Giovanni Giolitti

Prime Minister of Italy
In office
May 15, 1892 – December 15, 1893 November 3, 1903– March 12, 1905 May 29, 1906– December 11, 1909 March 30, 1911– March 21, 1914 June 15, 1920– July 4, 1921
Preceded by	Marchese di Rudinì Giuseppe Zanardelli Sidney Sonnino Luigi Luzzatti Francesco Saverio Nitti
Succeeded by	Francesco Crispi Tommaso Tittoni Sidney Sonnino Antonio Salandra Ivanoe Bonomi
Born	October 27, 1842
Died	July 17, 1928
Political party	Liberal / Italian Liberal Party Image File history File links Young_giolitti. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Italy. ... May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 58 days remaining. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (72nd in leap years). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (90th in leap years). ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (April 16, 1839 - August 7, 1908) was Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892, and again from 1896 until 1898. ... Giuseppe Zanardelli (October 29, 1826 - December 26, 1903) was an Italian jurisconsult, nationalist and political figure. ... Baron Giorgio Sidney Sonnino (March 11, 1847 - November 24, 1922) was an Italian politician. ... Luigi Luzzatti (March 11, 1841–March 29, 1927) was an Italian political figure. ... Francesco Saverio Vincenzo de Paola Nitti (Melfi, July 19, 1868 - Rome, February 20, 1953) was an Italian economist and political figure. ... Francesco Crispi (October 4, 1819 - August 12, 1901) was a 19th century Italian politician. ... Tommaso Tittoni (November 16, 1855 - February 7, 1931) was an italian diplomat, politician and knight of the Annunziata, born in Rome, where he turn back only in 1870, because his Father Vincenzo, a devoted to the Risorgimento, in 1860 was forced to flee the Papal States. ... Baron Giorgio Sidney Sonnino (March 11, 1847 - November 24, 1922) was an Italian politician. ... Antonio Salandra (Troia, Foggia province, 1853 - Rome, 1931) was a conservative Italian politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy between 1914 and 1916. ... Ivanoe Bonomi (October 18, 1873 April 20, 1951) was an Italian politician and statesman. ... October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 65 days remaining. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Italian Liberal Party (Italian: Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI) was an Italian free market liberal party. ...

Giovanni Giolitti (October 27, 1842–July 17, 1928) was an Italian statesman. He was Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 65 days remaining. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Italy. ...

Biography

Giolitti was born at Mondovì (Piedmont). After a rapid career in the financial administration he was, in 1882, appointed councillor of state and elected to the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house of Parliament). As deputy he chiefly acquired prominence by attacks on Magliani, treasury minister in the Depretis cabinet, and on 9 March 1889 was himself selected as treasury minister by Prime Minister Crispi. On the fall of the di Rudinì cabinet in May 1892, Giolitti, with the help of a court clique, succeeded to the premiership. Mondovì is a town and comune (township) of Italy, 44°23′N 7°49′E, at 559 m (1834 ft) above sea-level; it is located in the Province of Cuneo. ... Piedmont (Italian: Piemonte) is a region of northwestern Italy. ... Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati, one house of the bicameral parliamentary system, seats 630 members of which 475 are directly elected and 155 by regional proportional representation. ... A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house. ... The Parliament of Italy (Italian: Parlamento Italiano) is the national parliament of Italy. ... March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Francesco Crispi (October 4, 1819 - August 12, 1901) was a 19th century Italian politician. ... Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì (April 16, 1839 - August 7, 1908) was Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892, and again from 1896 until 1898. ...

Giolitti's first term as Prime Minister (1892-1893) was marked by misfortune and misgovernment. The building crisis and the commercial rupture with France had impaired the situation of the state banks, of which one, the Banca Romana, had been further undermined by maladministration. A bank law passed by Giolitti failed to effect an improvement. Moreover, he irritated public opinion by raising to senatorial rank the director-general of the Banca Romana, Bernardo Tanlongo, whose irregular practices had become a byword, The senate declined to admit Tanlongo, whom Giolitti, in consequence of an interpellation in parliament upon the condition of the Banca Romana, was obliged to arrest and prosecute. During the prosecution Giolitti abused his position as premier to abstract documents bearing on the case. Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ...

Simultaneously a parliamentary commission of inquiry investigated the condition of the state banks. Its report, though acquitting Giolitti of personal dishonesty, proved disastrous to his political position, and obliged him to resign. His fall left the finances of the state disorganized, the pensions fund depleted, diplomatic relations with France strained in consequence of the massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes, and Sicily and the Lunigiana in a state of revolt, which he had proved impotent to suppress. Ramparts of the Town of Aigues-Mortes, one of the Municipalities of Languedoc. ... Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian, Σικελία in Greek) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 sq. ... Lunigiana is an historical territory of Italy, which today falls within the provinces of La Spezia and Massa Carrara. ...

After his resignation Giolitti was impeached for abuse of power as minister, but the Constitutional Court quashed the impeachment by denying the competence of the ordinary tribunals to judge ministerial acts. For several years he was compelled to play a passive part, having lost all credit. But by keeping in the background and giving public opinion time to forget his past, as well as by parliamentary intrigue, he gradually regained much of his former influence. He made capital of the Socialist agitation and of the repression to which other statesmen resorted, and gave the agitators to understand that were he premier they would be allowed a free hand. Thus he gained their favour, and on the fall of the Pelloux cabinet in 1900 he became minister of the Interior in Zanardelli's administration, of which he was the real head. The Constitutional Court of Italy (Italian: Corte costituzionale della Repubblica Italiana) is the supreme court of Italy. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Luigi Pelloux (March 1, 1839 in Savoy - October 26, 1924 in Bordighera, Italy ), Italian general and politician, was born at La Roche, in Savoy, of parents who retained their Italian nationality when Savoy was annexed to France. ... Giuseppe Zanardelli (October 29, 1826 - December 26, 1903) was an Italian jurisconsult, nationalist and political figure. ...

His policy of never interfering in strikes and leaving even violent demonstrations undisturbed at first proved successful, but indiscipline and disorder grew to such a pitch that Zanardelli, already in bad health, resigned, and Giolitti succeeded him as prime minister (November 1903). But during his second tenure as Prime Minister (1903-1905) he, too, had to resort to strong measures in repressing some serious disorders in various parts of Italy, and thus he lost the favour of the Socialists. In March 1905, feeling himself no longer secure, he resigned, indicating Fortis as his successor. When Sonnino became premier in February 1906, Giolitti did not openly oppose him, but his followers did, and Sonnino was defeated in May, Giolitti becoming Prime Minister once more (1906-1909). Alessandro Fortis (September 16, 1842 - December 4, 1909) in Forlì, Papal States was an Italian politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1905 to 1906. ... Baron Giorgio Sidney Sonnino (March 11, 1847 - November 24, 1922) was an Italian politician. ...

A late picture of Giovanni Giolitti.

Giolitti returned to office as Italian Prime Minister from 1911 to 1914. During this time, he bowed to nationalist pressure and fought the controversial Italo-Turkish War which made Libya an Italian colony. He opposed Italy's entry into World War I in 1915 on the grounds that Italy was militarily unprepared. He became Prime Minister for the last time from 1920-1921 during Italy's "red years," when fear of a communist takeover led the political establishment to tolerate the rise of the fascists. Giolitti enjoyed the support of the fascist squadristi and did not try to stop their forceful takeovers of city and regional government or their violence against their political opponents. When Mussolini marched on Rome, Giolitti was on vacation in France and no longer prime minister. He supported Mussolini's government initially, sharing the widespread hope of that the fascists would become a more moderate and responsible party upon taking power, but withdrew his support in 1924. He remained in Parliament until his death in 1928. Image File history File links Old_giolitti. ... The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Italy from September 28, 1911 to October 18, 1912. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russian Empire United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Nicholas II Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Oskar Potiorek Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand I Casualties Military dead: 5,520...

Economic policies

Under Giovanni Giolitti's reign several policies of government intervention were enacted. Besides putting in place several tariffs, subsidies and government projects, he also nationalized the private phone and railroad operators. Liberal proponents of free trade criticized the "Giolittian System". Giolitti himself saw the development of the "national economy" as essential in the "production of wealth." A tariff is a tax placed on imported and/or exported goods, sometimes called a customs duty. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ...

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References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• Coppa, Frank J. Economic and Ethical Liberalism in Conflict: The extraordinary liberalism of Giovanni Giolitti (1986).

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