A Global Title (GT) is an address used in the SCCP protocol for routing signaling messages on telecommunications networks. In theory, a global title is a unique address which refers to only one destination, though in practice destinations can change over time. Look up address in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Address may refer to: Address (geography), a code and abstract concept expressing a location on the earths surface Japanese addressing system A speech Style (manner of address), honorifics In communications, the coded representation of the source or destination of a message... Signaling Connection and Control Part, from ITU-T recommendation Q.713, is the routing protocol for Signalling System 7 networks. ... BlackBerry 7100t Telecommunications is the communication of information over a distance. ...

Overview

The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN as an host name is on the internet. However, in design, global titles are quite different. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, and is not necessarily a wholly numeric value -- though it often is for issues of backwards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers. The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the concatenation of the worlds public circuit-switched telephone networks, in much the same way that the Internet is the concatenation of the worlds public IP-based packet-switched networks. ... A hostname (occasionally also, a sitename) is the unique name by which a computer is known on a network. ... In technology (especially computing), backward compatibility has several related but differing meanings: A system is backward compatible if it is compatible with earlier versions of itself, or sometimes other earlier systems, particularly systems it intends to supplant. ... A telephone number is a string of decimal digits that uniquely indicates the network termination point. ...

Structure of the global title value

The structure of a global title is officially defined in the SCCP standard (Q.713), and further extended in the supporting numbering plan standards. The value of a global title is comprised of a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize: A numbering plan is a type of numbering scheme used in telecommunications. ...

Global Title Format

A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available formats are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.

Numbering Plan Indicator

The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used for the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in determining the correct network system to direct the message. A numbering plan is a type of numbering scheme used in telecommunications. ... A numbering plan is a type of numbering scheme used in telecommunications. ...

Type of Number

The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which is of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the scope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. including the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without country code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an area code). (The latter two are equivalent to site local and link local type partial addresses in IPv6.) This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The scope of a given activity or subject is the area or range that it covers. ... A telephone numbering plan is a system that allows subscribers to make and receive telephone calls across long distances. ... Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer standard used by electronic devices to exchange data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...

Translation Type

The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferred method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, this parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing problems, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumstances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution. World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... IMSI IMSI is an acronym for International Mobile Subscriber Identity. ... Number portability is the practice of allowing customers to transfer their telephone numbers from one telephone operator (PSTN, mobile, IP-based or other) to another. ...

Global title translation

Global title translation is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and deciding how to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result address, and global title modification. Signalling System #7 is a set of protocols defined by ITU-T, specifically in the Q.7* set of documents, used to set up telephone calls. ... The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...

It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. This means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may be a to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which variant of SS7 over IP is being used. SSN is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings: Social Security Number, used by Social Security (United States). ... MTP is an acronym with several meanings: Message Transfer Part in the SS7 signalling system Media Transfer Protocol, a Microsoft protocol for transferring images, music etc. ... SIGTRAN is the name given to an IETF working group that produced specifications for a family of protocols that provide reliable datagram service and user layer adaptations for SS7 and ISDN protocols. ...

Global Title Analysis

Global Title Analysis together with Global Title The situation in this case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the global title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, instead of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible set of values.

The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient analysis to any depth which is chosen.

In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities vary from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into the analysis table.

The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP network, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP. MTP is an acronym with several meanings: Message Transfer Part in the SS7 signalling system Media Transfer Protocol, a Microsoft protocol for transferring images, music etc. ...

Routing Structure

The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber identity number, though even that may divided into sections. This structure allows for the use of hierarchical routing. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... E.214 is a numbering plan used for delivering mobility management related messages in GSM networks. ...

• international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other countries
• the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP gateways handle each network
• the SCCP gateway of each network knows the networks own internal structure

In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the destination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. However, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.

Global Title Modification

In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Title will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility management messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routing of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.212 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used. Motorola T2288 mobile phone A mobile phone is a portable electronic device which behaves as a normal telephone whilst being able to move over a wide area (compare cordless phone which acts as a telephone only within a limited range). ... IMSI IMSI is an acronym for International Mobile Subscriber Identity. ... E.214 is a numbering plan used for delivering mobility management related messages in GSM networks. ...

At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signalling Transfer Point at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from European networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 numbers into E.214 numbers.

Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks

In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this subscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the HLR, or in this case, the AUC). Network Switching Subsystem is the component of a GSM system that carries out switching functions and manages the communications between mobile phones and the Public Switched Telephone Network. ... The GSM Core network is the heart of a GSM system, the most common mobile phone system in the world. ...

Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't know which HLR is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be routed on the subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party address in the message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1 (North America) or somewhere else. IMSI IMSI is an acronym for International Mobile Subscriber Identity. ...

Hybrid Number Routing (Except North America)

Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converted to an E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 number, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means that the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced administrative overhead in maintaining the tables. IMSI IMSI is an acronym for International Mobile Subscriber Identity. ...

Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its own country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In networks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure and that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to the right element. Number portability is the practice of allowing customers to transfer their telephone numbers from one telephone operator (PSTN, mobile, IP-based or other) to another. ...

IMSI Routing (North America)

In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this case, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages must be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobile country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.214 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fact that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean adding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never been needed before. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit standards organization that produces industrial standards in the United States. ... Skinny Client Control Protocol, a VoIP terminal control protocol defined by Cisco Systems, Inc. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

this section could do with some detailed expansion by a North American experienced in configuration of SCCP signalling in World Area 1.

• translation type in use !!!
• number format (TT only?)

Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary

Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world or from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done from E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is reasonably simple, well defined and fully reversible. The conversion is not totally simple since each individual network must be listed. IMSI IMSI is an acronym for International Mobile Subscriber Identity. ... E.214 is a numbering plan used for delivering mobility management related messages in GSM networks. ...

Please note, that recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separately. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). This means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once (which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendors).

Examples

Outbound from America:

• NPI=E.212: 24801 xxxxxxxxxx (248 = Bulgaria MCC + 01 = MobilTel MNC) ->
• NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)

Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as with E.164 numbers have a maximum length of 15 digits. This is a list of Mobile Country Codes (MCCs) defined in ITU E.212 (Land Mobile Numbering Plan) for use in identifying mobile stations in wireless telephone networks, particularly GSM. The MCC is part of the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number, which uniquely identifies a particular subscriber, and is...

Inbound toward America:

• NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
• NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)

Motto: E pluribus unum (1789 to present) (Latin: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government • President • Vice President Federal republic George W... Motto: E pluribus unum (1789 to present) (Latin: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government • President • Vice President Federal republic George W... This is a list of Mobile Country Codes (MCCs) defined in ITU E.212 (Land Mobile Numbering Plan) for use in identifying mobile stations in wireless telephone networks, particularly GSM. The MCC is part of the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number, which uniquely identifies a particular subscriber, and is... Cingular Wireless is the largest United States mobile phone company, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. ...

External links

• CISCO guide to configuring GT analysis
• SS7 architecture discussion