Globalization, the flow of information, goods, capital and people across political and geographic boundaries, has also helped to spread some of the deadliest infectious diseases known to humans.^[1] The spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has only increased through history. In the current era of globalization the world is more interdependent than at any other time. Efficient and inexpensive transportation has left few places inaccessible, and increased global trade in agricultural products has brought more and more people into contact with animal diseases that have subsequently jumped species barriers.^[2] A KFC franchise in Kuwait. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...

It is believed that globalization began during the Age of Exploration. An increase in travel also helped spread diseases to natives of land who had not previously been exposed. When a native population is infected with a new disease, where no antibodies have been developed, the disease tends to run rampant within the population. For the computer wargame, Age of Discovery, see Global Diplomacy. ... The term indigenous people has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Etiology, the modern branch of science that deals with the causes of infectious disease, recognizes five major modes of disease transmission: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne, by direct contact, and through vector (insects or other creatures that carry germs from one species to another).^[3] As humans began traveling over seas and across lands which were previously isolated research suggests that diseases have been spread by all four transmission modes. This article is about the medical term. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ... In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera...

Travel patterns and globalization

The Age of Exploration generally refers to the period between the 15th and 17th centuries. During this time technological advances in shipbuilding and navigation made it easier for nations to explore outside previous boundaries. Globalization has had many benefits, for example, new products to Europeans were discovered such as tea, silk and sugar when Europeans developed new trade routes around Africa to India and the Spice Islands, Asia, and eventually running into the Americas. In addition to trading in goods, many nations began to trade in slavery. Trading in slaves helped to introduce new diseases to new locations. During this time, different societies began to integrate, increasing the concentration of humans and animals in one place, and led to the emergence of new diseases. For the computer wargame, Age of Discovery, see Global Diplomacy. ... Men from Francisco de Orellanas expedition building a small brigantine, the San Pedro, to be used in the search for food Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. ... The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. ... For other uses, see Tea (disambiguation). ... For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ... A trade route is a commonly used path of travel for those (e. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Spice Islands most commonly refers to the Maluku Islands (formerly the Moluccas), which lie on the equator, between Sulawesi (Celebes) and New Guinea in what is now Indonesia. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... Slave redirects here. ... A society is a group of people living or working together. ... Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... The word Animals when used alone has several possible meanings in the English language. ...

During this time sorcerers and witch doctors treatment of disease was often focused on magic and religion, and healing the entire body and soul, rather than focusing on a few symptoms like modern medicine. Early medicine often included the use of herbs, and meditation, and sometimes even trephining^[4] Severe diseases were often thought of as supernatural or magical. As a result, the destruction of the native peoples are more attributable to germs than to gunpowder. Over a period of four centuries, epidemic diseases wiped out as much as 90 percent of the American indigenous populations.^[3] A sorcerer or sorceress ( Old French sorcier, fem. ... A witch doctor (in southern Africa known as a Sangoma) often refers to exotic healers that believe that maladies are caused by magic and are therefore best cured by it, as opposed to science or developed medicine. ... Not to be confused with Magic (illusion). ... For other uses, see Body (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Soul (disambiguation). ... NLM (National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and healthcare professionals) Virtual Hospital (digital health sciences library by the University of Iowa) Online Medical Dictionary Collection of links to free medical resources Wikicities has a wiki about medicine: Medicine Categories: Medicine | Health ... This article is about the plants used in cooking and medicine. ... For other senses of this word, see Meditation (disambiguation). ... 18th century French illustration of trepanation (Larger Version) Trepanation, also known as trephinning or trepanning, is a form of surgery where a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, leaving the membrane around the brain intact. ... Look up Supernatural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about disease-causing organisms. ...

In Europe during the age of exploration, diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis had been around for centuries and people had developed antibodies to these and other diseases. When the Europeans traveled to new lands they carried these diseases with them. When these diseases were introduced for the first time to new populations of humans the effects on the native populations were widespread and deadly. The Columbian Exchange, referring to Christopher Columbus's first contact with the native peoples of the Caribbean, began the trade of animals, and plants, and unwittingly began an exchange of diseases.^[3] Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or TuBerculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... These pages contain the trends of millennia and centuries. ... Inca-era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples, such as quinua and potatoes, alongside wheat, a European import. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator and colonialist who is one of the first Europeans to discover the Americas, after the Vikings. ... “West Indian” redirects here. ...

Humans began to recognize the fact that germs and microbes exist in the 1800’s. Although, many scientists had ideas about germs through history, it wasn’t until Louis Pasteur spread his theory about germs, and the need for washing hands and sanitation (particularly in medical practice) that anyone listened. Many people were quite skeptical, but on May 22, 1881 Pasteur persuasively demonstrated the validity of his germ theory of disease with the first successful vaccination. The anthrax vaccine was administered to 25 sheep while another 25 was used as a control. On May 31, 1881 all of the sheep were exposed to anthrax. While all of the sheep it the control group died, all of the vaccinated sheep remained alive.^[5] Pasteur’s experiment would become a milestone in disease prevention. His findings, in conjunction with other vaccines that followed, changed the way globalization affected the world. A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ... Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in microbiology. ... The germ theory of disease states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms, and that microorganisms grow by reproduction, rather than being spontaneously generated. ... E. Coli bacteria under magnification Sanitation is the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste, as well as the policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures. ... A vial of the vaccine against influenza. ... Species See text. ... From Latin ex- + -periri (akin to periculum attempt). ...

Effects of globalization on disease in the modern world

Modern modes of transportation allow more people and products to travel around the world at a faster pace, they also open the airways to the transcontinental movement of infectious disease vectors.^[6] One example of this occurring is West Nile Virus. It is believed that this disease reached the United States via “mosquitoes that crossed the ocean by riding in airplane wheel wells and arrived in New York City in 1999.”^[6] With the use of air travel, people are able to go to foreign lands, contract a disease and not have any symptoms of illness until they get home, having exposed others to the disease along the way. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... West Nile virus (WNV) is a virus of the family Flaviviridae; part of the Japanese encephalitis (JE) antigenic complex of viruses, it is found in both tropical and temperate regions. ...

As medicine has progressed, many vaccines and cures have been developed for some of the worst diseases (plague, syphilis, typhus, cholera, malaria) the world has encountered. However, because the evolution of disease organisms is very rapid, even with vaccines we have difficulty providing full immunity to many diseases, and finding vaccines at all for some diseases remains extremely difficult. Without vaccines our global world remains vulnerable to infectious diseases. This article is about evolution in biology. ... In biology and ecology, an organism (in Greek organon = instrument) is a living being. ... Immunity is a medical term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. ...

Specific diseases

Plague

Bubonic plague is a variant of the deadly flea borne disease plague, which is caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis, that devastated human population beginning in the 14th century. Bubonic plague is primarily spread by fleas who lived on the common black rat. A human would become infected after being bitten by an infected flea. The first sign of an infection of bubonic plague is swelling of the lymph nodes, and the formation of buboes. These buboes would first appear in the groin or armpit area, and would oftentimes ooze pus or blood. Eventually infected individuals would become covered with dark splotches caused by bleeding under the skin. The symptoms would be accompanied by a high fever, and within four to seven days an infected more than half the victims would die.^[7] During the 14th and 15th century, humans did not know that a bacteria was the cause of plague, and efforts to slow the spread were futile. The bubonic plague or bubonic fever is the best-known variant of the deadly infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis. ... For other uses, see Flea (disambiguation). ... Binomial name (Lehmann & Neumann, 1896) van Loghem 1944 Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bipolar-staining (giving it a safety pin appearance) bacillus bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. ... Genera see text The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of bacteria, including many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. ... Binomial name (Lehmann & Neumann, 1896) van Loghem 1944 Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bipolar-staining (giving it a safety pin appearance) bacillus bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Binomial name Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) Black Rat range The Black Rat (Rattus rattus), also known as the Asian black rat, Ship Rat, Roof Rat or House Rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the genus Rattus (Old World rodents) and the subfamily Murinae (murine rodents). ... Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ... For other uses, see Bubo (disambiguation). ... Pus is a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

The first recorded outbreak of plague occurred in China in the 1330s, a time when China was engaged in substanial trade with western Asia and Europe. The plague struck Europe in October of 1347. It was thought to have been brought into Europe through the port of Messina, Sicily, by a fleet of Genoese trading ships from Kaffa, a seaport on the Crimean peninsula.^[7] When the ship left port in Kaffa, many of the inhabitants of the town were dying, and the crew was in a hurry to leave. By the time the fleet reached Messina, all the crew were either dead or dying; and the rats they were carrying had slipped unnoticed to the shore.^[7] Messina, Italy Strait of Messina, Italy. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... Kaffa is the name of several geographical locations: Crimean city of Kaffa or Caffa is currently known as Feodosiya; The Kingdom of Kaffa; The former province of Kaffa in Ethiopia This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukrainian transliteration: Avtonomna Respublika Krym, Ukrainian: Автономна Республіка Крим, Russian: Автономная Ре&#1089...

Within Europe, the plague struck port cities first, then followed both sea and land trade routes. It raged through Italy into France and the British Isles, and was carried over the Alps into Switzerland, and eastward into Hungary and Russia.^[7] For a time during the 14th and 15th centuries the plague would recede, but every ten to twenty years it would return. Later epidemics however, were never as widespread as earlier outbreaks. This article describes the archipelago in north-Western Europe. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... An epidemic is generally a widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population. ...

Plague has never died out, and from 1896-1918 the Plague swept through India taking the lives of over 12.5 million people. Between 1906 and 1914 the Plague Research Commission was created, and published supplements to the Journal of Hygiene^[8]

Measles

Measles is a highly contagious airborne virus that is spread by contact with infected oral and nasal fluids. When a person with measles coughs or sneezes they release microscopic particles into the air. During the 4-12 day incubation period an infected individual will show no symptoms, but as the disease progresses the following symptoms will appear; runny nose, cough, red eyes, extremely high fever and a rash. This article is about biological infectious particles. ... Incubation period, also called the latent period or latency period, is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, or chemical or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. ...

Measles is an endemic disease, meaning that it has been continually present in a community, and many people develop resistance. In populations that have not been exposed to measles, exposure to a new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of the natives who had previously survived smallpox. Two years later was responsible for the deaths of half the population of Honduras, had ravaged Mexico,Central America, and the Inca civilization.^[7] In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people) in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ...

Historically, measles was very prevalent throughout the world, as it is highly contagious. According to the National Immunization Program, 90% of people were infected with measles by age 15. Until the vaccine was developed in 1963, measles was considered to be deadlier than smallpox.^[9] Vaccination reduced the number of reported by 98%, and major epidemics have predominantly occurred in unvaccinated populations, particularly nonwhite Hispanic and African American children under 5 years old.^[10] In 2000 a group of experts determined that measles was no longer epidemic in the United States, and the majority of cases that occur there are in people immigrating forn other countries. Hispanic flag, not widely used. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Typhus

Typhus is caused by rickettsia, which is transmitted to humans through lice. The main vector for typhus is the rat flea. Flea bites and infected flea feces in the respiratory tract are the two most common methods of transmission. In area where rats are not common, typhus may also be transmitted through cat and opossum fleas.^[11] The incubation period of typhus is 7-14 days. The symptoms start with a fever, then headache, rash and eventually stupor. Spontaneous recovery occurs in 80-90% of victims. Species Rickettsia felis Rickettsia prowazekii Rickettsia rickettsii Rickettsia typhi Rickettsia conorii Rickettsia africae etc. ... Suborders Anoplura (sucking lice) Rhyncophthirina Ischnocera (avian lice) Amblycera (chewing lice) Lice (singular: louse) (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3000 species of wingless parasitic insects. ... In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. ... For the unrelated disease caused by Salmonella typhi, see Typhoid fever. ... Binomial name Xenopsylla cheopsis The rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis) feeds from rodents, and is the most common cause for infection of the bubonic plague. ... Binomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Felis lybica invalid junior synonym The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... This article or section should be merged with Virginia_opossum The word opossum (usually pronounced without the leading O, or with only a very slight schwa) refers either to the Virginia Opossum in particular, or more generally to any of the other marsupials of magnorder Ameridelphia. ... Incubation period, also called the latent period or latency period, is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, or chemical or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... A rash is a change in skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...

The first outbreak of typhus was recorded in 1489, when it is believed that troops from the Balkans, hired by the Spanish army brought it to Spain with them.^[3] By 1490 Typhus traveled from the eastern Mediterranean into Spain and Italy and by 1494 it had swept across Europe. More soldiers were killed from 1500-1914 by typhus than from all military action during that time combined. Finally, during World War I, preventative delousing measures were instituted, and the disease began to decline.^[12] The creation of antibiotics has allowed disease to be controlled within two days of taking a 200 mg dose of tetracycline. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Suborders Anoplura (sucking lice) Rhyncophthirina Ischnocera (avian lice) Amblycera (chewing lice) Lice (singular: louse), also known as fly babies, (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3,000 species of wingless phthiraptra. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... Tetracycline (INN) (IPA: ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. ...

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that causes open sores, delirium and rotting skin, and is characterized by genital ulcers. Syphilis can also do damage to the nervous system, brain and heart. The disease can also be transmitted from mother to child. A sexually transmitted infection (STI) is an illness caused by an infectious pathogen that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of sexual contact, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. ... This article is about the mental state and medical condition. ... An ulcer (from Latin ulcus) is an open sore of the skin, eyes or mucous membrane, often caused by an initial abrasion and generally maintained by an inflammation and/or an infection. ...

The origins of syphilis are unknown, and some historians argue that it descended from a twenty-thousand-year-old African zoonosis. Other historians place its emergence in the New World, arguing that the crews of Columbus’s ships first brought the disease to Europe.^[3] The first recorded case of syphilis occurred in Naples in 1495, after King Charles VIII of France besieged the city of Naples, Italy. The soldiers, and the prostitutes who followed their camps, came from all corners of Europe. When they went home, they took the disease with them.^[3] Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum. ... Zoonosis (pronounced ) is any infectious disease that may be transmitted from other animals, both wild and domestic, to humans or from humans to animals (the latter is sometimes called reverse zoonosis). ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Naples (disambiguation). ... Charles VIII the Affable (French: Charles VIII lAffable) (June 30, 1470 – April 7, 1498) was King of France from 1483 to his death. ...

Smallpox

Smallpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the Variola virus. There are four variations of smallpox; variola major, variola minor, haemorrhagic, and malignant, with the most common being variola major and variola minor. Symptoms of the disease including hemorrhaging, blindness, back ache, vomiting, generally occur shortly after the 12-17 day incubation period. The virus then begins to attack skin cells, and eventually leads to an eruption of pimples that cover the whole body. As the disease progresses the pimples will fill up with puss or merge together. This merging results in a sheet that can detach the bottom layer from the top layer of skin. The disease is easily transmitted through airborne pathways (coughing, sneezing, and breathing) as well as through contaminated bedding, clothing or other fabrics, Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article is about the visual condition. ... Vomiting (also throwing up or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. ... Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ... A pimple is a type of skin lesion caused by inflamed and/or obstructed pores. ...

It is believed that smallpox first emerged over 3000 years ago, probably in India or Egypt, and has caused several devastating epidemics throughout the world (25). In epidemiology, an epidemic (from [[Latin language] epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during...

Smallpox was a common disease in the 15th century, and was spread by explorers and invaders. After Columbus landed on the island of Hispaniola, during his second voyage in 1493, local people started to die of a virulent infection. Before the smallpox epidemic started more than one million people had lived on the island; after only ten thousand had survived.^[3] (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... See also explorations, sea explorers, astronaut, conquistador, travelogue, the History of Science and Technology and Biography. ... Early map of Hispaniola The island of Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of Cuba to the west, and Puerto Rico to the east. ... Virulence is a term used to refer to either the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...

During the 16th century a smallpox epidemic was brought to the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan by Spanish soldiers.^[13] (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... The Aztecs is a term used for certain Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican peoples of Mexico. ... Tenochtitlan, looking east. ...

In 1617, Smallpox reached Massachusetts and came with earlier explorers, probably by way of Nova Scotia, Canada.”^[3] By 1638 smallpox had reached Boston, Massachusetts, in 1721 an outbreak caused the city to be abandoned, the fleeing residents spread the disease throughout the thirteen colonies. Smallpox would go on to cause six separate outbreaks in the United States through 1968. Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit(Latin) One defends and the other conquers Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English, Canadian Gaelic Government - Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis - Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 11 - Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867... “Boston” redirects here. ... // Events Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos April 4 - Robert Walpole becomes the first prime minister of Britain September 10 - Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War November 2 - Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias... In 1775, the British claimed authority over the red and pink areas on this map and Spain ruled the orange. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The smallpox vaccine was developed in 1798 by Edward Jenner. By 1979 the disease had been completely eradicated, with no new outbreaks. The WHO stopped providing vaccinations and by 1986, vaccination was no longer available or necessary to anyone in the world except in the event of future outbreak. Currently the smallpox virus exists only in laboratories (25). Smallpox vaccine being administered. ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Portrait of Edward Jenner Edward Jenner, FRS, (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English country doctor who studied nature and his natural surroundings from childhood and practiced medicine in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... Look up who in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is in need of attention. ...

Leprosy

Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s Disease, is caused by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Symptoms often include irritation or erosion of the skin, and affects on the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. The most common sign of leprosy are pale reddish spots on the skin that lack sensation. For the malady found in the Hebrew Bible, see the article Tzaraath. ... Species Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Bacillus coagulans Bacillus globigii Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus natto Bacillus subtilis Bacillus sphaericus Bacillus thuringiensis etc. ... Binomial name Mycobacterium leprae Hansen, 1874 Mycobacterium leprae, also known as Hansen’s bacillus, is the bacterium that causes leprosy (Hansens disease). ... Medicine In medicine, a persistent and lasting condition is said to be chronic (from Greek chronos). ... The peripheral nervous system or PNS, is part of the nervous system, and consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside the central nervous system--to serve the limbs and organs, for example. ...

Leprosy probably originated in India, more than four thousand years ago. It was prevalent in ancient societies in China, Egypt and India, and was distributed throughout the world by various groups, including Roman Legionnaires, Crusaders, Spanish conquistadors, Asian seafarers, European colonists, and Arab, African, and American slave traders. Some historians believe that Alexander the Great's troops brought leprosy from India to Europe during the 3rd century BC.^[14] With the help of the crusaders and other travelers, leprosy reached epidemic proportions by the 13th century. The Roman Legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus — to collect) is a term that can apply both as a transliteration of legio (conscription or army) to the entire Roman army and also, more narrowly (and more commonly), to the heavy infantry that was the basic military unit of... The Crusaders (formerly the Canterbury Crusaders) are a New Zealand Rugby Union team based in Christchurch, New Zealand that competes in the Super 14 (formerly the Super 12). ... A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ... An artist impression of Seafarers. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... In epidemiology, an epidemic (from [[Latin language] epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...

Once detected, leprosy can be cured using multi-drug therapy (MDT), composed of two or three antibiotics, depending on the type of leprosy. In 1991 the World Health Assembly began an attempt to eliminate leprosy. By 2005 116 of 122 countries were reported to be leprosy free.^[15]

Malaria

On Nov. 6, 1880 Alphonse Laveran discovered that malaria (then called "Marsh Fever") was a protozoan parasite, and that mosquitoes carry and transmit malaria.^[16] Malaria is a protozoan infectious disease that is generally transmitted to humans by mosquitoes between dusk and dawn. The European variety, known as "vivax" after the Plasmodium vivax parasite, causes a relatively mild, yet chronically aggravating disease. The west African variety called caused by the sporozoan parasite, Plasmodium falciparum and results in a severely debilitating and deadly disease. Laveran won a Nobel Prize in 1907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (June 18, 1845 _ May 18, 1922) (sometimes spelled Alfons or Alfonse) was a French physician who, in 1880, discovered that the cause of malaria is a protozoan, the first time that protozoa were shown to be a cause... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... Protozoa (in Greek protos = first and zoon = animal) are single-celled creatures with nuclei that show some characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ... Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... Binomial name Plasmodium vivax Grassi & Feletti 1890 The parasite Plasmodium vivax is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of benign, but recurring (tertian), malaria. ... Classes & subclasses Class Conoidasida    Gregarinasina    Coccidiasina Class Aconoidasida    Haemosporasina    Piroplasmasina The Apicomplexa are a large group of protozoa, characterized by the presence of an apical complex at some point in their life-cycle. ... Binomial name Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897 Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. ...

In 1492, Malaria was a disease endemic to Europe and Western Africa. Plasmodium falciparum became a real threat to colonialists and indigenous people alike when it was introduced into the Americas along with the slave trade.^[12] Currently parts of the third world are more affected by Malaria than the rest of the world, and many inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa are affected by recurring attacks of malaria throughout their lives.^[17] In many areas of Africa there is limited running water and instead wells and cisterns are used, there are plenty of sites for breeding and spread of the disease. This is not a surprise since mosquitoes use areas of standing water like marshes, wetlands, and water drums to breed. Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Indigenous peoples are: Peoples living in an area prior to colonization by a state Peoples living in an area within a nation-state, prior to the formation of a nation-state, but who do not identify with the dominant nation. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... A water tap In most developed nations water is piped to homes, and is available on tap. ... // Getting water out of a cistern A cistern (Middle English cisterne, from Latin cisterna, from cista, box, from Greek kistê, basket) is a receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. ... Water stagnation occurs when water stops flowing. ... This article is about marsh, a type of wetland. ... A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ...

Tuberculosis

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is generally spread when an infected person coughs and another person inhales the bacteria. Once inhaled TB frequently grows in the lungs, but can spread to any part of the body. Although it is very easy to spread TB, in most cases the human body is able to fend off the bacteria. However, TB can remain dormant in the body for years, and become active unexpectedly. If and when the disease does become active in the body, it can multiply rapidly, causing the person to develop many symptoms including cough (sometimes with blood), night sweats, fever, chest pains, loss of appetite and loss of weight. This disease can occur in both adults and children and is especially common among those with weak or undeveloped immune systems. Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or TuBerculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... Binomial name Mycobacterium tuberculosis Zopf 1883 Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes most cases of tuberculosis[1]. It was first described on March 24, 1882 by Robert Koch, who subsequently received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for this discovery in 1905. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ... Towering over the city of Naples, Vesuvius is dormant but certainly not extinct .A dormant volcano is one which is not currently erupting, but is believed to still be capable of erupting. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ...

Tuberculosis (TB) has been one of history’s greatest killers, taking the lives of over 3 million people annually and is often called the white plague. According to the WHO approximately fifty percent of people infected with TB live in Asia. It is also the most prevalent, life threatening infections among AIDS patients and has increased in areas where HIV seroprevalence is high.^[18] For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ... Seroprevalence is the number of persons in a population who test positive for a specific disease based on serology (blood serum) specimens; often presented as a percent of the total specimens tested or as a rate per 100,000 persons tested. ...

Air travel and the other methods of travel which have made global interaction easier, have helped increase the spread of TB across different societies. Luckily the BCG vaccine was developed which prevents TB meningitis and miliary TB in childhood, however the vaccine does not provide substantial protect against the more violent forms of TB found among adults. Most forms of TB can be treated with antibiotics to kill the bacteria. The two antibiotics most commonly used are rifampicin and isoniazid.^[18] A Silk Air Airbus A320-200 in the air. ... An apparatus (4-5 cm length, with nine short needles) used for BCG vaccination in Japan. ... Miliary tuberculosis (or miliary TB) is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny size of the lesions (1-5 mm). ... Rifampicin (INN) (IPA: ) or rifampin (USAN) is a bacteriocidal antibiotic drug of the rifamycin group. ... Isoniazid (also called isonicotinyl hydrazine or isonicotinic acid hydrazide); abbreviated INH or just H. Isoniazid is a first-line antituberculous medication used in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. ...

HIV/AIDS

AIDS/HIV is among the newest and deadliest diseases. According to the World Health Organization it is currently unknown where the HIV virus originated, and is believed that it may have been isolated within many groups throughout the world. It is believed that HIV arose from another, less harmful virus, that mutated and became more virulent. The first two AIDS/HIV cases were detected in 1981, and as of 2004, an estimated 1,039,000 to 1,185,000 persons in the United States were living with HIV/AIDS,^[19] and an estimated 39.5 million people worldwide are living with HIV”.^[20] The WHO also reports that there has been a 50% increase in HIV infected people since 2004 and despite global efforts, awareness and prevention programs don’t seem to be reducing the numbers of new HIV cases in many parts of the world. The biggest problem with prevention programs is that they are difficult to maintain and, as a result, the protective measures usually do not last long after the program stops.^[20] HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system. ... “WHO” redirects here. ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ... This article is about biological infectious particles. ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ...

See also

• Chagas disease
• Infectious disease
• Globalization
• Public health
• Transmission (medicine)

This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ... A KFC franchise in Kuwait. ... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ... In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group. ...

References