? Gladiolus
Gladiolus dalenii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Iridaceae Subfamily: Ixioideae Tribe: Ixieae Genus: Gladiolus
Species
About 260, see text Gladiolus delenii Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : USGS - Photo by Forest & Kim Starr Images are copyright free. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Adiantum pedatum (a fern... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms) are a major group of land plants. ... Orders Base Monocots: Acorus Alismatales Asparagales Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales Family Petrosaviaceae Commelinids: Arecales Commelinales Poales Zingiberales Family Dasypogonaceae Monocotyledons or monocots are a group of flowering plants usually ranked as a class and once called the Monocotyledoneae. ... Families according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Agapanthus Agavaceae Alliaceae Amaryllidaceae Aphyllanthaceae Asparagaceae Asphodelaceae Asteliaceae Blandfordiaceae Boryaceae Doryanthaceae Hemerocallidaceae Hyacinthaceae Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae Ixioliriaceae Lanariaceae Laxmanniaceae Orchidaceae Ruscaceae Tecophilaeaceae Themidaceae Xanthorrhoea Xeronema Asparagales is an order of monocots which includes a number of families of non-woody plants. ... Genera Many, see text Iridaceae is a family of plants in Order Asparagales, taking its name from the Irises. ...

Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword), sometimes called the sword lily, is a genus of flowering plants, iris family (Iridaceae). Latin is an Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object named, intimacy, or endearment. ... Swiss longsword, 15th or 16th century A sword (from Old English sweord; akin to Old High German swerd, lit. ... In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of living organisms having one or more related and morphologically similar species. ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms) are a major group of land plants. ... Genera Many, see text Iridaceae is a family of plants in Order Asparagales, taking its name from the Irises. ...

The genus Gladiolus contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to sub-Saharan Africa, mostly South Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of Gladiolus endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The species vary from very small to the spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce. A satellite composite image of Africa showing the ecological break between North and Sub-Saharan regions Sub-Saharan Africa, Africa south of the Sahara, is the term used to describe those countries of Africa that are not part of North Africa or some areas of West Africa. ...

These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate climates. They grow from rounded, symmetrical corms, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics. A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant (usually one of the monocots) that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation). ...

Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section. In common parlance, a stem is any elongated, usually narrow, extension or supporting structure of an object. ... In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ...

The fragrant flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery, green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex. Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive structure of those plants classified as angiosperms (flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ... Toothed bracts on Rhinanthus minor In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, from the axil of which a flower or flower stalk arises; or a bract may be any leaf associated with an inflorescence. ... Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ... A petal is one member or part of the corolla of a flower. ... Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen. ... The perianth is the outer envelope of a flower. ...

The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules, containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds. Human female internal reproductive anatomy Ovaries are a part of a female organism that produces eggs. ... The word capsule (from the Latin capsula, a small box), has many similar meanings in English: In botany, a capsule is a type of dry fruit as in the poppy, iris, foxglove, etc. ... A seed is the ripened ovule of gymnosperm or angiosperm plants. ...

These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.

The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthrophorine bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and sphingid moths, long-tongued flies and several others.

Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Large Yellow Underwing. A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... Super Families Butterflies Hesperioidea Papilionoidea Moths Micropterigoidea Heterobathmioidea Eriocranioidea Acanthopteroctetoidea Lophocoronoidea Neopseustoidea Mnesarchaeoidea Hepialoidea Nepticuloidea Incurvarioidea Palaephatoidea Tischeriodea Simaethistoidea Tineoidea Gracillarioidea Yponomeutoidea Gelechioidea Zygaenoidea Sesioidea Cossoidea Tortricoidea Choreutoida Urodoidea Galacticoidea Schreckensteinioidea Epermenioidea Pterophoroidea Aluctoidea Immoidea Axioidea Hyblaeoidea Thyridoidea Whalleyanoidea Pyraloidea Mimallonoidea Lasiocampoidea Geometroidea Drepanoidea Bombycoidea Calliduloidae Hedyloidea Noctuoidea Families About... Binomial name Noctua pronuba Linnaeus, 1758 The Large Yellow Underwing (Noctua pronuba) is a moth, the type species for the family Noctuidae. ...

They make very good cut flowers. However, due to their height, the cultivated forms frequently tend to fall over in the wind if left on the plant. Wind is the quasi-horizontal movement of air (as opposed to an air current) caused by Howard Sterns asshole. ...

Gladioli (the plural form of the word) have been extensively hybridized and a wide range of ornamental flower colours are available from the many varieties. The main hybrid groups are obtained by crossing between four or five species, followed by selection: Grandiflorus, Primulines and Nanus. In biology, hybrid has three meanings. ...

The stage character Dame Edna Everage, has adopted the gladiolus as her trademark flower; the flowers often appear in her publicity photos and stage appearances.
Broadway Poster of Dame Edna Dame Edna Everage is a character played by Barry Humphries. ...

Growing the Gladioli
Seasonal
Location	Full sun, not in wind
Plant	Autumn (Fall) - early Winter
Flowers	Late summer - Spring
Notes	Plant some bulbs every 2 weeks to get a constant (w.r.t time) coverage

ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 225 KB) Gladioli bulbs Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...

Species

The genus Gladiolus has been divided in several sections. Where possible, the sections have been indicated. Most species, however, are only tentatively placed.

• Gladiolus abbreviatus Andrews
• Gladiolus acuminatus F. Bol.
• Gladiolus aequinoctialis Herb.
• Gladiolus alatus L. (sect. Hebea)
• Gladiolus aleppicus Boiss. var. aleppicus
• Gladiolus anatolicus
• Gladiolus andringitrae Goldblatt
• Gladiolus angustus L. (sect. Blandus) : Long-tubed Painted Lady
• Gladiolus antandroyi Goldblatt
• Gladiolus antholyzoides Baker
• Gladiolus appendiculatus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus aquamontanus Goldblatt & Vlok
• Gladiolus arcuatus Klatt
• Gladiolus atropurpureus Baker
• Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss.
• Gladiolus aurantiacus Klatt
• Gladiolus aureus Baker : Golden Gladiolus
• Gladiolus bellus C. H. Wright
• Gladiolus benguellensis Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
• Gladiolus bilineatus G. J. Lewis
• Gladiolus boehmii Vaupel (1882)
• Gladiolus bojeri (Baker) Goldblatt
• Gladiolus brachylimbus Baker (1893)
• Gladiolus brachyphyllus F. Bolus or Bolus f.
• Gladiolus brevifolius Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius)
• Gladiolus brevitubus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus buckerveldii (L. Bolus) Goldblatt
• Gladiolus bullatus Thunb. ex G. Lewis : Caledon Bluebell
• Gladiolus caeruleus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus calcaratus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus calcicola Goldblatt
• Gladiolus callianthus Mosais : Abyssinian Gladiolus

Gladiolus cardinalis
from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1790

• Gladiolus canaliculatus Goldblatt
• Gladiolus candidus (Rendle) Goldblatt
• Gladiolus cardinalis Curtis (sect. Blandus)
• Gladiolus carinatus Aiton
• Gladiolus carmineus C. H. Wright (sect. Blandus) : Cliff Lily
• Gladiolus carneus (sect. Blandus) : Large Painted Lady
• Gladiolus caryophyllaceus (Burm. f.) Poiret
• Gladiolus cataractarum Oberm.
• Gladiolus caucasicus Herb.
• Gladiolus ceresianus L. Bolus
• Gladiolus citrinus Klatt
• Gladiolus x colvillei : Colville's Gladiolus
• Gladiolus communis L. (sect. Gladiolus) : Cornflag (type species)
  • Gladiolus communis subsp. byzantinus (sect. Gladiolus)
  • Gladiolus communis subsp. communis (sect. Gladiolus)
• Gladiolus conrathii Baker (1898)
• Gladiolus crassifolius Baker
• Gladiolus crispulatus L. Bolus
• Gladiolus cruentus T. Moore (sect. Ophiolyza)
• Gladiolus curtifolius Marais
• Gladiolus cuspidatus
• Gladiolus cylindraceus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus cymbarius Baker
• Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel (sect. Ophiolyza)
• Gladiolus debilis Ker Gawler (sect. Homoglossum) : Small Painted Lady

Waved-flowered Gladiolus (Gladiolus undulatus)
from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1801

• Gladiolus decaryi Goldblatt
• Gladiolus decipiens Vaupel
• Gladiolus decoratus Baker
• Gladiolus densiflorus Baker
• Gladiolus deserticolus Goldblatt
• Gladiolus dolomiticus Oberm.
• Gladiolus dracocephalus Hook.f.
• Gladiolus dregei Klatt
• Gladiolus dubius
• Gladiolus dzavakheticus
• Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm.
• Gladiolus edulis Burchell ex Ker Gawler
• Gladiolus elliotii Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
• Gladiolus emiliae L. Bolus
• Gladiolus engysiphon G. Lewis
• Gladiolus equitans Thunb. (sect. Hebea)
• Gladiolus erectiflorus Baker
• Gladiolus exiguus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus flanaganii Baker : : Suicide Gladiolus
• Gladiolus floribundus Jacq.
• Gladiolus fourcadei (L. Bolus) Goldblatt & De Vos
• Gladiolus ×gandavensis (sect. Ophiolyza) [= G. dalenii × G. oppositiflorus]
• Gladiolus garnierii Klatt
• Gladiolus geardii L. Bolus
• Gladiolus goetzii Harms
• Gladiolus gracilis Jacq. (sect. Homoglossum) : Reed Bells
• Gladiolus gracillimus Baker
• Gladiolus grandiflorus (sect. Blandus)
• Gladiolus gregarius Welw. ex Baker (sect. Densiflorus)
• Gladiolus griseus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus gueinzii Kunze
• Gladiolus guthriei F. Bol. (sect. Linearifolius)
• Gladiolus halophilus
• Gladiolus harmsianus Vaupel

• Gladiolus heterolobus Vaupel
• Gladiolus hirsutus Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius) : Small Pink Afrikaner
• Gladiolus hollandii L. Bolus
• Gladiolus horombensis Goldblatt
• Gladiolus huillensis (Welw. ex Baker) Goldblatt
• Gladiolus hyalinus Jacq.
• Gladiolus illyricus W.D.J.Koch
• Gladiolus imbricatus
• Gladiolus inandensis Baker
• Gladiolus incospicuus Baker
• Gladiolus inflatus Thunb.
• Gladiolus inflexus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus insolens Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus intonsus Goldblatt
• Gladiolus invenustus G. J. Lewis
• Gladiolus involutus (sect. Hebea)
• Gladiolus iroensis (A. Chev.) Marais
• Gladiolus italicus P. Mill. (sect. Gladiolus) : Italian Gladiolus
• Gladiolus johnstoni Baker (s. d.)
• Gladiolus jonquilliodorus Ecklon ex G. Lewis
• Gladiolus junodi Baker
• Gladiolus kamiesbergensis G. Lewis
• Gladiolus karendensis Baker
• Gladiolus katubensis De Wild.
• Gladiolus klattianus Hutch.
• Gladiolus kotschyanus Boiss.
• Gladiolus kubangensis Harms
• Gladiolus lapeirousioides Goldblatt
• Gladiolus laxiflorus Baker
• Gladiolus lemoinei
• Gladiolus leptosiphon Bolus f.
• Gladiolus liliaceus Houtt. (sect. Homoglossum)
• Gladiolus linearifolius Vaupel
• Gladiolus linearis N.E.Br.
• Gladiolus longanus Harms
• Gladiolus longicollis Baker (sect. Homoglossum)
  • Gladiolus longicollis subsp. longicollis (sect. Homoglossum)
  • Gladiolus longicollis subsp. platypetalus (sect. Homoglossum)
• Gladiolus loteniensis Hilliard & Burtt
• Gladiolus louiseae L. Bolus
• Gladiolus lundaensis Goldblatt
• Gladiolus luteus Lam.
• Gladiolus lyalinus
• Gladiolus macneilii Oberm.
• Gladiolus macowani Baker
• Gladiolus macowanii Baker (s. d.)
• Gladiolus macrospathus Goldblatt
• Gladiolus maculatus Sweet
• Gladiolus magnificus (Harms) Goldblatt
• Gladiolus malangensis Baker (1879)
• Gladiolus malvinus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus marlothii G. Lewis
• Gladiolus martleyi L. Bolus (sect. Homoglossum)
• Gladiolus meliusculus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus melleri Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
• Gladiolus micranthus Baker (1901)
• Gladiolus microcarpus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus microsiphon Baker
• Gladiolus milleri Ker Gawler
• Gladiolus mirus Vaupel
• Gladiolus monticola G. Lewis ex Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus mortonius (sect. Densiflorus)
• Gladiolus mostertiae L. Bolus
• Gladiolus muenzneri F. Vaup
• Gladiolus murielae (sect. Acidanthera)
• Gladiolus natalensis (Eckl.) Hook.
• Gladiolus nerineoides G. Lewis
• Gladiolus newii Baker
• Gladiolus nigromontanus Goldblatt
• Gladiolus niveus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus nyasicus Goldblatt
• Gladiolus oatesii Rolfe
• Gladiolus ochroleucus Baker (sect. Densiflorus)
• Gladiolus odoratus L. Bolus
• Gladiolus oliganthus Baker
• Gladiolus oppositiflorus Herbert (sect. Ophiolyza)
• Gladiolus orchidiflorus Andrews (sect. Hebea)
• Gladiolus oreocharis Schltr.
• Gladiolus pallidus Baker
• Gladiolus paludosus Baker
• Gladiolus palustris : Marsh Gladiolus
• Gladiolus papilio Hook. f. (sect. Densiflorus)  : Goldblotch Gladiolus
• Gladiolus pappei Baker (sect. Blandus)
• Gladiolus pardalinus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus parvulus Schltr.
• Gladiolus patersoniae F. Bolus or Bolus f.
• Gladiolus pavonia Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus permeabilis Delaroche (sect. Hebea)
• Gladiolus perrieri Goldblatt
• Gladiolus persicus Boiss.
• Gladiolus pillansii G. Lewis
• Gladiolus pole-evansii Verd.
• Gladiolus praecostatus
• Gladiolus praelongitubus G. J. Lewis
• Gladiolus pretoriensis Kuntze
• Gladiolus priorii (N. E. Br.) Goldblatt & De Vos
• Gladiolus prismatosiphon Schltr.
• Gladiolus pritzelii Diels
• Gladiolus psittacinus
• Gladiolus psittacinus Hook.
• Gladiolus puberulus Vaupel
• Gladiolus pubigerus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus pulchellus Klatt
• Gladiolus pulcherrimus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus punctulatus Schrank
• Gladiolus pusillus
• Gladiolus quadrangularis (Burm. f.) Ker Gawler
• Gladiolus quadrangulus (Delaroche) Barnard
• Gladiolus ramosus
• Gladiolus recurvus (sect. Homoglossum)
• Gladiolus rehmannii Baker
• Gladiolus remotifolius Baker
• Gladiolus rigidifolius Baker
• Gladiolus robertsoniae F. Bolus or Bolus f.
• Gladiolus rogersii Baker
• Gladiolus roseovenosus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus rubellus Goldblatt
• Gladiolus rudis Lichtst. ex Roem. & Schult.
• Gladiolus rupicola F. Vaupel
• Gladiolus saccatus (Klatt) Goldblatt & M.P. de Vos
• Gladiolus salteri G. Lewis
• Gladiolus saundersii Hook. f. : Saunders' Gladiolus, Lesotho Lily
• Gladiolus schlechteri Baker
• Gladiolus schweinfurthii Baker
• Gladiolus scullyi Baker
• Gladiolus serapiiflorus Goldblatt
• Gladiolus serenjensis Goldblatt
• Gladiolus sericeovillosus Hook. f.
• Gladiolus serpenticola Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus somalensis
• Gladiolus speciosus Thunb.
• Gladiolus spectabilis Baker (s. d.)
• Gladiolus splendens ((Sweet)) Herbert
• Gladiolus stefaniae Oberm.
• Gladiolus stellatus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus subcaeruleus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus sufflavus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
• Gladiolus sulcatus Goldblatt
• Gladiolus taubertianus Schltr.
• Gladiolus tenellus Ecklon
• Gladiolus tenuis
• Gladiolus teretifolius Goldblatt & De Vos
• Gladiolus trichonemifolius (sect. Homoglossum)
• Gladiolus tristis (sect. Homoglossum)
  • Gladiolus tristis var. concolor (Salisb.) Baker : Ever-flowering Gladiolus
• Gladiolus tritoniaeformis
• Gladiolus tritoniiformis Kuntze
• Gladiolus uitenhagensis Goldblatt & Vlok
• Gladiolus undulatus L. (sect. Blandus) : Waved-flowered Gladiolus
• Gladiolus unguiculatus Baker
• Gladiolus usambarensis Marais ex Goldblatt
• Gladiolus uysiae L. Bolus ex G. Lewis
• Gladiolus vaginatus F. Bolus or Bolus f. (sect. Homoglossum)
• Gladiolus validissimus Vaupel
• Gladiolus vandermerwei (L. Bolus) Goldblatt & De Vos
• Gladiolus varius F. Bolus or Bolus f.
• Gladiolus velutinus De Wild.
• Gladiolus venustus G. Lewis (sect. Hebea)
• Gladiolus vernus Oberm.
• Gladiolus vinoso-maculatus Kies
• Gladiolus violaceo-lineatus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus virescens Thunb. (sect. Hebea)
• Gladiolus viridiflorus G. Lewis
• Gladiolus viridis Aiton
• Gladiolus watermeyeri (sect. Hebea)
• Gladiolus watsonioides Baker
• Gladiolus watsonius Thunb. (sect. Homoglossum)
• Gladiolus woodii Baker
• Gladiolus zimbabweensis Goldblatt

Download high resolution version (904x1474, 89 KB)Gladiolus cardinalis Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : Text and images in this presentation are not copyrighted, and may be used with attribution to the National Agricultural Library, ARS, USDA. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev... Download high resolution version (904x1474, 89 KB)Gladiolus cardinalis Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : Text and images in this presentation are not copyrighted, and may be used with attribution to the National Agricultural Library, ARS, USDA. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev... Download high resolution version (349x683, 47 KB)Waved-flowered Gladiolus (Gladiolus undulatus) Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : Text and images in this presentation are not copyrighted, and may be used with attribution to the National Agricultural Library, ARS, USDA. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this... Download high resolution version (349x683, 47 KB)Waved-flowered Gladiolus (Gladiolus undulatus) Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : Text and images in this presentation are not copyrighted, and may be used with attribution to the National Agricultural Library, ARS, USDA. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this... Gladiolus - habit Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : USGS - Photo by Forest & Kim Starr Images are copyright free. ... Gladiolus - habit Downloaded from : [[1]] Credits : USGS - Photo by Forest & Kim Starr Images are copyright free. ...

Cultivation

In temperate zones, the corms should be lifted in autumn and stored over winter in a frost-free place, and replanted in spring. Plants are propagated either from small cormlets produced as offsets by the parent corms, or from seed; in either case, they take several years to get to flowering size. In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... Autumn (often referred to as fall in North America) is one of the four temperate seasons, the transition from summer into winter. ... In many parts of the world, winter is associated with snow. ... team chaos was ere we owned this website so fuk u. ... Spring is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ... Plant propagation is the process of artificially or naturally propagating (distributing or spreading) plants. ... A seed is the ripened ovule of gymnosperm or angiosperm plants. ...

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Gladiolus

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

External link

• Taxonomy of Gladiolus in GBIF Biodiversity Data Portal

Reference

• Peter Goldblatt (1996)- A monograph of the genus Gladiolus in tropical Africa (83 species) (Timber Press)
• Peter Goldblatt, J.C. Manning (1998)- Gladiolus in southern Africa : Systematics, Biology, and Evolution, including 144 watercolor paintings; (Fernwood Press, Cape Town)