The Giudicati of Sardinia.

The Giudicato of Arborea is an historical region of Sardinia, in the central-west portion of the island. In the Middle Ages Arborea was the seat of one of the four self-ruling hereditary "judicatures" (giudicati) into which the island was divided: Gallura, Logudoro, Arborea, and Cagliari or Calari. Sardinia (pronounced ; Italian: Sardegna; Sardinian: Sardigna or Sardinna) in the is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily). ... Giudicati were Sardinian medieval autochtonous regions which existed from about 900 AD. Originally they were Byzantine districts that became independent during the Arab war against Byzantium. ...

History

When Arabs and Berbers became aggressive in expansion and piracy (around the 9th century), the Byzantine Empire was unable to effectively defend Sardinia, and in regions of Sardinia certain provincial judges assumed independent authority and provided for local defense. Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ...

The island became divided into four Giudicati which became four independent states, their ruling princes usually titled as Judges. Giudicati were Sardinian medieval autochtonous regions which existed from about 900 AD. Originally they were Byzantine districts that became independent during the Arab war against Byzantium. ...

The Eradicated Tree, symbol of the Giudicato of Arborea.

The first important "Judge" of Arborea was Mariano I di Zori (ruled 1060-70). Judge Orzoccorre I (Ouroco) moved 1070 the capital from Tarra to Oristano. Next judges were Torbeno, Orzoccorre II (Ouroco II), Comita I, Oron, Gonmari di Lacon, Constantin I, Comita II, and Barisone II. The last judge's of this line's widow left the principality to her own relative, Hugh of Cervera, who commenced the Cervera line of judges. Oristano is a city and a province in Sardinia, Italy. ... Oron is both a district and a commune in the canton Vaud, Switzerland. ...

Pietro I, son of Barison I became afterwards Judge. Hugo di Basso reclaimed the succession. With the treaty of Oristano (1192) Hugh and Pietro became recognized co-judges with equal rights.

Pietro II, son of Hugh I and Preciosa di Lacon, became the next sole judge. He was succeeded by his son Mariano II. In 1253 Arborea was occupied by Peter I Guglielmo of Cagliari and passed to Guglielmo de Capraia. Mariano sought help from Peter III of Aragon and recovered the city in 1264. Next judges were Constantin II and Mariano III. Hugh II (judge 1321-1336), great-grandson of Mariano II, was head of a faction which favored King James II of Aragon who had been promised the island by Pope, the official overlord of Sardinia. Peter III of Aragon (Catalan: Pere) (1239 – November 11, 1285, also Peter I of Valencia, Peter II of Barcelona), known as the Great, was the king of Aragon and Valencia and count of Barcelona from 1276 to 1285. ... Events Births September 29 - John of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (d. ... Events End of the Kemmu restoration and beginning of the Muromachi period in Japan. ... James II of Aragon James II, King of Aragon (10 August 1267 – 2 November 1327), in Spanish Jaime II, in Catalan Jaume II, also James II of Barcelona, called The Just (Catalan: El Just) was the second son of Peter III of Aragon and Constance of Sicily. ...

Judge Hugh II supported Infante Alfonso to conquer Sardinia in the campaign of 1323-1324. In 1336 Hugh II was succeeded by his son Peter III (1336-1345). His brother Mariano IV the Great (ruled from 1353), who was educated at the Aragonese court, led a victorious revolt against the invaders starting a period of splendour for the giudicato. He also conquered much of the island, with the exception of Cagliari, Alghero and Sassari (then under Brancaleone Doria), but its campaign was halted in 1375 by a plague, which killed him also. Events Canonization of Saint Thomas Aquinas Lithuania: Vilnius becomes capital August 12 - The Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and Novgorod (Russia) is signed, regulating the border for the first time Pharos of Alexandira Lighthouse (one of the Seven Wonders of the world) is destroyed by a series of earthquakes... Events Publication of Defensor pacis by Marsilius of Padua Mansa Kankan Musa I, ruler of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca. ... Events End of the Kemmu restoration and beginning of the Muromachi period in Japan. ... Events End of the Kemmu restoration and beginning of the Muromachi period in Japan. ... Events Miracle of the Host Births October 31 - King Fernando I of Portugal (died 1383) Agnès of Valois, daughter of John II of France (died 1349) Eleanor Maltravers, English noblewoman (died 1405) Deaths April 14 - Richard Aungerville, English writer and bishop (born 1287) September 16 - John IV, Duke of... Alghero (LAlguer in Catalan and SAlighèra in Sardinian), is a town of about 35,000 inhabitants (down from 54,300 inhabitants since early 20th century) in Italy. ... Sassari (in Italian and Sassarese, a Corsican dialect; either Sassari or Tathari in southern Sardinian), is a town and a province in Sardinia, Italy. ... Events October 24 - Valdemar IV of Denmark dies and is succeeded by his grandson Olaf III of Denmark. ...

Mariano was succeeded by his son Hugh III, who died without own descendants in 1383. A republic was proclaimed, but the crown was reclaimed by Eleanor, elder sister of Hugh III, who was married to Brancaleone Doria, succeeding in power in 1387. (Another sister, Beatrice, was married to the Viscount of Narbonne). Eleanor was regent on behalf of her sons Federico I and, subsequently, Mariano V. Eleanor died in 1404 and Mariano V in 1407: after the latter's death the succession descended to William III of Narbonne of Arborea, Viscount of Narbonne, grandson of Beatrice. He defended the island against the Catalan troops of the King of Aragon, but Martin the Younger vanquished them in the Battle of Sanluri (June 30, 1409). Martin's sudden death made possible a recovery and occupation of Sassari and part of Logoduro, as well as reclamation of the title of Judge of Arborea by William. However, when all the Arborean castles fell after new Catalan reinforces had arrived, Oristano, the capital of the giudicato, fell in March, 1410 without resistance. Events End of the reign of Emperor Chokei of Japan Emperor Go-Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan Births Pope Eugenius IV Deaths March 1 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (b. ... Eleanora di Arboria (c 1350 - 1404) was a Sardinian giudicessa (ruler or judge) and the islands greatest heroine. ... The Viscount of Narbonne was the secular ruler of Narbonne in the Middle Ages. ... Martin I of Sicily (c 1374— 1409), The Younger, King of Sicily ( 1390 - 1409), was the grandson of Peter IV of Aragon and nephew of John I of Aragon. ... The Battle of Sanluri was fought on June 30, 1409 between the armies of the Giudicato of Arborea (a kingdom in Sardinia) and the Catalan-Sicilian army of King Martin I of Sicily. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... Events January 1 - The Welsh surrender Harlech Castle to the English. ... March 29 - The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (also known as Tannenberg or Zalgiris). ...

Leonardo Cubello, who had claimed the title of Judge of Arborea, was compelled in Oristano by Pedro de Torrelles to renounce the title, after which he was given the marquisate of Oristano and county of Gucea. In 1420 Alfonso V of Aragon purchased for 100,000 golden florins the rights of the viscounts of Narbonne. Later, the Aragonese governor Leonardo de Alagon rebelled and was also able to beat the King's troops at Uras in 1470. However, his defeat at the Battle of Macomer (1478) put a definitive end to the independence of Arborea and Sardinia. Events May 21 - Treaty of Troyes. ... Alfonso V of Aragon (also Alfonso I of Naples) (1396 – June 27, 1458), surnamed the Magnanimous, was the King of Aragon and Naples and count of Barcelona from 1416 to 1458. ... Uras is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 60 km northwest of Cagliari and about 25 km southeast of Oristano. ... Events February 18 - George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London. ...