Giuliana Sgrena

Giuliana Sgrena (born December 20, 1948) is a well-known Italian journalist and author who works for the Italian communist newspaper Il Manifesto and the German weekly Die Zeit. While working in Iraq, she was kidnapped by insurgents on 4 February 2005. After her release on March 4, 2005, Sgrena and the two Italian intelligence officers who had helped secure her release came under fire from U.S. forces while on their way to Baghdad International Airport. Nicola Calipari, a Major General in the Italian military intelligence service was killed, and Sgrena and one other officer were wounded in the incident. The event caused an international outcry. Picture of Giuliana Sgrena This work is copyrighted. ... Picture of Giuliana Sgrena This work is copyrighted. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... A journalist is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events, trends, issues and people. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a popular movement. ... il manifesto (Italian for The Manifesto) is a left-wing Italian newspaper. ... Die Zeit (pronounced, roughly, dee tSITE) is a German nationwide weekly quality newspaper (literally translated: The Time). ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... A Polish Army soldier patrol leader debriefs his team after completing an afternoon patrol around the perimeter of Camp Babylon, Iraq The multinational force in Iraq invaded the country in March 2003 (see 2003 invasion of Iraq). ... Baghdad International Airport Inside Baghdad International Airport Baghdad International Airport (formerly Saddam International Airport) is Iraqs largest airport, located in a suburb about 10 miles west of Baghdad. ... Nicola Calipari Nicola Calipari (June 23, 1953, Reggio Calabria - March 4, 2005, Iraq) was an Italian military intelligence officer (with the rank of Major). ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... SISMI (Servizi Informazione Sicurezzais) the military intelligence agency of Italy. ...

Background and Career

Giuliana Sgrena was born and raised in Masera, Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, a town of less than 1000 people that had seen intense fighting during WWII between Italian partisans and German soldiers. Her father, Franco Sgrena, was a noted partisan during the war and later became an activist in the communist railway union. Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (It. ... Ossola is an area of Italy situated North of the Lago Maggiore. ... German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ... Partisans parading in Milan The Italian resistance movement was a partisan force during World War II. It became massive after the capitulation of the Italian Royal Army on September 8, 1943. ...

Sgrena studied in Milan where she became involved in leftist politics. She became a professed pacifist and from 1980 worked for Guerra e Pace, a weekly publication edited by Michelangelo Notarianni. MILAN 2 Type anti-tank Nationality joint France/German Era Cold War Platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle History Builder Date of design Production period Service duration Operators War service Specifications Type Diameter 0. ... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...

In 1988, she joined the communist paper Il Manifesto and, as a war correspondent, has since covered conflicts such as the Algerian Civil War, the Somalian and the Afghanistan conflict. During her travels, she reported extensively on topics from the Horn of Africa, the Maghreb and the Middle East. 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a popular movement. ... A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories first-hand from a war zone. ... The Algerian Civil War, an armed conflict between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups, began in December 1991 when the government cancelled elections after the first round results had shown that the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) party would win. ... Look up Somalia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary News AllAfrica. ... Horn of Africa from space, May 1993 The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. ... (see also North Africa, Tamazgha, Arab Maghreb Union, Mashreq) The Maghreb (or Moghreb), meaning western in Arabic, is the region of the continent of Africa north of the Sahara desert and west of the Nile - specifically, the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and to a lesser extent Libya and... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

As a campaigner for women's rights, she has been particularly concerned with the conditions of women under Islam and has written a book on the topic. Islam   listen? (Arabic: al-islām) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ...

Like many Italians, she opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. At the start of the war she went to Baghdad to cover the bombing of that city, for which work she was awarded the title Cavaliere del Lavoro on her return to Italy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq was launched by the United States and the United Kingdom on March 20, 2003, with assistance from some of the allies of the United States, making up what was described as a coalition of the willing. ...

The kidnapping

Screenshot of Giuliana Sgrena on the Iraqi video

Sgrena was kidnapped outside Baghdad University by gunmen in February 2005. In an article from March 2003 she had spoken openly about her concern for the security situation in Baghdad and her fear of being kidnapped.¹¹ Picture of Giuliana Sgrena This work is copyrighted. ... Picture of Giuliana Sgrena This work is copyrighted. ... Baghdad University is a war-torn school in Baghdad, Iraq which is currently open, but on a very sporadic basis, suffering frequent power outages and terrorist attacks. ...

On 2005 March 8 the Dutch (English language) blog Zacht Ei noted that the Dutch Center-Right Newspaper Nederlands Dagblat's veteran war reporter (Harald Doornbos) wrote¹² that a woman (in a group of three women, which included Sgrena) had told him that they were in no danger from Iraqi insurgents saying that Doornbos did not "understand the situation. We are anti-imperialists, anti-capitalists, communists, the Iraqis only kidnap American sympathizers, the enemies of the Americans have nothing to fear." 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in Leap years). ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The first use of the term weblog. ...

Conversely, anti-globalization activist Naomi Klein reported that Sgrena was "fully aware" of but willing to take "tremendous risks" in order to document the war. [[1]] Sgrena defended her decision to risk kidnapping as a necessary part of working as an unembedded reporter in a warzone. She points to her reporting on such critical incidents as the Second Battle of Fallujah, where (she argues) only unembedded reporters were able to report the level of destruction in the city and the ferocity of urban warfare, which included, she claims, the use of napalm. [[2]]

She was later shown in a video pleading that the demands of her kidnappers, the withdrawal of Italian troops from Iraq, be fulfilled. Her release was subsequently negotiated and she was freed on March 4, 2005. March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ...

The ill-fated departure

On the evening of March 4, around 20:55, the car Sgrena was riding in, along with two agents of the Sismi, the Italian Military Intelligence service, was fired upon by U.S. troops while on the way to Baghdad International Airport. Nicola Calipari, who had negotiated her release, was killed (while protecting Giuliana Sgrena with his body, according to a declaration by Sgrena herself). Giuliana Sgrena was hit, in the shoulder according to the U.S. version, but in an upper limb, according to Italian journalists.¹ SISMI (Servizi Informazione Sicurezzais) the military intelligence agency of Italy. ... Baghdad International Airport Inside Baghdad International Airport Baghdad International Airport (formerly Saddam International Airport) is Iraqs largest airport, located in a suburb about 10 miles west of Baghdad. ... Nicola Calipari Nicola Calipari (June 23, 1953, Reggio Calabria - March 4, 2005, Iraq) was an Italian military intelligence officer (with the rank of Major). ...

According to initial statements from a senior U.S. military official, the car was traveling at speeds of more than 150km/h (about 100 mph).² He said that troops manning the checkpoint also noted that car almost lost control several times before the shooting as the car hydroplaned through large puddles. In the U.S. version of events, it was only after the American troops tried to warn the occupants of the vehicle to slow down via hand gestures, flashing lights and firing warning shots, that the troops finally fired into the engine block of the vehicle in an attempt to disable it.

This version of the events contrasts markedly with a version subsequently referred to the Italian Parliament by the foreign minister Gianfranco Fini. Speaking in the Camera dei Deputati on 8 March 2005, Fini stated that there had been no roadblock, that no warning was given, that the car was travelling at 40 km/h (about 25 mph) and that Calipari (one of Italy's most experienced intelligence agents with a history of successful operations in Iraq) not only had previously made all the necessary arrangements and had obtained all the necessary clearances, but had also spoken to US and Italian authorities from his cellphone just minutes before the attack. Fini asserted that photographs taken of the car established that it was not shot at from the front (or into the engine block) as one would expect if it was approaching a checkpoint, but rather that it was shot at from the right side, with the bullets entering through that side. [3] The U.S. Army report noted that bullets had entered the car through the right side door panel, fender, and window, although they claim that this is also consistent with the scenario involing a shooting from in front of the vehicle. Fini's version of the events is also based on the testimony of a second Italian intelligence agent, who was driving the car. Gianfranco Fini (born January 3, 1952 in Bologna) is an Italian politician, currently Foreign Minister in the Government led by Silvio Berlusconi. ...

This contradicts the statements of General George Casey, commander of US forces in Iraq, who said that the Italian government had not given the US advance warning about the convoy carrying Ms Sgrena. "I personally do not have any indication of that, even on a preliminary basis," General Casey said. Giuliana Sgrena's version of the events also only mentions the contact between Calipari and the Italian authorities but says nothing about any contact with the American authorities whilst she was with him. US forces confiscated cell and satellite phones from the car's occupants in the immediate aftermath of the shooting and according to the US Army's official report, gave them back before the Itaians were taken from the scene. The official report also notes that the "both HMMWVs involved in the blocking position were moved to transport Ms. Sgrena to the Combat Support Hospital in the International Zone. Further, the scene was not deemed to be a crime scene, and efforts were made to clear the roadway." The report further conlcuded that the vehicle was shot while it was traveling towards the road block, not from a point perpendicular to the road, as Gianfranco Fini has insisted. General George Casey General George W. Casey, Jr. ...

The U.S. report cleared the soldiers of the 69th Infantry of any wrongdoing, saying the unit followed proper procedures and defending the decision by one soldier, Spc. Mario Lozano, to open fire after flashing a light and firing warning shots.[4] // Biography Resident of the Bronx [1] and Specialist in the First Battalion of the 69th Infantry Regiment, New York State National Guard and of the 3rd Infantry Division, based in Manhattan, New York. ...

The U.S. report did note that the unit involved in the incidenct had received inadequate training on how to deploy armored vehicles in blocking position before a roadblock. before leaving for Iraq, and only 10 days with another unit once it arrived. [5]

The U.S. report also indicates that the need for the traffic stop was over, because U.S. Ambassador John Negroponte already had already reached the airport (the reason for setting up the mobile roadblock in the first place.) However, because of a communications breakdown with a command unit that was on its first ever night on the job, no one informed the roadblock until to stand down. Consequently, the soldiers stayed in place almost 80 minutes, instead of the usual 15 minutes. [6]

The Italian government indicated that it could not agree with the findings released by the U.S. Army. The Italian investigators disagreed on the subjects of the speed of the car, the signalling (or lack of it) before the Americans opened fire, and the question of whether the Americans were aware of Calipari's presence and activities in Baghdad. The report also notes that the Italian investigators claim that "senior US officers who arrived on the scene of the shooting had criticised the checkpoint for being poorly illuminated, inadequately signalled and badly positioned." [7]

The Italian report also noted the fact that the soldiers who manned the checkpoint had placed no signs or traffic cones on the roadway indicating the presence of a checkpoint ahead, despite the fact that they were positioned around a nearly 90 degree bend in the road, which obscured the checkpoint from approaching cars: "No signs warning traffic of the presence of a US roadblock - one of the most basic precautionary measures. One of the most important rules was not respected by the soldiers manning the checkpoint." [8] Conversely, the U.S. Army's report downplayed the absence of signs or other indicators of the roadblock's presence, arguing that (at any rate) they were not effective at night. [9] However, the U.S. Army report indicated that the roadblock unit reportedly had no signs to deploy, since at the time of the incident their signs were still in storage - it is unclear whether these signs would have been used had they been available. [10]

Finally, The Italian report specifically accuses the U.S. forces of tampering with the crime scene, in an attempt to make a proper investigation impossible. [wire service story]

General George Casey's are backed by the statements General Mario Marioli, Italy's top military commander in Iraq. Marioli informed U.S. officials that Calipari and the other Italian officer were there, but gave no information about the specifics of Calipari 's operation. However, the Italian investigators' report, released May 2, 2005, claims that the American authorites were informed that Calipari was due to return to the Baghdad airport with a hostage on the night of the shooting. [11] The Italian report also claimed that only three seconds elapsed between the warning signals from the mobile checkpoint and the time that the soldiers opened fire. They add that despite the fact that the car was only travelling at 25-30 km/h this three-second interval did not give the driver enough time to stop the car. [12]

"The shooting was not justified by the speed of the vehicle", said Giuliana Sgrena to the Italian News agency Ansa. "Our vehicle rode a normal speed which should not have induced misunderstanding", she told Il Manifesto. "It was not a checkpoint but a patrol which fired upon us, right after having illuminated us with a projector", according to Giuliana Sgrena and a wounded Italian agent. ³ The Italian agent who was driving the car also denied that the car was traveling at an excessive speed and refused to stop at a checkpoint: "We were driving normally. It was a patrol, in an armored vehicle, which fired without warning".

This is the car used in the rescue being transported back to Italy as part of the investigation. Sgrena claimed that 300 to 400 rounds had been fired at the vehicle.

Giuliana Sgrena claimed that US soldiers and a US tank had fired on the vehicle 300 to 400 times. A fellow journalist at Il Manifesto claimed that the theory that this was murder attempt by the US forces, allegedly motivated in order to discourage further hostage-rescue attempts, could not be dismissed out of hand. Sgrena claimed that her kidnappers, just before releasing her, had warned her that the American forces would be a danger to her. The rear window appears to be blown out, confirming Sgrenas explanation that the car took fire from behind. ... The rear window appears to be blown out, confirming Sgrenas explanation that the car took fire from behind. ...

Independent reporter Naomi Klein, in an interview with Amy Goodman on Democracy Now (Friday, March 25, 2005), indicated firstly that Giuliana Sgrena's injuries were too severe for her to speak, since she still has fluid in her lungs from her gun shot injuries. Naomi Klein Naomi Klein (born 1970) is a Canadian journalist, author and activist. ...

Giuliana told Naomi that her car was not a public road, but rather a secured road reseved for officials, built by Saddam, and connecting the green zone directly to the airport. By virtue of being on that road, Giuliana indicated that she must have already passed through checkpoints to enter the green zone from whence the road emerged, and that her car was driving slowly with its lights on to make it more visible and identifiable. Naomi indicated that Giuliana believes that US soldiers with whom her car checked in may not have radioed ahead to mobile checkpoints to indicate that they were coming, but that they were moving away from the military unit that fired upon them (pointing that the driver, who sat in the front, is alive).

In the interview, Naomi Klein also reported that Giuliana also said that she was incredibly disoriented while in captivity, and that her captors didn't want independent journalists in Iraq talking to the Iraqi people.

Pier Scolari, Sgrena's life partner, stated that "Giuliana had information and the U.S. military did not want her alive."⁵ "The Americans and the Italians knew that the car was arriving." He claims that Sgrena had detailed information about the use of banned weapons during the recent operations in Falluja. Sgrena has written about alleged use of napalm in Falluja⁴. Scolari went on to speculate that they were at 700 metres from the airport, which implies that they had crossed all the checkpoints. "The whole shooting was heard live by the Presidency of the Council, who was on the phone with one of the agents. Then the U.S. military confiscated and turned off the phones", said Scolari, who was then at the Palazzo Chigi.⁵ General Casey said that Calipari’s vehicle had not gone through any prior checkpoints.

Calipari was killed while he was trying to cover Sgrena with his body. Sgrena and the second officer were wounded. Sgrena was treated by US Army medics on the scene and medivaced to a US Army field hospital shortly after the incident.⁵ US Army medics also treated the injured officer on the scene but he refused a medical evacuation for further assistance.⁶ The US military did not disclose their whereabouts later. Sgrena arrived in Rome a day after the fatal incident. City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Democratici di Sinistra) Area  - City Proper  1290 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost 4,000,000 1...

Aftermath

Harsh criticism emitted from Italian government officials:

• The Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi said, "I believe we must have an explanation for such a serious incident, for which someone must take the responsibility." He has long been an ally of George W. Bush.
• Roberto Calderoli, Italian minister of reforms, stated that several incidents had already occurred in the liberation of Giuliana Sgrena, the shooting being only the last of them. "The car absolutely had to be stopped", he said on Friday. "It wasn't chance which killed the Italian agent".
• Mirko Tremaglia, Italian undersecretary for foreign affairs, said to the Italian press agency ANSA that "The Americans must be firmly reminded to respect human and civil rules"
• Gianni Alemanno, the minister of Agriculture, said that "We want the culprits to be punished, and we demand an explanation from the Americans"; he added "We are faithful allies, but we must not let anyone think that we are subordinates"
• Carlo Giovanardi, Minister for the relations with the parliament, said that he did not believe one word of the version presented by the U.S. Army.

Leading figures of the Italian left-wing opposition and members of the right-wing rulling party alike have renewed criticism of Italy's participation in the occupation of Iraq: Silvio Berlusconi   listen? (born September 29, 1936 in Milan) is the current Prime Minister of Italy and is the leader of the Forza Italia political movement, a party which was established for his entry into politics. ... Order: 43rd President of United States Vice President: Dick Cheney Term of office: January 20, 2001 – Present (His second term will end on January 20, 2009. ...

• Romano Prodi, former President of the European Commission and now leader of Italy's opposition, stated "57 million Italians united in waiting for Giuliana Sgrena's liberation have a right to know what happened".
• Fausto Bertinotti, leader of "Communist Refoundation", said that "after the extremely grave fact of Nicola Calipari's death, pulling [Italian] troops out of Iraq is an act of public sanity"
• Piero Fassino, leader of the Democratic Party of the Left, said that "It's not fate that pulls the trigger of a machine gun"
• Raffaele Costa, member of Parliament in the ruling party, said Sunday March 6 that parliament, which is due to debate an extension to the mission on March 14, should set a clear date for withdrawal.⁷

It is easily foreseeable that this case, which has seen an unharmed hostage being released by Iraqi kidnappers and almost killed by American troops, will strengthen the already large opposition to the presence of Italian troops in Iraq. Romano Prodi (Scandiano, Reggio Emilia August 9, 1939) is an Italian politician and a former President of the European Commission. ... Fausto Bertinotti Fausto Bertinotti (born on 22 March 1940 in Milano) is a Italian politician and Member of the European Parliament for Central or Islands with the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista, part of the European Left and sits on the European Parliaments Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. ... Piero Fassino (born October 7, 1949 in Avigliana, Turin) is the current secretary of the Democrats of the Left (DS), currently the major opposition party at the Italian parliament. ...

A White House spokesman issued condolences for the tragedy and vowed an investigation. The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. ...

On the 6th of March, Giuliana Sgrena had not ruled out that she might have been deliberately targeted, a consequence of the United States' disapproval of the means of her liberation. "The fact that they do everything to prevent the adoption of this practice to save the lives of people held hostages, everybody knows that. So I don't see why I should rule out that I could have been the target", she told Sky TG24. The White House responded to this, denying that US troops would specifically target civilians, and stating that the zone is "a dangerous road, and it is a combat zone that our coalition forces are in. Often, they have to make split second decisions to protect their own security."⁸ However, the final U.S. Army report indicated that the soldier who fired the fatal shot was not in the path of the vehicle, but located to the side, and outside of the zone of personal danger. [Unredacted report] Pier Scolari said "I hope the Italian government does something because either this was an ambush, as I think, or we are dealing with imbeciles or terrorized kids who shoot at anyone"⁹

On the 8th of March, the Newspaper La Repubblica stated that the U.S. command had not been informed about the Sgrena's liberation operation. Gianfranco Fini, chief of Italian diplomacy, repeated that "it seems necessary to demand that light be made on all shadowy points" and "require and obtain that the culprits be punished". Mr Fini also underlined the differences between the Italian and US version of the gunning: "The reconstitution of the event does not entirely match the one published by US authorities" he said; "our version is different on at least two points: the speed of the car and the series of shootings which followed the stop of the car". The car "was not over 40 km/h and was illuminated from inside to facilitate control and allow phone calls to be made". "When a strong source of light, like a fannal, was turned on a few tens of meters from the car, it slowed down until it was almost stoped, and the shooting began", said Fini. He said that Nicola Calipari had made "all necessary contacts" with US authorities in Bagdad on the very day of his arrival, thus denying the information of La Repubblica. He also said that the theory of a deliberate attack against Sgrena was "totally unfounded"; he finally repeated his wish that Calipari's death would not induce "unnecessary anti-US feelings" into the Italian public opinion.¹⁰ Gianfranco Fini (born January 3, 1952 in Bologna) is an Italian politician, currently Foreign Minister in the Government led by Silvio Berlusconi. ...

Autopsies of Calipari's body show that he was struck by a single bullet in the temple.

The checkpoint — if indeed there was a checkpoint involved in the fatal shooting, since this conjecture is contested by the Italian government — was said to be manned by the U.S. 10th Mountain Division, a light infantry unit, but later revealed to be manned by a freshly deployed unit of the New York National Guard, which arrived in Iraq four months before the shooting and in Baghdad only one month before. The identity of the soldier who fired remained unknown until it was revealed by a Greek student at the University of Bologna, who recovered access to the censored portions of the report by saving the redacted pdf file as a text file. The soldier who fired the fatal bullet is apparently Spc. Mario Lozano, a New York State National Guardsman. [13] The US is not a member of the International Criminal Court. The soldier will not be tried in a non-US court if he should face a trial. However, the fact that the soldier was revealed as Mario Lozano may enable the Italian Investigating Magistrates (in Rome) to indict him. [14] Shoulder sleeve patch of the United States Army 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry). ... // Biography Resident of the Bronx [1] and Specialist in the First Battalion of the 69th Infantry Regiment, New York State National Guard and of the 3rd Infantry Division, based in Manhattan, New York. ... The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ... // Biography Resident of the Bronx [1] and Specialist in the First Battalion of the 69th Infantry Regiment, New York State National Guard and of the 3rd Infantry Division, based in Manhattan, New York. ...

The standards of US troops at checkpoints has been criticised in the past by human rights associations, and is now under scrutiny.

On April 28th, CBS News released a report based upon the Pentagon's analysis of alleged time-stamped satellite footage of the incident. By measuring the distance the car traveled at 91 yards (83 m) and the time elapsed (under three seconds), the Pentagon concluded that vehicle had to be going in excess of 60 mph (100 km/h). [15]. However, since the Pentagon has retained the alleged footage, no independent analysis of the data or conclusions has been possible. The Pentagon analysts have not spoken to any news organization besides CBS News. Additionally, the definitive report, later released by the U.S. Army did not mention any satellite images, raising questions in the Italian media about whether this footage existed. [16]. It is also unclear how satellite data could yield an estimate of a vehicle's velocity, as satellites are not thought to generate "footage", being limited by technical constraints to still photo images. [17] A satellite is an object that orbits another object (known as its primary). ... In film and video, footage is the raw, unedited material as it has been recorded by the camera, which usually must be edited to create a motion picture, video clip, television show or similar completed work. ...

References

• Note 1: “Italian journalist wounded after release in Iraq, security officer dead”, wikinews (2005 March 5)
• Note 2: “Was Italian Hostage's Car Speeding?”, American Broadcasting Company News (2005 March 8)
• Note 3: “Hostage recounts U.S. shooting”, CNN.com (2005 March 6)
• Note 4: “Napalm Raid on Falluja?”, Il Manifesto (2004 November 23)
• Note 5: “Italian Journalist Freed in Iraq Is Nearly Killed by Friendly Fire”, Worldpress.org (2005 March 8)
• Note 6: “U.S. Military Says It Tried to Warn Reporter's Car”, Reuters (2005 March 4)
• Note 7: “Italian ex-hostage suggests she may have been US target”, Yahoo! News (2005 March 6)
• Note 8: “White House: U.S. didn't target journalist”, CNN.com (2005 March 7)
• Note 9: “Ex-hostage disputes U.S. account of shooting”, CNN.com (2005 March 6)
• Note 10: “Italy disputes U.S. shooting account”, CNN.com (2005 March 8)
• Note 11: “Nur keine falsche Bewegung”, Die Zeit (2004 October 11)
• Note 12: "About Giuliana Sgrena". Zacht Ei. URL accessed on April 22, 2005.

Wikinews is a free content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... ABC News is a division of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). ... CNN.com is the news website maintained by CNN. The website debuted on August 30, 1995, and it describes itself as the first major news and information website on the Internet. ... Fallujah (Arabic: فلوجة; sometimes transliterated as Falluja and less commonly Fallouja, Falloujah, Faloojah, Faloojeh) is a city of about 350,000 inhabitants in the Iraqi province of Al Anbar, located roughly 69km (43 miles) west of Baghdad on the Euphrates. ... il manifesto (Italian for The Manifesto) is a left-wing Italian newspaper. ... Reuters Group plc (pronounced IPA: ) is a company supplying global financial markets and news media with a range of information products and transactional solutions, including real-time and historical market data, research and analytics, financial trading platforms, investment data and analytics plus news in text, video, graphics and photographs. ... ... CNN.com is the news website maintained by CNN. The website debuted on August 30, 1995, and it describes itself as the first major news and information website on the Internet. ... CNN.com is the news website maintained by CNN. The website debuted on August 30, 1995, and it describes itself as the first major news and information website on the Internet. ... CNN.com is the news website maintained by CNN. The website debuted on August 30, 1995, and it describes itself as the first major news and information website on the Internet. ... Die Zeit (pronounced, roughly, dee tSITE) is a German nationwide weekly quality newspaper (literally translated: The Time). ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ...

External links

• prerelease speculations (onlinejournal February 12, 2005)
• prerelease speculations (libertyforum February 14, 2005)
• Italian Hostage, Released in Iraq, Is Shot and Wounded by G.I.'s (NY Times March 5, 2005, registration needed)
• Giuliana Sgrena's photo (il manifesto)
• Giuliana Sgrena profile (BBC)
• CNN Guardian Giuliana Sgrena's statement after her release
• Jeremy Scahill, AlterNet, 28 March 2005, "No Checkpoint, No Self-Defense"
• CBS 60 Minutes Interview, April 13, 2005, "Italian Journalist: U.S. Lied"
• Interview with Giuliana Sgrena Democracy Now!, 27 April 2005, "Giuliana Sgrena Blasts U.S. Cover Up, Calls for U.S. and Italy to Leave Iraq"
• US military report on the incident including uncovered redacted portions