Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is a term describing various technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second, as defined by the IEEE 802.3-2005 standard. Half-duplex gigabit links connected through hubs are allowed by the specification but in the marketplace full-duplex with switches is the norm. Ethernet is a large, diverse family of frame-based computer networking technologies that operate at many speeds for local area networks (LANs). ... A gigabit per second (Gbps or Gbit/s) is a unit of data transmission equal to 1,000 megabits per second or 1,000,000 kilobits per second or 1,000,000,000 bits per second. ... IEEE 802. ... A duplex communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions. ... A duplex communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions. ... A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments. ...

Intel Pro/1000 GT PCI network interface card

This article is about the computer bus type. ...

History

The result of research done at Xerox Corporation in the early 1970s, Ethernet has evolved into the most widely implemented physical and link layer protocol today. Fast Ethernet increased speed from 10 to 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s). Gigabit Ethernet was the next iteration, increasing the speed to 1000 Mbit/s. The initial standard for gigabit Ethernet was standardized by the IEEE in June 1998 as IEEE 802.3z. 802.3z is commonly referred to as 1000BASE-X, where -X refers to either -CX, -SX, -LX, or (non-standard) -ZX. Xerox Corporation (NYSE: XRX) is the worlds largest supplier of toner-based (dry ink) photocopier machines and associated supplies. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In computer networking, Fast Ethernet is a collective term for a number of Ethernet standards that carry traffic at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s, against the original Ethernet speed of 10 Mbit/s. ... The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-ee) is an international non-profit, professional organization incorporated in the State of New York, United States. ...

IEEE 802.3ab, ratified in 1999, defines gigabit Ethernet transmission over unshielded twisted pair (UTP) category 5, 5e, or 6 cabling and became known as 1000BASE-T. With the ratification of 802.3ab, gigabit Ethernet became a desktop technology as organizations could utilize their existing copper cabling infrastructure. Cat5 patch cable Category 5 cable, commonly known as Cat 5, is a twisted pair cable type designed for high signal integrity. ... Category 6 cable, commonly referred to as Cat 6, is a cable standard for Gigabit Ethernet and other network protocols that is backward compatible with the Category 5/5e and Category 3 cable standards. ...

Initially, gigabit Ethernet was deployed in high-capacity backbone network links (for instance, on a high-capacity campus network). In 2000, Apple's Power Mac G4 and PowerBook G4 were the first mass produced personal computers featuring the 1000BASE-T connection.^[1] It quickly became a built-in feature in many other computers. A backbone network is the part of a hierarchical network that occupies the top level of that hierarchy: it connects to nothing but itself, or nodes at lower levels in the hierarchy. ... Apple Inc. ... The Power Mac G4 (sometimes erroneously referred to as the Power Macintosh G4) was a series of personal computers made by Apple. ... The PowerBook G4 is a series of notebook computers that was manufactured, marketed, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. ...

Since that time, faster 10 gigabit Ethernet standards have become available as the IEEE ratified a fiber-based standard in 2002, and a twisted pair standard in 2006. 10 Gigabit Ethernet or 10GbE or 10 GigE is the most recent (as of 2006) and fastest of the Ethernet standards. ...

Summary

There are four different physical layer standards for gigabit Ethernet using optical fiber, twisted pair cable, or balanced copper cable. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Optical fibers An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length. ... 25 Pair Color Code Chart 10BASE-T UTP Cable Twisted pair cabling is a common form of wiring in which two conductors are wound around each other for the purposes of cancelling out electromagnetic interference known as crosstalk. ...

The IEEE 802.3z standard includes 1000BASE-SX for transmission over multi-mode fiber, 1000BASE-LX for transmission over single-mode fiber, and the nearly obsolete 1000BASE-CX for transmission over balanced copper cabling. These standards use 8B/10B encoding, which inflates the line rate by 25%, from 1000 Mbit/s to 1250 Mbit/s to ensure a DC balanced signal. The symbols are then sent using NRZ. See Single-mode optical fiber ... In telecommunication, a single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest. ... In telecommunications, 8b/10b is a line code that maps 8-bit symbols to 10-bit symbols to achieve DC-balance (see DC coefficient) and bounded disparity, and yet provide enough state changes to allow reasonable clock recovery. ... Contrast with: return-to-zero. ...

IEEE 802.3ab, which defines the widely used 1000BASE-T interface type, uses a different encoding scheme in order to keep the symbol rate as low as possible, allowing transmission over twisted pair.

Ethernet in the First Mile later added 1000BASE-LX10 and -BX10. Ethernet in the First Mile, also known as IEEE 802. ...

See Single-mode optical fiber ... In telecommunication, a single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest. ... In telecommunication, a single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest. ... In telecommunication, a single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest. ... In telecommunication, a single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest. ...

1000BASE-X

1000BASE-X is used in industry to refer to gigabit Ethernet transmission over fiber, where options include 1000BASE-SX, -LX, -BX10, or the non-standard -LH/-ZX implementations.

1000BASE-SX

1000BASE-SX is a fiber optic gigabit Ethernet standard for operation over multi-mode fiber using a 850 nanometer, near infrared (NIR) light wavelength. The standard specifies a distance capability between endpoints of 220 m over 62.5/125 µm fibre although in practice, with good quality fibre and terminations, 1000BASE-SX will usually work over significantly longer distances. Modern 50/125 µm fibres can reliably extend the signal to 500 m or more. This standard is highly popular for intra-building links in large office buildings, co-location facilities and carrier neutral internet exchanges. Typical optical power parameters of SX interface: maximum mean output power = -5 dBm; stressed receiver sensitivity = -14 dBm. Fiber Optic strands An optical fiber in American English or fibre in British English is a transparent thin fiber for transmitting light. ... A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer) is 1. ... For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wavelength (disambiguation). ... The correct title of this article is . ...

1000BASE-LX

1000BASE-LX is a fiber optic gigabit Ethernet standard which uses a long wavelength laser (See IEEE 802.3 Clause 38), with a wavelength of 1270 to 1355 nm, and a maximum RMS spectral width of 4 nm. Typically, GbE lasers will be specified as having a 1300 or 1310 nm wavelength.

1000BASE-LX is specified to work over a distance of up to 5 km over 9 µm single-mode fiber. In practice it will often operate correctly over a much greater distance. Many manufacturers will guarantee operation up to 10 or 20 km, provided that their equipment is used at both ends of the link. 1000BASE-LX can also run over multi-mode fiber with a maximum segment length of 550 m. For any link distance greater than 300 m, the use of a special launch conditioning patch cord may be required. This launches the laser at a precise offset from the center of the fiber which causes it to spread across the diameter of the fiber core, reducing the effect known as differential mode delay which occurs when the laser couples onto only a small number of available modes in multi-mode fiber.

1000BASE-ZX and 1000BASE-LH

1000BASE-ZX and 1000BASE-LH are non-standard but industry accepted terms to refer to gigabit Ethernet transmission using 1550 nm wavelength to achieve distances of at least 70 km over single-mode fiber.

1000BASE-BX10

This latest addition to the standard also includes the 1000-BASE-BX10 transmission over a single strand of fibre (which is itself single-mode fiber), with one different wavelength going in each direction. The terminals on each side of the fibre are not equal, as the one transmitting "downstream" (from the center of the network to the outside) uses the 1490 nm wavelength, and the one transmitting "upstream" uses the 1310 nm wavelength. In telecommunication, a single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest. ...

1000BASE-CX

1000BASE-CX is an initial standard for gigabit Ethernet connections over copper cabling with maximum distances of 25 meters using balanced shielded twisted pair. It is still used for specific applications where cabling is not done by general users, for instance the IBM BladeCenter uses 1000BASE-CX for the Ethernet connections between the blade servers and the switch modules. 1000BASE-T succeeded it for general copper wiring use. 25 Pair Color Code Chart 10BASE-T UTP Cable Twisted pair cabling is a common form of wiring in which two conductors are wound around each other for the purposes of cancelling out electromagnetic interference known as crosstalk. ...

1000BASE-T

1000BASE-T capable network interface card from Intel

1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ab) is a standard for gigabit Ethernet over copper wiring. It requires, at a minimum, Category 5 cable (the same as 100BASE-TX), but Category 5e ("Category 5 enhanced") and Category 6 cable may also be used and are often recommended. 1000BASE-T requires all four pairs to be present and is far less tolerant of poorly installed wiring than 100BASE-TX. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3405x2270, 4680 KB)[edit] Summary Intel PRO/1000 MT Server Adapter [edit] Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3405x2270, 4680 KB)[edit] Summary Intel PRO/1000 MT Server Adapter [edit] Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... Cat5 patch cable Category 5 cable, commonly known as Cat 5, is a twisted pair cable type designed for high signal integrity. ... 100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, providing 100 Mbit/s Ethernet. ... Category 6 cable, commonly referred to as Cat 6, is a cable standard for Gigabit Ethernet and other network protocols that is backward compatible with the Category 5/5e and Category 3 cable standards. ... 100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, providing 100 Mbit/s Ethernet. ...

Each network segment can have a maximum distance of 100 meters. Autonegotiation of speed and duplex is a requirement for using 1000BASE-T^[2] according to the standard. Several device drivers will allow you to force 1000 Mbit/s full duplex to eliminate autonegotiation issues. Autonegotiation (formerly NWay) is an Ethernet procedure for the automatic handshaking of two directly networked interfaces connected by identical parameters. ...

1000BASE-T details

In a departure from both 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T uses all four cable pairs for simultaneous transmission in both directions through the use of echo cancellation and a 5-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-5) technique. The symbol rate is identical to that of 100BASE-TX (125 Mbaud) and the noise immunity of the 5-level signaling is also identical to that of the 3-level signaling in 100BASE-TX, since 1000BASE-T uses 4-dimensional Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) to achieve a 6 dB coding gain across the 4 pairs. 10BASE-T cable 10BASE-T plug 10BASE-T is an implementation of Ethernet which allows stations to be attached via twisted pair cable. ... 100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, providing 100 Mbit/s Ethernet. ... Pulse-amplitude modulation, acronym PAM, is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. ... For the town in France, see Baud, Morbihan. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... For other uses, see Decibel (disambiguation). ...

The data is transmitted over four copper pairs, eight bits at a time. First, eight bits of data are expanded into four 3-bit symbols through a non-trivial scrambling procedure based on a linear feedback shift register; this is similar to what is done in 100BASE-T2, but uses different parameters. The 3-bit symbols are then mapped to voltage levels which vary continuously during transmission. One example mapping is as follows: This article is about the unit of information. ... A linear feedback shift register (LFSR) is a shift register whose input bit is a linear function of its previous state. ... -1...

Non-trivial DSP algorithms and processing power were involved with the introduction of PAM-5, hence its delayed introduction after 802.3z.

1000BASE-TX

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) created and promoted a version of 1000BASE-T that was simpler to implement, calling it 1000BASE-TX (TIA/EIA-854). The simplified design would, in theory, have reduced the cost of the required electronics by only using two pairs in each direction. However, the two-pair solution required Category 6 cable and has been a commercial failure, likely due to the rapidly falling cost of 1000BASE-T products combined with the Category 6 cable requirement. Many 1000BASE-T products are advertised as 1000BASE-TX due to lack of knowledge that 1000BASE-TX is actually a different standard. The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is the leading trade association for the information and communications technology (ICT) industry, with 600 member companies that manufacture or supply the products and services used in global communications across all technology platforms. ...

See also

• 10 Gigabit Ethernet
• 100 Gigabit Ethernet
• Ethernet Alliance
• GBIC
• SFP transceiver
• Jumbo Frames

10 Gigabit Ethernet or 10GbE or 10 GigE is the most recent (as of 2006) and fastest of the Ethernet standards. ... 100 gigabit Ethernet or 100GbE is an Ethernet standard presently under early development by the IEEE. The fastest existing standard is 10 gigabit Ethernet. ... The Ethernet Alliance includes component suppliers, industry experts, university and government professionals who formed a consortium to promote industry awareness, acceptance and advancement of Ethernet technology and products based on existing and emerging IEEE 802 Ethernet standards. ... A GBIC is a standard for tranceivers, commonly used with gigabit ethernet and fibre channel. ... Front view of SFP module (LC connector). ... It has been suggested that Jumbogram be merged into this article or section. ...

Footnotes

Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bibliography

• Norris, Mark, Gigabit Ethernet Technology and Applications, Artech House, 2002. ISBN 1-580-53505-4

Mark Norris is a British consultant in the field of software engineering and telecommunications, particularly noted as a prolific writer on technology subjects. ...

External links

• Get IEEE 802.3
• IEEE 802.3
• IEEE and Gigabit Ethernet Alliance Announce Formal Ratification of gigabit Ethernet Over Copper Standard - Announcement from IEEE 28 June 1999
• IEEE P802.3ab 1000BASE-T Task Force (historical information)
• IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD (ETHERNET)
• Ethernet 1000Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet) connector pinout and crossover cable schematic