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Part of a series on Gnosticism

History of Gnosticism Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Image File history File links Simple_crossed_circle. ... The History of Gnosticism is subject to a great deal of debate and interpretation. ...

Persian Gnosticism Mandaeism Manichaeism Mandaeism or Mandaeanism (Mandaic: mandaiuta) is a blanket term for the religion of the Mandaeans (Classical Mandaic mandaiia, Neo-Mandaic Mandeyānā) who are the followers of Mendā d-Heyyi (Mandaic manda Knowledge of Life). Mandaeism is a monotheistic religion practiced primarily in southern Iraq and the Iranian province of... Manichean priests, writing at their desk, with panel inscription in Sogdian. ...

Syrian-Egyptic Gnosticism Sethians Thomasines Valentinians Basilideans Syrian-Egyptian Gnostic Schools were ancient Gnostic sects from around the middle east, with some Judaic influences. ... Sethian is also a Finnish progressive metal band. ... Thomas, also called Judas Thomas Didymus or Jude Thomas Didymus, was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. ... Valentinianism was a religious doctrine named after Valentinius, a Roman theologian who lived circa 2nd century. ... The Basilideans were a Gnostic sect founded by Basilides of Alexandria in the 2nd century. ...

Fathers of Christian Gnosticism Simon Magus Cerinthus Marcion Valentinus Several figures are mentioned as founding figures of ancient Christian Gnosticism. ... Simon Magus, also known as Simon the Sorcerer and Simon of Gitta, is the name used by the ancient Christian Orthodoxy to refer to someone they identified as a Samaritan (Proto-)Gnostic, and, also according to ancient Christian Orthodoxy, founder of his own religious sect. ... Cerinthus was the leader of a late first-century or early 2nd century sect, an offshoot of the Ebionites yet similar to Gnosticism in some respects, interesting in that it demonstrates the wide range of conclusions that could be drawn from the life and teachings of Jesus. ... Marcion of Sinope (ca. ... This article is about the Gnostic Valentinus. ...

Early Gnosticism Ophites Cainites Carpocratians Borborites Thomasines Early Gnosticism Ophites Cainites Carpocratians Borborites Thomasines ... The Ophites is a blanket term for numerous gnostic sects in Syria and Egypt about 100 A.D. The common trait was that these sects would give great importance to the serpent of the biblical tale of Adam and Eve, connecting the Tree of Knowledge (of Good and Evil) to... The Cainites were a Gnostic and Antinomian sect who were known to worship Cain as the first victim of the Demiurge Jehovah, the Old Testament God, who was identified by many groups of gnostics as evil. ... Carpocrates was an early Gnostic from sometime in the second century A.D. who was mentioned by Clement of Alexandria in the Mar Saba letter discovered in 1958 by ancient historian Morton Smith. ... According to Epiphanius of Salamis book Panarion/Adversus Haereses chapter xxv, xxvi and Theodorets Haereticarum Fabularum Compendium the borborites (or barbelos, barbelites, phibionites, stratiotici, coddians etc) were a extraordinarily filthy and evil Gnostic ophite sect. ... ...

Medieval Gnosticism Paulicianism Bogomils Cathars Paulicianism was a Gnostic and Manichaean Christian sect that florished between 650 and 872 in Anatolia, outgoing from Armenia and the Eastern Themes of the Byzantine Empire. ... Bogomilism is the Gnostic dualistic sect, the synthesis of Armenian Paulicianism and the local Slavonic Church reform movement in Bulgaria and Bosnia-Herzegovina between 950 and 1396. ... Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209. ...

Gnosticism in modern times Gnosticism in popular culture Gnosticism includes a variety of ancient religions prevalent in the Mediterranean in the third century CE. Prior to the 20th century, little was known about the various Gnostic movements, due to paucity of original material available to scholars and the public. ... // Literature Harold Bloom explores Gnosticism in his novel The Flight to Lucifer: A Gnostic Fantasy, and, with William Golding, traces Gnosticism in American beliefs in The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation. ...

Gnostic texts Nag Hammadi Library Codex Tchacos Gnosticism and the New Testament Gnosticism used a number of religious texts that are preserved, in part or whole, in ancient manuscripts or are lost but mentioned critically in Patristic writings. ... The Nag Hammadi library is a collection of early Christian Gnostic texts discovered near the Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945. ... The Codex Tchacos is an ancient Egyptian Coptic papyrus document containing early Christian Gnostic texts: The Gospel of Judas The First Apocalypse of James The Letter of Peter to Philip A fragment of Allogenes It is important because it contains the first known surviving text of the Gospel of Judas...

Related Articles Gnosis Pythagoreanism Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Esoteric Christianity Theosophy This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pythagoreanism is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were much influenced by mathematics and probably a main inspirational source for Plato and platonism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Winged Self: The purpose of The Winged Self Symbol is to focus thought in the inner Divine perfection of each individual. ... Possible emblem of some Theosophical Society Theosophy, literally knowledge of the divine, designates several bodies of ideas. ... This box: view • talk • edit

This article discusses the relationship between Gnosticism and the New Testament. Some Gnostics were an early Christian sect, strongly associated with mysticism and more weakly with mystery religions, existing in parts of the Roman empire from the first and second centuries, and surviving until the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathar group of Gnostics in the twelfth century. They were highly concerned with secret, esoteric interpretations of various works, including the teachings of Jesus, and less so with their literal content, which they frequently treated as allegory and metaphor. The New Testament, which contains the Gospels, Epistles, Book of Acts and Book of Revelation, is the portion of the Christian Bible written after the birth of Jesus. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... The 2nd century is the period from 101 - 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209 - 1229) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the religion practiced by the Cathars of Languedoc, which the Roman Catholic hierarchy considered apostasy. ... Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209. ... An allegory (from Greek αλλος, allos, other, and αγορευειν, agoreuein, to speak in public) is a figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than (and in addition to) the literal. ... In language, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin) is a rhetorical trope defined as a direct comparison between two or more seemingly unrelated subjects. ... For other articles with similar names, see Gospel (disambiguation). ... An epistle is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of persons, usually a letter and a very formal, often didactic and elegant one. ... The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ... Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... The word Bible refers to the canonical collections of sacred writings of Judaism and Christianity. ... Jesus (8–2 BC/BCE to 29–36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ...

The Canonical Gospels

In academic circles, three of the four canonical Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) are regarded as so similar in wording and content that they are often treated as one unit, the synoptic gospels, and their similarity is seen as a problem that needs answering, known as the synoptic problem. According to the majority of scholars, the solution to the synoptic problem is the two-source hypothesis - that the three synoptic gospels are not independent but derive from two source texts, one being the Markan priority, the other being a (now lost) collection of logia (quotes) known as the Q document, and the few remaining elements unique to Matthew or to Luke are known as M or L, respectively. Markan priority has gained ground recently due to fragment 7Q5 though this is not without contention. The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, Κατά Μαθθαίον or Κατά Ματθαίον) is one of the four Gospel accounts of the New Testament. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second New Testament Gospel, ascribed to Mark the Evangelist. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ... The Synoptic Gospels is a term used by modern New Testament scholars for the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke of the New Testament in the Bible. ... The synoptic problem concerns the literary relationship between and among the first three canonical gospels (the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke), known as the synoptic gospels. ... The Two-Source Hypothesis is the most commonly accepted solution to the synoptic problem among biblical scholars, which posits that there are two sources to Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke: the Gospel of Mark and a lost, hypothetical sayings collection called Q. The Two-Source Hypothesis was first... Markan priority is the hypothesis that the Gospel of Mark was the first written of the three Synoptic Gospels, and that the two other synoptic evangelists, Matthew and Luke, used Marks Gospel as one of their sources. ... Logia is a term applied to collections of sayings credited to Jesus and used as source materials by the Gospel writers in the writing of the familiar canonic narrative gospels. ... The Q document or Q (Q for German Quelle, source) is a postulated lost textual source for the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke. ... Markan priority is the hypothesis that the Gospel of Mark was the first written of the three Synoptic Gospels, and that the two other synoptic evangelists, Matthew and Luke, used Marks Gospel as one of their sources. ... Fragment 5 from Cave 7 of the Qumran Community Among the Dead Sea scrolls, 7Q5 is the designation for a parchment fragment discovered in Cave 7 of the Qumran community. ...

Sayings in Matthew and Luke attributed to Q

Luke and the Madonna, Altar of the Guild of St. Luke, Hermen Rode, Lübeck 1484

Of the four canonical gospels, the elements associated with Q show the clearest connection to Gnosticism. Many of the near one hundred-fifty quotations written in the synoptics which scholars believe originated in Q are found also in the Gospel of Thomas, an ancient text that consists almost entirely of logia without narrative. The Gospel of Thomas is generally regarded to be a gnostic work, and hence the sayings found in both Thomas and Q, i.e. in both Thomas and Matthew or in both Thomas and Luke, may be regarded to have a gnostic reading. An early date for the Gospel of Thomas would hence clearly imply that its original intent, and of much if not all of Q, was a gnostic one; consequently, its dating has become heavily politicised, and consensus about its date exists very little. Indeed, when the Gospel of Thomas was first re-discovered and translated, it and Q were thought to be one and the same, the Matthew and Luke versions of the sayings to be deliberately corrupt; this view is no longer held by a majority. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1256x2135, 361 KB) Description: Title: de: Lukasaltar, linker Flügel innen: Inspiration des Hl. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1256x2135, 361 KB) Description: Title: de: Lukasaltar, linker Flügel innen: Inspiration des Hl. ... Luke was, according to tradition, the painter of the first icon Luke the Evangelist (Greek Loukas) is said by tradition to be the author of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, the third and fifth books of the New Testament. ... Virgin and Child Surrounded by Angels (c. ... Lübeck ( pronunc. ... The Gospel of Thomas is the modern name given to a New Testament-era apocryphon completely preserved in a papyrus Coptic manuscript discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt. ...

In isolation, as they would have been in Q, many of the sayings written in Matthew and Luke and attributed to Q have a distinctly koan-like obscurity, for example Luke 17:33:Whoever seeks to gain his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life will preserve it and Luke 13:30:Some are last who will be first, and some are first who will be last. Other sayings have reference to secret teachings and knowledge to be revealed, such as Luke 12:2: Nothing is covered up that will not be revealed, or hidden that will not be known, which are themes intrinsic to the idea of gnosis - secret knowledge that can be learned. Also, the question-and-answer format of Q was a main form of writing used by gnostics (for example, compare The Sophia of Jesus Christ) and quite unusual for non-gnostic Christianity. A koan (pronounced ) is a story, dialog, question, or statement in the history and lore of Chan (Zen) Buddhism, generally containing aspects that are inaccessible to rational understanding, yet that may be accessible to intuition. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Sophia of Jesus Christ is one of many Gnostic tractates from the Nag Hammadi codices, discovered in Egypt in 1945. ...

Generally, the sayings from Luke and Matthew are divided into three groups - Q1, Q2, and Q3 - Q1 the earliest group (dated by Burton Mack, professor of New Testament at Claremont, to ~50) and Q3 the latest group (dated by Burton Mack to ~80); and, each group is dispersed throughout Matthew and Luke rather than concentrated into one or another section or shown to occur prior to later groups. Q3 appears to show awareness of the fall of Jerusalem as well as to portray Jesus to be a more divine figure; Q2 shows an apocalyptic aspect and evidence of opposition, whereas Q1 sayings are much more cynic-like wisdom teachings. Many of these sayings are difficult to argue to be gnostic, because they portray basic wisdom, such as no man may serve two masters, or simple aestheticism, such as blessed are the poor, yet there is a substantial volume of evidence to support that many early gnostics, like Basilides, and Marcion, found gnostic interpretations of them. It is unclear how much of the Q document was copied to Luke and Matthew and how much did not at all survive; hence, it is unknown whether or not Q was more or less gnostic originally in general appearance than its parts that survive. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Basilides redirects here. ... Marcion of Sinope (ca. ...

The Gospel of Mark

Parts of the Gospel of Mark, apart from the sayings potentially derived from Q, can be attributed a gnostic interpretation. In narrative, the gnostics often presented gnostic and non-gnostic alternatives together so as to contrast the differences, and usually presented and contrasted the alternatives allegorically, as a pair of twins - one gnostic the other not. While not immediately obvious, it is possible to show the presence of twin themes in the Gospel of Mark.

According to Mark (and the other Synoptics), when Jesus was presented before Pilate, Pilate offered to the crowd a choice between Jesus and a man named Barabbas. The full name of Barabbas was, according to some ancient Christian texts, including some ancient manuscripts of the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus Barabbas; Barabbas is the Greek form of the Hebrew surname bar Abbas, which means son of the father . Hence, Pilate offered the choice between Jesus and Jesus son of the father and Mark (and in consequence Matthew, Luke, and John) effectively presents the choice between an earthly Jesus-son-of-the-father (as Barabbas was a thief and bandit) and a more spiritual version of Jesus-son-of-the-father, a highly gnostic reading. The crowd chose to save the earthly Jesus (i.e. Barabbas), which thus may be read as allegory in the gnostic view that the masses were carnal and not spiritual beings, since they did not have gnosis. Pontius Pilate (Latin Pontius Pilatus) was the governor of the small Roman province of Judea from 26 until 36? AD although Tacitus believed him to be the procurator of that province. ... Give us Barabbas!, from The Bible and its Story Taught by One Thousand Picture Lessons, 1910 In the Christian narrative of the Passion of Jesus, Barabbas, according to some texts Jesus bar-Abbas, (Aramaic Bar-abbâ, son of the father), was the insurrectionary whom Pontius Pilate freed at the Passover...

In Mark, Jesus is often portrayed to refer to secret teachings and secrets, even to assert that some teachings should be kept secret and deliberately obscured, all of which were attitudes shared with, and intrinsic to, gnosticism. For example, 4:11-12:

"And he said to them, ‘To you has been given the secret of the kingdom of God, but for those outside, everything comes in parables; in order that “they may indeed look, but not perceive, and may indeed listen, but not understand; so that they may not turn again and be forgiven.” ’" (NRSV)

Nevertheless, Mark also contains a few clear descriptions of miracles that are difficult to interpret as having a gnostic subtext, thus implying that perhaps the entire work ought not to be interpreted as gnostic. However, Mark's underlying narrative structure is chiastic, and Mark contains over 150 different chiasms, a structure with which these miracles interrupt and jarr, leading some textual critics, such as John Dart, to conclude that the descriptions of these particular miracles were not original but later additionsto the text. According to Dart, the chiastic structure also points to the fragments known as the Secret Gospel of Mark as being original to Mark, since they complete several chiasms in the text, as well as filling what resemble gaps. The Kingdom of God (Greek basileia tou theou,[1] or the Kingdom of Heaven) is a key concept in Christianity based on a phrase attributed to Jesus of Nazareth in the gospels. ... The Parables of Jesus are a collection of parables told by Jesus that embody much of his teaching and are recorded in the four Gospels. ... Rembrandt - The Return of the Prodigal Son Forgiveness is the action or process of ceasing to feel resentment or anger against another person for an offence or mistake, or ceasing to demand punishment or restitution. ... Categories: Stub | 1989 books | Bible versions and translations ... Chiastic structure is a literary structure used most notably in the Torah in those passages attributed to the priestly source. ... The Secret Gospel of Mark refers to a non-canonical gospel which is the subject of the Mar Saba letter, a previously unknown letter attributed to Clement of Alexandria which Morton Smith claimed to have found transcribed into the endpapers of a 17th century printed edition of Ignatius. ...

In Mark two oblique references can be found that appear to be initiation rituals of the form present in mystery religions - the Gethsemane Youth (Mark 14:51-52), clad only in a loin cloth, who is alone with Jesus when Jesus is arrested, and the youth who was in Jesus' tomb, clad in white garments (Mark 16:5). In such mystery religions, initiates would first strip themselves naked, and later symbolically don white garments, and this proposal has been made by several scholars in explanation of the two youths. In the Secret Gospel of Mark, a third male youth is presented whom Jesus loved, whom Jesus resurrected, and who later came to Jesus naked except for a loin cloth; and, Jesus spent the night with him in order to teach him the mystery of the kingdom of God. Scholars who see the Secret Gospel of Mark as genuine fragments that were excised from the canonical Gospel of Mark generally regard the description of this third youth to be the missing link identifying five biblical figures as one and the same - the Gethsemene Youth, the youth at the tomb, the Rich Man instructed to give up his possessions in order to achieve salvation (Mark 10:17-22), Lazarus (John 12:9-11), and the Beloved Disciple (John 18:15, 20:4, 20:8, and 20:12). Resurrection of Lazarus by Juan de Flandes, around 1500. ... The phrase disciple whom Jesus loved or Beloved Disciple is used several times in the Gospel of John. ...

As the same figure, the story of the youth gains a highly gnostic interpretation - the story of the youth is an example of the process of becoming gnostic; death and resurrection to gnostics was an allegory for the process of the change from not knowing about gnosticism to the choice to become a gnostic, and the subsequent teaching, and symbolic gain of white robes, as allegories for receiving gnostic teachings and gain of gnosis. The complete vanish of Jesus, which the lack of the ending of Mark 16 in ancient manuscripts could imply was originally permanent, can be seen as an allegory for the youth no longer having need of a teacher. Several more populist commentators, however, ignoring the gnostic undertones, have proposed instead that the implication is that Jesus and the youth were homosexual lovers, and Jesus brought him back from the dead due to his affection for him. Morton Smith, the scholar who re-discovered the Secret Mark fragments known as the Mar Saba letter, choose the former interpretation, though hinted the latter was also a possibility; but, many commentators often present Morton Smith, a homosexual, as having argued mainly the latter. Mark 16 is the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... Morton Smith (1915 May 29, Philadelphia, - 1991 July 11, New York City) was a Professor of Ancient History at Columbia University in New York City. ... The discovery in 1958 of a fragment of an unknown Secret Gospel of Mark provoked a storm of recrimination, denial and abuse. ...

The Gospel of John

John the Evangelist, imagined by Jacopo Pontormo, ca 1525 (Santa Felicita, Florence)

The Gospel of John shows the clearest similarity to later gnostic writing style in general, and parts of the gospel have a similar dream-like quality to the writing (compare the Gospel of Truth, and more especially the Trimorphic Protennoia). The opening verses of John, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" allude to the Gnostic concept of the Logos (which translates as Word), a divine presence. The themes of light and knowledge contrast with the themes of physical being and worldliness throughout John. Download high resolution version (926x921, 118 KB)Jacopo Pontormo 1494-1554 Tondo of St John the Evangelist, c 1525, Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicita, Florence This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (926x921, 118 KB)Jacopo Pontormo 1494-1554 Tondo of St John the Evangelist, c 1525, Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicita, Florence This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Jacopo Carrucci (Pontormo, near Empoli, 1494 - 1557), usually known as Jacopo da Pontormo, or simply Pontormo, was a Florentine painter and portraitist, and one of the classic exemplars of the Mannerist style of the 16th century. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ... The Gospel of Truth is one of the texts from the New Testament apocrypha found in the Nag Hammadi codices. ... The Trimorphic Protennoia is a sethian gnostic text from the New Testament apocrypha. ... The Greek word λόγος or logos is a word with various meanings. ...

However, the phrase "and the Word became flesh, and dwelt amongst us" is clearly at variance with docetism, a belief that many Gnostics held that the human nature of Jesus was illusory, as the Perfect Saviour inherent in a Christ could not partake in the inherently corrupt (according to gnosticism) nature of matter. Also, the opening phrase is clearly at variance with Arianism, a very large second century sect of Christianity, later branded as heretical, which asserted that there was a time previous to Jesus' existence. Many theologians therefore believe that John states positions in order to invert them and counter-assert one of the positions that later became orthodox. In Christianity, Docetism is the belief, regarded by most theologians as heretical, that Jesus did not have a physical body; rather, that his body was an illusion, as was his crucifixion. ... This article is about theological views like those of Arius. ...

It is notable that much of John has this form, consistently drawing on positions held by later second century and early third century groups in order to contradict them and cast them as heretical. These groups frequently did not exist in the late first century and early second century, Arianism being a prime example, and it would be odd for them to arise if a gospel was circulating which so clearly condemned the positions that did not yet exist. For this reason, and since also the first quotations from the Gospel of John appear in the anti-heresy works of Irenaeus, many scholars cast doubt on the Authorship of the Gospel of John, and often consider it to have been a second century polemic by an author holding what later became the position of the orthodoxy. An engraving of Irenaeus ( 130–202), bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul (now Lyon, France). ... El Grecos rendition of John the Apostle shows the traditional author of the Johannine works as a young man. ... Look up Polemic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Polemic is the art or practice of inciting disputation or causing controversy, for example in religious, philosophical, or political matters. ... The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho (right, correct) and doxa (thought, teaching, glorification), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. ...

Though most of the above is called into question due to Rylands Library Papyrus P52 which dates a section of the gospel of John to between dates that range or extend from before 100 CE to well into the second half of the 2nd century. As well as the recent work of Charles Hill's The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church. In which Charles Hill gives evidence that the Gospel of John was used between CE 90 and 130, the possible use of uniquely Johannine gospel material in several works which date from this period. These works and authors include Ignatius (c.107); Polycarp (c.107); Papias’ elders (c.110-120); Hierapolis' Exegesis of the Lord’s Oracles (c.120-132). John Rylands Library Papyrus P52, recto The Rylands Library Papyrus P52, also known as the St Johns fragment, is a papyrus conserved at the John Rylands Library, Manchester, UK. The front (recto) contains lines from the Gospel of John 18:31-33, in Greek, and the back (verso) contains... The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ... The 2nd century is the period from 101 - 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Ignatius of Antioch (probably died AD 107) was the third patriarch of Antioch, after Saint Peter and Euodius, who died around AD 68. ... Polycarp of Smyrna (martyred in his 87th year, ca. ... The theatre Hierapolis (Arabic Manbij or Mumbij) is an ancient Syrian town occupying one of the finest sites in Northern Syria, in a fertile district about 16 miles southwest of the confluence of the Sajur and Euphrates. ...

The Pauline Epistles

It has been suggested by scholars , such as Hyam Maccoby and Elaine Pagels - Professor of Religion at Princeton - as well as Timothy Freke, that Paul of Tarsus (the Christian Saint Paul) was a Gnostic who developed the early Christian church as a mystery religion with a Jewish flavour, and that elements of this church forgot or misunderstood the mystery elements, largely abandoned its Jewish foundation, and took up literal interpretation of the text. Hyam Maccoby (1924-2004) was a British scholar, dramatist, and Orthodox Jew specializing in the study of the Jewish and Christian religious tradition. ... Elaine Pagels (née Hiesey, born February 13, 1943), is the Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University. ... Princeton University is a coeducational private university located in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States of America. ... Dr. Timothy Freke has an honours degree in philosophy and is an internationally respected authority on world mysticism. ... Paul of Tarsus, also known as Paul the Apostle or Saint Paul (AD 3–14 — 62–69),[1] is widely considered to be central to the early development and spread of Christianity, particularly westward from Jerusalem. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth, referred to as Christ. ... This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ...

The argument for Paul being a gnostic relies heavily on arguments about the authorship of the Pauline Epistles. Though no where in the works of Saint Paul does he write that dystheism is the solution to the problem of evil, as is the core of gnostic belief. The pastoral epistles (those to Timothy and Titus), are generally acknowledged as being clearly anti-gnostic, and the second Epistle to the Thessalonians clearly refutes certain gnostic interpretations of the first Epistle to the Thessalonians. However, over two thirds of scholars^{[citation needed]} consider the pastoral epistles to be forgeries, and a clear (but smaller) majority consider the second epistle to the Thessalonians to also be forged^{[citation needed]}, along with the epistles to the Ephesians, and to the Colossians. A 19th century picture of Paul of Tarsus The Pauline epistles are those books in the New Testament that are traditionally attributed to Paul of Tarsus. ... Eutheism and dystheism are dialectic opposites within the spectrum of theistic religious beliefs. ... In the philosophy of religion and theology, the problem of evil is the problem of reconciling the existence of evil or suffering in the world with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent God or Gods. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article is in need of attention. ... (Redirected from 1 Timothy) This article or section should be merged with Second Epistle to Timothy The First Epistle to Timothy is a book of the canonic New Testament, one of the three so-called pastoral epistles (1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and the Epistle to Titus). ... Titus Flavius Vespasianus (December 30, 39–September 13, 81) ruled the Roman Empire from 79 to 81. ... The Epistles to the Thessalonians, also known as the Letters to the Thessalonians, are two books from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. ... (Redirected from 1 Thessalonians) The Epistles to the Thessalonians, also known as the Letters to the Thessalonians, are two books from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. ... The Epistle to the Ephesians is one of the books of the Bible in the New Testament. ... The Epistle to the Colossians is a book of the Bible New Testament. ...

Consequently, with the clearly anti-gnostic epistles being discounted by a majority of scholars^{[citation needed]}, those more compatible with gnostic interpretations are also the only ones thought genuine. A few scholars have claimed that it was Irenaeus who was the forger^{[citation needed]}, and that he forged the documents to support his strongly anti-Gnostic views, though most scholars think that Irenaeus, who lived in the late second century, is too late to have written what are generally considered to be mid to late first century documents. With a Gnostic Paul, Paul's assertion that salvation is by faith alone must be interpreted as an assertion that salvation can only come about by achieving gnosis - that one can only achieve enlightenment by achieving enlightenment - and not as an assertion that one must hold certain belief systems to be saved.^{[citation needed]} An engraving of Irenaeus ( 130–202), bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul (now Lyon, France). ... Sola fide (by faith alone), also historically known as the justification of faith, is a doctrine that distinguishes Protestant denominations from Catholicism, Eastern Christianity, and Restorationism in Christianity. ...

Paul and Hellenic influence

Although claiming to be a Jew (of the tribe of Benjamin), and a member of the conservative Pharisee party prior to conversion, Paul actually writes in Greek, and only refers to the Septuagint (a Greek translation of the Old Testament deviating from most modern bibles), rather than translating the Hebrew text (which later became the Masoretic text). He grew up in Tarsus, which was a centre (and possibly the origin, as suggested by Plutarch) of the Mithras version of Mystery Religions. Tarsus was also, at the time of Paul, the dominant centre for Hellenic philosophy, Strabo commenting that Tarsus had surpassed Athens and Alexandria in this extent.^{[citation needed]} The Tribe of Benjamin (בִּנְיָמִין Son of my right hand but in some Rabbinical Judaism traditions Son of the south, Standard Hebrew Binyamin, Tiberian Hebrew Binyāmîn) is one of the Hebrew tribes, founded by Benjamin, youngest son of Jacob. ... The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Lancelot Brentons English translation. ... The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (c. ... Mithras and the Bull: fresco from the mithraeum at Marino, Italy, (3rd century AD) Mithras was the central god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from... the Greek georgapher Strabo, in a 16th‑century engraving. ... Athens (Greek: Αθήνα, Athína IPA: ) is the capital and largest city of Greece and the birthplace of democracy. ... Alexandria Modern Alexandria, from Qaitbays Citadel Alexandria, sphinx made of pink granite, Ptolemaic. ...

Although Paul claimed to have been educated in Jerusalem, particularly emphasising that he had been taught by no less than Gamaliel himself, Paul expresses in his writing many ideas of Hellenic thought, previously used by philosophers such as Plato.^{[citation needed]} For example, Paul refers to the solar cycle known as the great year, as well as to the idea that one is only wise if one knows that one knows nothing. According to the book of Acts, Paul's ministry takes him to cities dominated by Mystery Religion, such as Antioch (a centre for the Adonis version), Ephesus (a centre for the Attis version), and Corinth (a centre for the Dionysus version).^{[citation needed]} Gamaliel the Elder, or Rabbi Gamaliel I, was the grandson of the great Jewish teacher Hillel the Elder. ... A 19th-century reproduction of a Greek bronze of Adonis found at Pompeii. ... Attis, a life-death-rebirth deity, was both the son and the lover of Cybele, her eunuch attendant and driver of her lion-driven chariot; he was driven mad by her and castrated himself. ... Dionysus with a leopard, satyr and grapes on a vine, in the Palazzo Altemps (Rome, Italy) This article is about the ancient deity. ...

However, Saul (which was Paul's Jewish name) approved the stoning of Stephen in Acts 8:1, where it states that "And Saul was there, giving approval to his death." (NIV) and in Acts 8 and 9 it is recorded that Saul persecuted Christians, with the approval of the High Priest (Acts 9:2). In Galatians 1:14, he also states that "I was advancing in Judaism beyond many Jews of my own age and was extremely zealous for the traditions of my fathers." (NIV). Also, according to Acts, he related an account of his conversion on a trip to Damascus, reporting that his party was rendered helpless by a bright light, and that he alone heard a voice asking why he was persecuting Jesus, whereupon he was struck blind until being lead to a man who restored his sight. This of course relies on the testimony of Acts, which most critical scholars^{[citation needed]} see as contradicting Paul's own account of events in his life, and constituting a veiled criticism of him, and an artificial attempt to mark Paul as less important than Peter and James.

Terminology by Paul having a Gnostic significance

When considering the question of whether Paul uses Gnostic terminology, or supports Gnostic ideas, it is important to refer to the original Greek form of the text. Translations often choose to translate words which are the names of things or concepts, rather than replacing them with the name for the equivalent concept, sometimes doing so to suppress information or support a certain point of view, and in other instances simply because the translator is unaware of any special significance of the term. For example, Isaiah 34:14 is usually translated ... the screech owl also shall find rest there ..., translating the Hebrew term lilitu as screech owl rather than as Lilith, the name of a Hebrew demon. Lilith is a female Mesopotamian night demon believed to harm male children. ...

In not translating words which have meaning as concepts, it appears that Paul states to Christians (in Galatians) what has become of your makarismos (Galatians 4:15), and makarismos (often translated praise) was a technical term that meant the manner in which those were considered blessed who had witnessed the mysteries of mystery religions.^{[citation needed]}, Paul also refers to his teaching by terminology of gnostic significance - I long to see you, so that I may share with you a certain pneumatic charisma (Romans 1:11-12); pneumatic is the gnostic term for the class of people who were governed by their spiritual side and thus saved. As well as the koine greek word for spirit, though no other alternative word for spirit in Koine Greek is suggested. The Epistle to Galatians is a book of the New Testament. ... A mystery religion is any religion with an arcanum, or body of secret wisdom. ... Pneumatics, from the Greek πνευματικός (pneumatikos, coming from the wind) is the use of pressurized air in science and technology. ... The Epistle to the Romans is one of the epistles, or letters, included in the New Testament canon of the Christian Bible. ... Koine redirects here. ...

The fact that Paul does not write the knowledge in the letter, although he does long to share the knowledge with those he writes to in Romans, was explained by gnostics as Paul respecting the principle common to mystery religions of having secret teachings, which must not be shared openly (for example, in the event the letter was intercepted). Elsewhere, Paul makes use of a phrase that is also the vow of secrecy common to many gnostic groups, such use by gnostics being attested by Hippolytus in his criticism of the gnostic Justinus, as well as in the gnostic Gospel of Thomas; for example, in 1 Corinthians Paul states Statue of Hippolytus, 3rd century. ... Justinus was the leader of a group of Christian gnostics who was criticised by the late 2nd and early 3rd century writer Hippolytus. ... The Gospel of Thomas is the modern name given to a New Testament-era apocryphon completely preserved in a papyrus Coptic manuscript discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt. ...

Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him.

Paul also can be construed as referring to the initiation system of the mystery religions. In 2 Corinthians, Paul refers to those who are novices in the religion as having veils over their face as their mind was blinded, a principle that mystery religions considered true and as such some made their novices wear veils and referred to them as mystae (i.e. having closed eyes). The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible New Testament. ...

The terms Paul uses for perfected Christianity, such as (in the standard translation) Mature and to the level of maturity and the perfect man, actually use the Greek word Teleioi, which means initiated or perfect, a principle also used in the hellenic mystery religions. In particular, in 1 Corinthians, we speak wisdom amongst the perfected also translates we speak of Sophia amongst the initiated (Sophia being a spiritual entity to the gnostics as well as the usual Greek word for "wisdom"), something which the gnostic Valentinians quoted as proof that Paul initiated Christians into the gnostic ideas of Sophia. Though no other alternative word for wisdom in Koine Greek is suggested. See also: Second Epistle to the Corinthians and Third Epistle to the Corinthians The First Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it easier to understand, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Valentinius more usually called Valentinus (c. ... Koine redirects here. ...

As for himself, in 1 Corinthians, Paul considers he is a Steward of the mysteries of God, which was also the technical term for a priest in the Egyptian version of the mystery religions^{[citation needed]} where the central figure is the god Serapis. Paul also claims to know someone who ascended as far as the third heaven, a principle which in mystery religions represented the degree of initiation achieved (for example, in the Mithras version there were 7 heavens, one for each of the 5 known planets, the sun, and the moon).^{[citation needed]} Paul's story appears to have been a one time event however, and he claims uncertainty as to whether the visit to the third heaven was in the body or out of the body. In Egyptian mythology, Apis or Hapis (alternatively spelt Hapi-ankh), was a bull-deity worshipped in the Memphis region. ... Mithras and the Bull: fresco from the mithraeum at Marino, Italy, (3rd century AD) Mithras was the central god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from...

Paul can also be construed as referring to the gnostic cosmos, at one point, stating the wisdom...which none of the rulers of this world knoweth, which if some words are just transliterated from the Greek, rather than translated, becomes the wisdom...which none of the Archons of this Aion knoweth, Archons being the gnostic concept of minions of the evil Demiurge. Though no alternate word for wisdom in Koine Greek is suggested. Elsewhere Paul refers to a god of this passing age^{[citation needed]}, which non-gnostics interpret as referring to the devil, but gnostics considered (particularly since it clearly states god rather than some lesser creature) this to be a reference to the demiurge. Look up Archon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The term Demiurge refers in some belief systems to a deity responsible for the creation of the physical universe and the physical aspect of humanity. ... Koine redirects here. ... The Devil is the name given to a supernatural entity, who, in most Western religions, is the central embodiment of evil. ... The term Demiurge refers in some belief systems to a deity responsible for the creation of the physical universe and the physical aspect of humanity. ...

In the letter to the Galatians, Paul states that the Law is the product of a mediator, and that the mediator is not one, God is one.^{[citation needed]} The gnostics treated this as a reference to the standard gnostic teaching that the law should not apply since it was the product of the evil demiurge. Gnostics also referred to the demiurge as the mediator between God (whom they considered the only being to be singular and whole, and thus also referred to as Monad)^{[citation needed]}, and creation (which they considered intrinsically evil, rather than evil as the consequence of some human error). Though this does not hold true with the reference of the demiurge in gnosticism as blind and ignorant of his origin or the monad. In the Apocryphon of John circa 200AD (several versions of which are found in the Nag Hammadi library), the Demiurge has the name “Yaltabaoth,” and proclaims himself as God alone: This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Within certain variations of Gnosticism, especially those inspired by Monoimus, the Monad was the highest God which created lesser gods, or elements (similar to aeons). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Look up Monad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Secret Book of John (Apocryphon of John) is a 2nd century gnostic text of secret teachings, given a Christian context: the teaching of the savior, and the revelation of the mysteries and the things hidden in silence, even these things which he taught John, his disciple, are its opening... The Nag Hammadi library is a collection of early Christian Gnostic texts discovered near the Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945. ... The term Demiurge refers in some belief systems to a deity responsible for the creation of the physical universe and the physical aspect of humanity. ...

“Now the archon (ruler) who is weak has three names. The first name is Yaltabaoth, the second is Saklas (“fool”), and the third is Samael. And he is impious in his arrogance which is in him. For he said, ‘I am God and there is no other God beside me,’ for he is ignorant of his strength, the place from which he had come.”

In Romans, Paul clearly speaks of creation as awaiting redemption, rather than treating it as something irredeemable. He also refers to the law as the 'instructor' or 'tutor' of the Jewish people, and as the beginning of God's work of turning people back to Himself, rather than as something opposed to God this being opposed to the works of Marcion who stated that the God of the old testement and law was the devil or demiurge. Look up Archon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The term Demiurge refers in some belief systems to a deity responsible for the creation of the physical universe and the physical aspect of humanity. ... Samael is an important figure in Talmudic and couille post-Talmudic lore, a figure who is accuser, seducer, and destroyer. ... Marcion of Sinope (ca. ... The term Demiurge refers in some belief systems to a deity responsible for the creation of the physical universe and the physical aspect of humanity. ...

Paul and the early church

The continual growth of Gnostic followings throughout the second century so troubled the non-Gnostics that to refute it Irenaeus wrote a vast five-volume book (On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis commonly referred to as Against Heresies). The significance of Paul's influence was sufficient for Irenaeus to consider it important to proclaim that Paul was never gnostic and never supported gnostic teachings, using the evidence of the Pastoral epistles and the Gospel of John to support it. An engraving of Irenaeus ( 130–202), bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul (now Lyon, France). ... (Redirected from Against Heresies) Case Closed on 12 January 2005 Please do not edit this page directly if you are not a participant in this case. ...

Despite Irenaeus' claims for Paul's non gnosticism, Valentinus, the leader of a large faction of gnostics, claimed that Paul had initiated his own teacher Theudas into the Deeper Mysteries of Christianity, which revealed a secret gnostic doctrine of God.^{[citation needed]} Another gnostic leader, and the most powerful, Marcion, was the first person to construct a formal Biblical canon, and in it he included only the Gospel of Luke (in a version that differs from the orthodoxically known text), the Epistles of Paul (except the Pastoral Epistles), and the Book of Acts, which primarily recounts the activities of Paul. He excluded all of the Jewish text of the septuagint. The importance of Paul to Marcion's faction of gnosticism even led to one of the main anti-Marcion writers, Tertullian, going as far as to declare that Paul was the heretic's apostle^{[citation needed]}. -Quevedo Valentinius, also called Valentinus (c. ... Theudas was the name of a Christian Gnostic thinker, who was a follower of Paul of Tarsus. ... Marcion of Sinope (ca. ... The Biblical canon is an exclusive list of books written during the formative period of the Jewish or Christian faiths; the leaders of these communities believed these books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people (although there may... The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Lancelot Brentons English translation. ... Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicized as Tertullian, (ca. ...

Marcion himself claimed to be the rightful heir of Paul's authority{[fact}}, and although clearly at odds with the position taken by later orthodoxy, it was certainly true that Marcion was, in his time, the leader of the seven communities to which Paul's epistles were earlier addressed^{[citation needed]}. Though it is possible that Marcion's movement had converted the communities in question from literalism to Marcionism, it is significantly more plausible for him to have gained control had the communities already been gnostic when Paul was writing to them. Ultimately the church even ex-communicated these communities - the communities to which Paul's epistles were addressed - in fear of the stance of the communities - Marcionism - completely defeating the position of the church from within it^{[citation needed]}.

Early Christian narratives that supported the position which later became orthodoxy also exhibit a distaste for Pauline positions. The Book of Acts, which appears in the New Testament and mostly concentrates on Paul, contains what most biblical scholars^{[citation needed]} view as veiled criticism of Paul. For example, by the criteria of Acts 1:21, Paul is undeserving of apostleship because he had neither been with Jesus during his lifetime nor seen the resurrected Jesus in the flesh, merely seeing him as a vision. Amongst biblical scholars^{[citation needed]}, the prevailing view is that Acts favours the Jewish Christian Jerusalem Church, in conflict with a Gentile Christian Paul, though advocates of the idea that Paul is gnostic often argue that it was Paul's gnosticism that Acts was criticising. The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ... Jewish Christians (sometimes called also Hebrew Christians or Christian Jews, but see below for differences) is a term which can have two meanings, an historical one and a contemporary one. ... This article or section should be merged with Council of Jerusalem Jerusalem Council is a council that the apostles and elders of the Jerusalem ecclesia (church or congregation) in the first Century took place to render a decision as to whether non-Jewish believers in Christ needed to be circumcised...

From the beginning of modern biblical criticism with Ferdinand Christian Baur, it has been argued that the Pseudo-Clementines, texts that in early times were frequently regarded as part of Biblical canon, are a coded attack on Paul, fictionalising him under the name of Simon Magus, in deliberate contrast to Simon Peter. All surviving references to Simon Magus in ancient literature present him in a decidedly negative and highly caricatured light, frequently portraying him as adhering to gnostic theology, and figures in the 2nd century early church, such as Irenaeus, referred to Simon Magus as being the source of all heresies. Thus the conclusion that Simon Magus is a polemical parody of someone, not a real figure in itself, is quite plausible^{[citation needed]}. A clearer connection between Simon Magus and Paul can be found in Marcion's teacher - Marcion claimed he had obtained his teachings from Paul, while Irenaeus stated that Marcion's teacher was Simon Magus, a man whose existence Marcion never even mentions. Ferdinand Christian Baur (June 21, 1792 - 1860), was a German theologian and leader of the Tübingen school of theology. ... Clementine literature (also called Clementia, Pseudo-Clementine Writings, The Preaching of Peter - Kerygmata Petrou - etc. ... Simon Magus, also known as Simon the Sorcerer and Simon of Gitta, is the name used by the ancient Christian Orthodoxy to refer to someone they identified as a Samaritan (Proto-)Gnostic, and, also according to ancient Christian Orthodoxy, founder of his own religious sect. ... According to tradition, Peter was crucified upside-down, as shown in this painting by Caravaggio. ... Simon Magus, also known as Simon the Sorcerer and Simon of Gitta, is the name used by the ancient Christian Orthodoxy to refer to someone they identified as a Samaritan (Proto-)Gnostic, and, also according to ancient Christian Orthodoxy, founder of his own religious sect. ... A caricature of director Quentin Tarantino, using pieces of overlapped construction paper and color pencil, by Luigi Novi. ... Marcion of Sinope (ca. ...

Though as Paul is traditionally considered to have died in 67 and Marcion was born in 110, apologists argue that it is quite implausible for the two to ever have met; this also applies to Simon Magus who was said by the Book of Acts to have been teaching during the time of Simon Peter, and was said to have died during Peter's preaching (Clement of Rome attests to Peter himself dying before 90). Thus it is clear that neither Irenaeus nor Marcion himself can have been suggesting that Marcion was literally the immediate heir of Simon Magus or Paul, respectively, but instead must have been suggesting that Marcion was the latest in the line of heirs; and so the potential connection between Simon Magus and Paul still stands. Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s - 60s - 70s 80s 90s 100s 110s Years: 62 63 64 65 66 - 67 - 68 69 70 71 72 Events Linus succeeds Saint Peter as pope. ... For other uses, see number 110. ... ...

Gnostic interpretations of Paul's teachings

St. Paul, Caravaggio

The followers of Valentinius systematically decoded the Epistles, claiming that most Christians made the mistake of reading the Epistles literally rather than allegorically. Valentians understood the conflict between Jews and Gentiles in Romans to be a coded reference to the differences between Psychics (people who are partly spiritual but have not yet achieved separation from carnality) and Pneumatics (totally spiritual people). Image File history File links PaulT.jpg File links The following pages link to this file: Paul of Tarsus ... Image File history File links PaulT.jpg File links The following pages link to this file: Paul of Tarsus ... -Quevedo Valentinius, also called Valentinus (c. ... The Epistle to the Romans is one of the epistles, or letters, included in the New Testament canon of the Christian Bible. ... Parapsychology is the study of the evidence involving phenomena where a person seems to affect or gain information about something through a means not currently explainable within the framework of mainstream, conventional science. ... Table of Pneumaticks, 1728 Cyclopaedia Pneumatics, from the Greek πνευματικός (pneumatikos, coming from the wind) is the use of pressurized gases to do work in science and technology. ...

The Valentians argued that such codes were intrinsic in gnosticism, secrecy being important to ensuring proper progression to true inner understanding. In 2 Corinthians, Paul states he had heard ineffable words which it is not lawful for a man to utter, a postition that gnostic initiates supported with respect to the higher gnostic teachings. However, Paul does also suggest Gnosis puffeth up (often this passage is found with gnosis translated - knowledge puffeth up), which appears to diminish support for gnosticism, but Clement of Alexandria offered the explanation that this meant to entertain great and true sentiments and was a reference to the magnitude of the effect of receiving it. Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens), was the first member of the Church of Alexandria to be more than a name, and one of its most distinguished teachers. ...

Grades of revelation

In 1 Corinthians 3:2, Paul goes on to state I have fed you with milk, and not with meat: for hitherto ye were not able to bear it, neither yet now are ye able, which Gnostics interpret as the suggestion that the Corinthians were still Hylic (i.e. had not passed even the first level of understanding). Paul previously stated in 1 Corinthians 2:14 But psychic anthropos receiveth not the things of the Spirit of the God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know [them], because they are pneumatic anakrino, offering an explanation which coincides with the gnostic teaching of levels of comprehension (Psychic and pneumatic are usually translated rather than left alone - with psychic translated as natural, anthropos as man, pneumatic as spiritual, and anakrino as discerned). In the Gnostic view, Hylics (also called Somatics) were the lowest order of the three types of human. ...

Gnostics viewed scripture as allegory, only serving a literal meaning to Hylic (i.e. uninitiate) people, partly for the purpose of advertising. Gnostics thus interpreted Paul's statements, that the Old Testament acts as our examples in 1 Corinthians 10:6 and that the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life in 2 Corinthians 3:6, as supporting this view, with understanding more important than rigid adherence. Gnostics also took to a more gnostic interpretation the phrase though we have known Christ after the flesh, yet now henceforth know we him no more in 2 Corithians 5:16 as indicative of Paul's progress from Hylic, rather than the understanding of Christ's time being in the past. In the Gnostic view, Hylics (also called Somatics) were the lowest order of the three types of human. ...

Paul states in Romans 8:3 that Christ came in the homoioma of human flesh. Homoioma means image or representation (the text is usually translated in the likeness of human flesh). Some gnostic groups treated this as admittance of Docetism, with the Christ being the divine wisdom which revealed gnosis, which would help humanity escape the evil creation (the world) of the demiurge, and having no physical existence. Though Paul never speaks of the creator or nature as evil. In Christianity, Docetism is the belief, regarded by most theologians as heretical, that Jesus did not have a physical body; rather, that his body was an illusion, as was his crucifixion. ...

In Galatians 1:15,16, Paul states of his conversion that God revealed his Son in me, rather than to me, which Gnostics interpret as a reference to Christ being the divine gnosis sent to save humanity, rather than a physical creature or person. In the same letter, Paul also states in Galations 2:20 that I am crucified with Christ: nevertheless I live; yet not I, but Christ liveth in me, which gnostics took as further evidence of Paul supporting their stance. The Epistle to Galatians is a book of the New Testament. ...

Resurrection

The resurrection of the dead by Michelangelo Buonarroti

The gnostics took an esoteric view of death, and therefore of resurrection. When Paul states in Romans that he that is dead is freed from sin, and that we are buried with him by baptism into death, the gnostics assumed it was a reference to the teaching that the body is the work of the evil demiurge, and that death would release the divine part of a person from the demiurge's power. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1680, 364 KB) Description: Title: de: Das Jüngste Gericht, Fresko an der Altarwand der Sixtinischen Kapelle, Detail: Auferstehung der Toten aus den Gräbern Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1680, 364 KB) Description: Title: de: Das Jüngste Gericht, Fresko an der Altarwand der Sixtinischen Kapelle, Detail: Auferstehung der Toten aus den Gräbern Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Rom Current location... Michelangelo (full name Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni) (March 6, 1475 - February 18, 1564) was a Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet. ... Resurrection of the Flesh (1499-1502) Fresco by Luca Signorelli Chapel of San Brizio, Duomo, Orvieto The term resurrection is used in the literal sense to mean either the religious concept of the reunion of the spirit and the body of a dead person, or the return to life of... The Epistle to the Romans is one of the epistles, or letters, included in the New Testament canon of the Christian Bible. ...

Gnostics also took death to be symbolic for the death of the part of a person tied to the demiurge, and the consequential resurrection as a new entirely spiritual being, understanding resurrection as an awakening of spiritual enlightenment. In Phillipians, Paul refers to himself as partaking in the same death as Christ, and thence partaking in the resurrection of the dead, which suited gnostic interpretations. Paul's references to reaping and sowing of crops, in 1 Corinthians, was also a common image from the mystery religions symbolising the esoteric death and resurrection of initiates. The Epistle to Philippians is a book included in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Resurrection. ...

In 1 Corinthians, however, during chapter 15, Paul appears to give credence to a more literal idea of the physical resurrection of the dead. However, as noted by many gnostics Paul also states flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. Irenaeus complained that all heretics always introduce this passage. It is widely thought by scholars that the presence of the issue proved such a problem that someone felt the need to forge a third letter to the Corinthians, which explicitly states the dead are resurrected physically. Despite this, 3 Corinthians was rejected from biblical canon, and thus became part of the New Testament apocrypha. The Third Epistle to the Corinthians is believed to be a pseudepigraphical text under the name of Paul of Tarsus. ... The category of New Testament apocrypha reminds the modern reader of the wide range of responses that were engendered in the interpreting of the message of Jesus of Nazareth during the first several centuries of the Common Era, as mainstream Christianity emerged. ...

In 1 Corinthians 15, Paul also refers to baptism for the dead (15:29), a concept whose need for an explanation plagued orthodox scholars, but, according to Elaine Pagels, was easily explained by gnostics. Since the gnostics argued that the text was allegory, their stance was that baptism for the dead refers to pneumatics (i.e. gnostics) taking the place of psychics (i.e. literalists), who were dead to gnosis. Elaine Pagels (née Hiesey, born February 13, 1943), is the Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University. ...

Ethics

One feature that was contested amongst the gnostics was that of ethics. Gnostics believed that since the world was intrinsically evil, so was anything the human body did. Some gnostics concluded that this meant that one could engage in gross immorality since it demonstrated the knowledge that the body was a prison for the soul. Most gnostics, however, considered that instead one should suppress the urges of the body as much as possible and live a highly ascetic life. One consequence of this view was a lack of care to social status (exhibited noticeably in Mithraism), or for that matter not caring about being/not-being a slave, a criticism also levied at Paul for his lack of raising the issue in Philemon.^{[citation needed]} Ethics (from the Ancient Greek ethikos, meaning arising from habit), a major branch of philosophy, is the study of value or quality. ... Mithras and the Bull: This fresco from the mithraeum at Marino, Italy (3rd century) shows the tauroctony and the celestial lining of Mithras cape Mithraism was a mystery religion prominent in the Roman world. ... The Epistle to Philemon is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. ...

Paul also appears to many scholars to exhibit a strong distaste for sexuality of any kind, supporting the principle of celibacy, which gnostics interpreted as due to the idea of the world as evil, though non-gnostics took it to be merely a rigid and strict adherence to the Old Testament. Paul himself elsewhere states that he teaches righteousness without the Law^{[citation needed]}, which gnostics used as a counter argument to the claim he adhered to the Old Testament, and also supported the idea that laws were ultimately the product of the demiurge as a trap. Though once again Paul never mentions an ignorant or evil creator or demiurge.

In 1 Corinthians, Paul does recommend celibacy, but also recommends marriage for those who are not suited for celibacy. Later (1 Cor. 9:5), he defends the right of Peter and the other apostles to be married and to travel accompanied by their wives, although he himself was unmarried. In contrast, he condemned sexual immorality of all kinds, in various epistles (Romans 13:13, 1 Cor. 6:18, 1 Thess. 4:3), along with several other categories of sins, and making no exceptions for these. Paul's attitude to sexuality, his companionship with Timothy, and his statement that the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak has led some commentators, including the Foundry Methodist Church attended by Bill Clinton in December 1995, and the Bishop John Shelby Spong, to argue that Paul was a self-hating homosexual. The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... The Right Reverend Dr John Shelby Spong is the retired Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Newark (based in Newark, New Jersey). ... Homosexuality refers to sexual and romantic attraction between two individuals of the same sex. ...

Counter-arguments

Irenaeus argued that the use of scripture by Gnostic groups, such as the Valentinians, was flawed, and demonstrated his argument by taking arbitrary passages from various writings of Homer to compose a new story about Hercules. While the individual passages were authentic, the connected story was not of Homer's composition, and in fact the passages featured a number of different characters instead of just Hercules. Irenaeus compared this abuse of Homer to the abuse of the New and Old Testaments by the gnostics. An engraving of Irenaeus ( 130–202), bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul (now Lyon, France). ... Homer (Greek Hómēros) was a legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey, commonly assumed to have lived in the 8th century BC. However, exact placement of these dates is unsure. ...

See also

• Simon Magus
• Thomas Didymus
• Beloved Disciple
• Secret Gospel of Mark
• Jesus as myth
• Authorship of the Pauline Epistles
• Authorship of the Johannine Works
• Synoptic problem
• Q document
• Gospel of Thomas

Simon Magus, also known as Simon the Sorcerer and Simon of Gitta, is the name used by the ancient Christian Orthodoxy to refer to someone they identified as a Samaritan (Proto-)Gnostic, and, also according to ancient Christian Orthodoxy, founder of his own religious sect. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Jude Thomas. ... The phrase disciple whom Jesus loved or Beloved Disciple is used several times in the Gospel of John. ... The Secret Gospel of Mark refers to a non-canonical gospel which is the subject of the Mar Saba letter, a previously unknown letter attributed to Clement of Alexandria which Morton Smith claimed to have found transcribed into the endpapers of a 17th century printed edition of Ignatius. ... This article is part of the Jesus and history series of articles. ... A 19th century picture of Paul of Tarsus The Pauline epistles are those books in the New Testament that are traditionally attributed to Paul of Tarsus. ... El Grecos rendition of John the Apostle shows the traditional author of the Johannine works as a young man. ... The synoptic problem concerns the literary relationship between and among the first three canonical gospels (the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke), known as the synoptic gospels. ... The Q document or Q (Q for German Quelle, source) is a postulated lost textual source for the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke. ... The Gospel of Thomas is the modern name given to a New Testament-era apocryphon completely preserved in a papyrus Coptic manuscript discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt. ...

References

• John Dart Decoding Mark, Trinity Press International (2003), ISBN 1-56338-374-8
• Guy Davenport and Benjamin Urrutia The Logia of Yeshua
• Elaine Pagels (Professor of Religion at Princeton) The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters (1992), ISBN 0-8006-0403-2
• Hyam Maccoby (World Renowned British Talmud Scholar) Paul And Hellenism (1991)
• Hyam Maccoby The Mythmaker: Paul And The Invention Of Christianity (1986)
• Morton Smith The Secret Gospel: The Discovery and Interpretation of the Secret Gospel According to Mark New York: Harper and Row, 1973
• The Nature and Extent of the Q-Document
• Die Redaktion der Logienquelle (The redaction of the Q logia), Luhrmann 1969
• Edward Gibbon The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (volume 1, final quarto)

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Benjamin Urrutia (1950-), international author and scholar, was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador. ... The Logia of Yeshua by Guy Davenport and Benjamin Urrutia, published by Counterpoint, is a compendion of canonical and extracanonical sayings of Jesus that are considered authentic by most New Testament scholars. ... Elaine Pagels (née Hiesey, born February 13, 1943), is the Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University. ... Princeton University is a coeducational private university located in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States of America. ... Hyam Maccoby (1924-2004) was a British scholar, dramatist, and Orthodox Jew specializing in the study of the Jewish and Christian religious tradition. ... The first page of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. ... Morton Smith (1915 May 29, Philadelphia, - 1991 July 11, New York City) was a Professor of Ancient History at Columbia University in New York City. ... Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). ... The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, a major literary achievement of the Eighteenth Century, was written by the English historian, Edward Gibbon. ...

External links

• The Q sayings