To the east of Goesan are the cities of Mungyeong and Sangju, to the north is the county of Eumseong and the city of Chungju, to the west are the counties of Jincheon and Cheongwon, and to the south is the county of Boeun.
Part of the Sobaek Mountains are located in the county, and some of the mountains there include Deokgasan (덕가산, 850m), Chilbosan (칠보산, 778m), Bogaesan (보개산, 780m), Gunjasan (군자산, 948m), Nagyeongsan (낙영산, 681m) and Jobongsan (조봉산, 680m).
The county has a continental climate and is less warm than most parts of the country, with an average yearly temperature of 9.04℃, an average temperature of -5.7℃ in January, and an average temperature of 22.8℃ in August.
Thus, to its west and north it adjoins the North Chungcheong counties of Boeun, Goesan, Okcheon, and Yeongdong.
Notable among them are the rebellions of Ajagae, who seized the fortress of Sangju and declared himself a general, and the Silla noble Bak Eon-chang, who re-established the kingdom of Sabeol-guk in the Sabeol-myeon area until he was overthrown by the Hubaekje leader Gyeon Hwon.
The council which began serving in 2002 is the fourth council to represent the present-day entity of Sangju City; the first was formed from the merger of the pre-existing councils of Sangju City and Sangju County.