species (Linnaeus, 1761) (A. Smith, 1840) For other uses, see Fulmar (disambiguation). ... The petrels are seabirds in the bird order Procellariiformes. ... For other uses, see Cormorant (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Alca torda Linnaeus, 1758 The Razorbill, Alca torda, is a large alcid, 38-43 cm in length, with a 60-69 cm wingspan. ... Species Asplenium bulbiferum - mother fern Asplenium nidus - birds-nest fern Asplenium platyneuron - ebony spleenwort Asplenium rhizophyllum - walking fern Asplenium scolopendrium - harts-tongue fern Asplenium trichomanes - maidenhair spleenwort Full list of Asplenium species The genus Asplenium of ferns is one of only two genera in the family Aspleniaceae. ...

The "pipe organ". Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 271 KB) Summary Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...	A plain of columns. Giants Causeway 2003-09-10, Copyright 2003 Kaihsu Tai File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...	The Giant's Boot. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 115 KB)This is a photo that I took myself with a Canon digital camcorder. ...	Basalt columns. Close up of Giants Causeway. ...
The Chimney Stacks Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 3888 pixel, file size: 770 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...	The Causeway Coast. Image File history File links Causeway_coast. ...	A small "island" of basalt columns Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 509 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Giants Causeway User:Itub Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or...	Old postcard dated 1901 Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Appearances in popular culture

• The Causeway appears on the cover of the Led Zeppelin album Houses of the Holy designed by Hipgnosis. Its surrounding waters formed the background for the cover of The Stone Roses (album) (as part of John Squire's painting 'Bye Bye Badman').
• German dance group Scooter released a B-Side entitled "Giant's Causeway" on the 2003 single "Maria (I Like It Loud).
• On film it was used as a backdrop by Marillion for their video "Easter", and by Dave Finlay in a filmed vignette shown ahead of his WWE debut. It also features in the third film of Matthew Barney's The Cremaster Cycle, and in a regionally aired BBC Two Northern Ireland station ident.

For the bands 1969 eponymous debut album, see Led Zeppelin (album). ... Houses of the Holy is an album by English rock band Led Zeppelin released by Atlantic Records on March 28, 1973 (see 1973 in music). ... Hipgnosis was a British art design group that specialized in creating cover art for the albums of rock musicians and bands, most notably Pink Floyd, Genesis, Led Zeppelin, Def Leppard, Yes, Styx, and Black Sabbath. ... The Stone Roses is the debut album by The Stone Roses, released in March 1989. ... John Squire (born John Thomas Squire on 24th November, 1962) is an English songwriter, guitarist and artist. ... Electronic dance music (EDM) is a broad set of percussive music genres that largely inherit from 1970s disco music and, to some extent, the experimental pop music of Kraftwerk. ... Music sample: Scooter are a successful German dance band, who have sold over 12 million records and have earned 60 gold and platinum awards. ... See also: 2003 in music (UK) Musical groups established in 2003 Record labels established in 2003 // January - following an investigation by The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry and London detectives, police raids in England and the Netherlands recover nearly 500 original Beatles studio tapes, recorded during the Let It... Marillion is a British Rock group. ... David Edward Dave Finlay (born October 20, 1958) is a British/Northern Irish professional wrestler and road agent. ... World Wrestling Entertainment, or WWE, is a professional wrestling promotion, currently the largest in North America. ... Matthew Barney (born March 25, 1967 in San Francisco, California) is a contemporary artist who works with film, video, installations, sculpture, photography, drawing and performance art. ... Cremaster (films) The Cremaster Cycle is a sequence of five films by Matthew Barney, entitled Cremaster 1 to Cremaster 5. ... BBC Two Northern Ireland is a television station operated by BBC Northern Ireland. ...

See also

• Geology of the United Kingdom
• UK topics

Geological map of Great Britain. ... This is a list of topics related to the United Kingdom. ...

Notes

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Official Causeway Guide: Geology page
• Arnold, Bruce (2002). Irish Art: A Concise History. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20148-X
• Jagla, E. A., Rojo, A. G. Sequential fragmentation: the origin of columnar quasihexagonal patterns. Physical Review E, 65, 026203, (2002) (webpage)
• Philip S. Watson (2000). The Giant's Causeway. O'Brien: Printing Press. ISBN 0-86278-675-4. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Giant's Causeway

• Giant's Causeway information at the National Trust
• Official Causeway Guide
• Formation of basalt columns
• Photo Gallery from Giant's Causeway and Coastal Route

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Northern Ireland	Giant's Causeway
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Coordinates: 55°15′00″N 6°29′07″W / 55.25, -6.48528 Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...