It has been suggested that Magog (Bible) be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

The tradition of Gog and Magog begins in the Hebrew Bible with the reference to Magog, son of Japheth, in the Book of Genesis and continues in cryptic prophecies in the Book of Ezekiel, which are echoed in the Book of Revelation and in the Qur'an. The tradition is very ambiguous with even the very nature of the entities differing between sources. They are variously presented as men, supernatural beings (giants or demons), national groups, or lands. Gog and Magog occur widely in mythology and folklore. Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... Magog was one of the seven sons of Japheth mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. ... Gog may refer to: Gog and Magog, an enigmatic Biblical pair often associated with apocalyptic prophecy The Göktürks Gog (film) is a 1954 science-fiction film, directed by Herbert L. Strock and photographed in color and 3-D Gog (comics), a DC Comics supervillain named after the Biblical... Gog and Magog are an ambiguous Biblical pair associated with apocalyptic prophecy, and are also mentioned in the Quran as Yajooj (Gog) and Majooj (Magog). ... 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum Hebrew Bible is a term that refers to the common portions of the Jewish canon and the Christian canons. ... Magog was one of the seven sons of Japheth mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. ... Japheth (Hebrew. ... Genesis (Greek: Γένεσις, having the meanings of birth, creation, cause, beginning, source and origin) is the first book of the Torah (five books of Moses) and hence the first book of the Tanakh, part of the Hebrew Bible; it is also the first book of the Christian Old Testament. ... Book Of Ezekiel is rapper Freekey Zekeys debut album and debut on Diplomat Records/Asylum. ... Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ... The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: ;, literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... Jack the Giant-Killer by Arthur Rackham. ... The demon Satan In folklore, mythology, and religion, a demon is a supernatural being that is generally described as an evil spirit, but is also depicted to be good in some instances. ...

Gog and Magog in religious works

Hebrew Bible

A Persian painting from the 16th century illustrating the building of the wall

The first occurrence of "Magog" in the Hebrew Bible is in the Table of Nations in Genesis 10, where Magog is the eponymous ancestor of a people or nation (without any accompanying apocalyptic symbolism, or mention of Gog, although "Magog" may mean "the land of Gog"): Image File history File links Size of this preview: 457 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1576 × 2067 pixel, file size: 419 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Gog and Magog ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 457 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1576 × 2067 pixel, file size: 419 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Gog and Magog ... Iran is filled with tombs of poets and musicians, such as this one belonging to Rahi Moayeri. ... 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum Hebrew Bible is a term that refers to the common portions of the Jewish canon and the Christian canons. ... The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed. ... For other uses, see Genesis (disambiguation). ... An eponym is the name of a person, whether real or fictitious, who has (or is thought to have) given rise to the name of a particular place, tribe, discovery, or other item. ...

2. The sons of Japheth were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras^[1]

3. The sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.^[2]

In this occurrence Magog is clearly the name of a person, although in the anthropology proposed by Genesis, ethnic groups and nations are founded by, and usually named after, their founding ancestors. The names of Gomer, Tubal, Meshech, and Togarmah also occur in Ezekiel. Japheth (Hebrew. ... Gomer (גֹּמֶר, Standard Hebrew Gómer, Tiberian Hebrew Gōmer) is the eldest son of Japheth, and father of Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. ... Magog (Bible) was one of the seven sons of Japheth mentioned in the Book of Genesis. ... Madai was a Japhethic grandson of Noah in the Biblical tradition. ... The Biblical character Javan (Hebrew יָוָן, Standard Hebrew Yavan, Tiberian Hebrew Yāwān) was the fourth son of Noahs son Japheth. ... Tubals (Tabals, Tibarenoi in Greek) were Luwian tribes of Asia Minor of the 3rd-1st millennias BC. Some modern Georgians claim descent from the Tubals and Meshechs commonly identified as Phrygians. ... Meshechs (Meshekhs/Mosokhs/Mushki, Mushku in Akkadian, Moschoi in Greek) were an ancient, non-Indo-European and non-Semitic, indigenous tribe of Asia Minor of the 3rd-1st millennias BC, said to be the offspring of Meshech, son of Japheth. ... Tiras was, according to Genesis 10, a son of Japheth. ... Ashkenazi (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי, Standard Hebrew Aškanazi, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAškănāzî) Jews or Ashkenazic Jews, also called Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי&#1501... Riphath - a crusher, Gomers second son (Gen. ... In the Torah, Togarmah is listed in the genealogy of nations as the son of Gomer, and grandson of Japheth (Gen. ... Anthropology (from Greek: ἀνθρωπος, anthropos, human being; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study of humanity. ...

The earliest known reference to "Gog" and "Magog" together is also in the Bible, in the Book of Ezekiel:

2. Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him,^[3]

3. And you shall say; So said the Lord God: Behold, I am against you, Gog, the prince, the head of Meshech and Tubal.^[4]

Here it is not clear (in the Hebrew) whether Gog or Magog are people or places, and different identifications have been made. These are discussed after the text itself. The Interlinear Bible (Hebrew - Greek - English) states 2. as: "Son of man, set your face toward Gog, the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal; and prophesy concerning him."^[5] Rosh is a Hebrew word used in a number of contexts: Rosh, a minor character in the Book of Genesis Rosh is a Hebrew word meaning head, beginning. The root letters (shoresh) of the word are Resh/Aleph/Shin. ...

10. Thus says the Lord "On that day it shall come to pass that thoughts will arise in your mind and you will make an evil plan:"^[6]

11. You will say, "I will go against a land of unwalled villages…(FRZ)(FRZ: mostly refers to Iraq as Frz (Unwalled Villages) in the Book of Esther)^[7]

12. To take plunder and booty…"^[8]

13. Sheba and Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions thereof, will say to you, "have you come to take a spoil?"^[9]

They will be joined by Persians from the East, Phut from the West, Kushites from the South, and others. We are told that Gog dwelt north of Israel, but there is little else to identify Gog in the passage. Gog and his allies are to attack "a land of unwalled villages" to collect booty, but before attacking Israel itself will be reduced to a "sixth" of their size (Ezekiel 39:2). Their reduced army will be destroyed in Israel, their dead buried in the Valley of Hamon-Gog for all to see and comment on (39:15-17). Megillah redirects here. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Phut (cf. ... This article is about the Nubian civilisation. ... Literal meaning: Valley of the multitudes of Gog Also see Baal-hamon and Ba`al Hammon Hammon: Warm springs. ...

Addressing Gog and Magog, God describes how the attacks will be repelled (Ezekiel 39:1-16). The army of Gog and Magog primarily includes people from the nations of Gog, Gomer, Tubal, Meshech, and the house of Togarmah from the North, the latter of which are mentioned as descendants of Japheth in Genesis (q.v.). God describes the aftermath of the battle later in the same chapter, addressing "thou, son of Man": In medical slang, a true gomer is a patient who, in spite of old age and multiple diseases, just never seems to die. ... Tubals (Tabals, Tibarenoi in Greek) were Luwian tribes of Asia Minor of the 3rd-1st millennias BC. Some modern Georgians claim descent from the Tubals and Meshechs commonly identified as Phrygians. ... Meshechs (Meshekhs/Mosokhs/Mushki, Mushku in Akkadian, Moschoi in Greek) were an ancient, non-Indo-European and non-Semitic, indigenous tribe of Asia Minor of the 3rd-1st millennias BC, said to be the offspring of Meshech, son of Japheth. ... In the Torah, Togarmah is listed in the genealogy of nations as the son of Gomer, and grandson of Japheth (Gen. ...

17. …,thus says the Lord, "Speak to every bird and every beast of the field, 'Assemble yourselves and come,…'"^[10]

18. "You shall eat the flesh of the mighty, drink the blood of the princes of the earth, of rams and lambs, of goats and bulls, all them fatlings of Bashan"^[11]

Ezekiel (38 and 39) says that Gog will be defeated.

New Testament

Gog and Magog are mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation, which draws on the depiction of them in the older prophetic works. They appear in verses 20:7-8: This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ...

7. And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, And shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea.

8. And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the saints about, and the beloved city: and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them. (KJV)

Here, Gog and Magog are identified as the nations in the four corners of the earth, and their attack is represented as an eschatological crisis after the Millennium, to be vanquished by divine intervention. The language of Gog and Magog's destruction is very similar to that of their mention in Ezekiel. This article is about the concept of Satan. ... For the book by Pope Benedict XVI, see Eschatology (book). ... A millennium (pl. ...

Qur'an

A painting by Qasim, 16th century, illustrating the building of the wall

Gog and Magog appear in Qur'an sura Al-Kahf (The Cave), 18:83-98, as Yajuj and Majuj (Ya-juj/Ya-jewj and Ma-juj/Ma-jewj or يأجوج و مأجوج, in Arabic). Some Muslim scholars contend that the Gog in Ezekiel verse 38:2 should be read Yajuj (there is a "Y immediately before Gog in the Hebrew version^[12]). The verses state that Dhul-Qarnayn (the one with two horns)travelled the world in three directions, until he found a tribe threatened by Gog and Magog, who were of an "evil and destructive nature" and "caused great corruption on earth".^[13] The people offered tribute in exchange for protection. Dhul-Qarnayn agreed to help them, but refused the tribute; he constructed a great wall that the hostile nations were unable to penetrate. They will be trapped there until doomsday, and their escape will be a sign of the end: Image File history File links Yajooj_and_Majooj. ... Image File history File links Yajooj_and_Majooj. ... Sura (sometimes spelt Surah , plural Suwar ) is an Arabic term literally meaning something enclosed or surrounded by a fence or wall. ... Surat al-Kahf (Arabic: سورة الكهف ) (The Cave) is the 18th sura of the Quran with 110 ayat. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Islamic eschatology is concerned with the Qiyamah (end of the world; Last Judgement) and the final judgement of humanity. ...

The Qur'anic account of Dhul-Qarnayn follows very closely the "Gates of Alexander" story from the Alexander Romance, a thoroughly embellished compilation of Alexander the Great's wars and adventures (see below). Since the construction of a great iron gate to hold back a hostile northern people was attributed to Alexander many centuries before the time of Muhammad and the recording of the Qur'an, most historians consider Dhul-Qarnayn a reference to Alexander (see Alexander in the Qur'an). However, some Muslim scholars reject this attribution, associating Dhul-Qarnayn with some earlier ruler, usually Cyrus the Great, but also Darius the Great.^[14] Gog and Magog are also mentioned in some of the hadith, or sayings of Muhammad, specifically the Sahih Al Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, revered by Sunni Muslims. The Darial pass before 1906. ... The Alexander Romance is any of several collections of legends concerning the mythical exploits of Alexander the Great. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Alexander in the Quran is a theory that holds that the character of Dhul-Qarnayn, mentioned in the Quran, is in fact Alexander the Great. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Seal of Darius I, showing the king hunting on his chariot, and the symbol of Ahuramazda Darius the Great (Pers. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The authentic collection (Arabic: الجامع الصحيح, al-Jaami al-Sahih [1]) or popularly al-Bukharis authentic (Arabic: صحيح البخاري, Sahih al-Bukhari) is one of the Sunni six major Hadith collections (Hadith are oral traditions recounting events in the lives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad ). Sunni view this as their most trusted collection. ... Sahih Muslim (Arabic: صحيح مسلم, ṣaḥīḥ muslim) is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Imam Muslim. ... Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ...

Koka and Vikoka in Hinduism

The Kalki Purana, one of the minor puranas in Hinduism, mentions a similar Koka and Vikoka who will fight against Kalki. They serve as generals under the apocalypse demon Kali, not to be confused with the goddess of the same name. Modern scholarship dates this purana prior to the 16th century. Categories: Possible copyright violations ... The Puranas are part of Hindu Smriti; these religious scriptures discuss devotion and mythology. ... Hinduism (known as in modern Indian languages[1]) is a religious tradition[2] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... According to the Kalki Purana, the twin brothers Koka and Vikoka serve as generals under the demon Kali (not the Goddess), overlord of Kali Yuga. ... In Hindu traditions, Kalki (Sanskrit: कल्कि; also rendered by some as Kalkin and Kalaki) is the tenth and final Maha Avatara (great incarnation) of Vishnu the Preserver, who will come to end the Kali Yuga, (The Age of Darkness and Destruction). ... In Hinduism, Kali (Devnāgari: ; Gujarati: ; IAST: ; IPA:) is the reigning lord of Kali Yuga and nemesis of Sri Kalki, the 10th and final avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Identifications

In Jewish traditions

In terms of extra-biblical Jewish tradition, Gog the "prince" has been explained being one of the 70 national angels – of whom all except one, Michael, the guardian angel of Israel , are fallen angels.^{[citation needed]} According to this interpretation, Gog is the angel of a nation called Magog (literally meaning "of Gog" or "from Gog"). Gog in this view represents an apocalyptic coalition of nations arrayed against Israel. Some Biblical scholars believe that Gyges (Greek Γυγες), king of Lydia (687 BC-652 BC), is meant; in Assyrian letters, Gyges appears as Gu-gu; in which case Magog might be his territory in Anatolia.^{[citation needed]} Jewish mythology is a body of stories that explains or symbolizes Jewish beliefs. ... The Annunciation - the Angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear Jesus (El Greco, 1575) An angel is an ethereal being found in many religions, whose duties are to assist and serve God. ... Guido Renis archangel Michael (in the Capuchin church of Santa Maria della Concezione, Rome) tramples Satan. ... Fallen Angels (1991) (ISBN 0743435826) is a Prometheus Award-winning novel by science fiction authors Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle, and Michael Flynn. ... Gyges, was the founder of the third or Mermnad dynasty of Lydian kings and reigned from 687 to 652 BC (according to H Gelzer. ... Lydia (Greek ) is a historic region of western Anatolia, congruent with Turkeys modern provinces of Ä°zmir and Manisa. ... Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 730s BC 720s BC 710s BC 700s BC 690s BC - 680s BC - 670s BC 660s BC 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC Events and Trends 689 BC - King Sennacherib of Assyria sacks Babylon 687 BC - Gyges becomes king of... Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 700s BC 690s BC 680s BC 670s BC 660s BC - 650s BC - 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC 610s BC 600s BC Events and Trends Occupation begins at Maya site of Piedras Negras, Guatemala 657 BC - Cypselus becomes the... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Ανατολία - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ...

In his book Antiquities of the Jews, the Jewish historian and scholar Josephus identifies Magog with the Scythians,^[15][16] but this name seems to have been used generically in antiquity for a number of peoples north of the Black Sea.^[17] Antiquities of the Jews was a work published by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in the year A.D. 93. ... A fanciful representation of Flavius Josephus, in an engraving in William Whistons translation of his works Josephus (37 – sometime after 100 CE),[1] who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus,[2] was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ...

In the Alexander Romance

The older accounts influenced the authors of the Alexander Romance, a late and romanticized account of Alexander the Great's conquests. According to the Romance, Alexander came to a northern land devastated by incursions from barbarian peoples, including Gog and Magog. Alexander defends the land by constructing the Gates of Alexander, an immense wall between two mountains that will stop the invaders until the end times. In the Romance, these gates are built between two mountains in the Caucasus called the "Breasts of the World"; this has been taken as a reference to the historical "Caspian Gates" in Derbent, Russia. Another frequently suggested candidate is the wall at the Darial Gorge in Georgia, also in the Caucasus. The Alexander Romance is any of several collections of legends concerning the mythical exploits of Alexander the Great. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... The Darial pass before 1906. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... The Caspian Gates in Derbant, Russia are identified with the Gates of Alexander. ... Derbent is built around a Sassanid fortress, the only one preserved in the world. ... The pass in Luigi Villaris 1906 book Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. ...

As Goths

Ambrose was the first to integrate the Goths in a Christian view of the world.^[18] In a treatise De Fide written in 378 at the request of Emperor Gratian, he took up the issue of the Goths because the Emperor was going to fight them on the Balkans in the Gothic War (376-382). In a comment on Ezechiel 39:10-11 he famously wrote: Gog iste Gothus est — "That Gog is the Goth".^[19] For other uses, see Ambrose (disambiguation). ... Events Mid-February: Lentienses cross frozen Rhine, invading Roman Empire. ... A coin of Gratian. ... Combatants Roman Empire Goths, local rebels, Alanic raiders, Hunnish raiders Commanders Valens, Theodosius Fritigern, Alatheus, Saphrax, Farnobius See also Gothic War (535–552) for the war in Italy. ...

In the mid 390's, Jerome did not agree with this assessment. In his comment on Genesis 10:2, he argued that events had proven Ambrose wrong, and he instead identified the Goths with the Getae of Thrace. Augustine did not agree with Ambrose either. In his The City of God, written as a reaction to the sack of Rome (410) by Alarik, he explained that Gog and Magog in the Book of Revelations are not a particular people in a particular place, but that they exist all over the world.^[20] “Saint Jerome” redirects here. ... The Getae (Γέται, singular Γέτης; Getae) was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria, and north of the Lower Danube, in the Muntenian plain (todays southern Romania), and especially near modern Dobruja. ... “Augustinus” redirects here. ... The City of God, opening text, created c. ... An anachronistic fifteenth-century miniature depicting the sack of 410. ... An 1894 photogravure of Alaric I taken from a painting by Ludwig Thiersch. ...

In the Getica, written by Jordanes in 551 as an abbreviation of a lost work by Theoderic's chancellor Cassiodorus, Josephus is quoted for connecting Magog to the Skythians and so to the Goths.^[21] However, this plays only a minor role in the elaborate origin myth in the Getica. Modern Istanbul, site of ancient Constantinople, capital of the eastern Roman Empire, where Jordanes was being detained when he wrote Getica. ... Events Jordanes publishes The Origin and Deeds of the Goths. ... Tomb of Theodoric in Ravenna Theodoric the Great (454 - August 30, 526), known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the East Goths, the Ostrogoths (488-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), and regent of the Visigoths (511-526). ... Cassiodorus at his Vivarium library ( in Codex Amiatinus, 8th century). ...

Isidore of Seville wrote that the Goths (including his fellow countrymen the Visigoths of Spain) descended from Gog and Magog.^[22] Many of the mountains peaks in the Caucasian mountains and land areas there retain the placename "Gog" in medieval European and Armenian maps.^{[citation needed]} In the 7th century Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius it is the messianic Last Roman Emperor who fights and destroys Gog and Magog, with divine aid. The 11th century historian Adam of Bremen considered Ezekiel's prophecy to have been fulfilled on the Swedes, a group related to the Goths.^[23] In 1554 Olaus Magnus argued that Japhet's second son Magog had been the ancestor of a Scythic tribe directly linked to the kings of the Goths and the Swedes. Queen Christina of Sweden reckoned herself as number 249 in a list of kings going back to Magog. Saint Isidore of Seville (Spanish: or ) (c. ... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... Migrations The Visigoths (Western Goths) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... The Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius is a 7th-century apocalypse that shaped the eschatological imagination of Christendom throughout the Middle Ages. ... The MIAs logo. ... The legend of the Last Roman Emperor or Last World Emperor developed in medieval Europe, as an aspect of Christian eschatology. ... Adam of Bremen (also: Adam Bremensis) was one of the most important German medieval chroniclers. ... Events January 5 - Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands. ... Olaus Magnus, or Magni (Magnus, Latin for the Swedish Stora -- great -- is the family name, and not a personal epithet), reported as born in October 1490 in Linköping, and died on August 1, 1557, was a Swedish ecclesiastic and writer, who did pioneering work for the interest of Nordic... Christina (Kristina) (December 8, 1626 – April 19, 1689), later known as Maria Christina Alexandra and sometimes Count Dohna, was Queen regnant of Sweden from 1632 to 1654. ...

As Celts

Some legends of Hungarians and certain Celtic peoples say they are descendants of Magog. Poseidonius, for example, mentions that the Cimmerians, considered to be the original ancestors in Celtic traditions, were derived from gug and guas. In Irish tradition, Magog was supposed to have had a grandchild called Heber, who spread throughout the Mediterranean. The result is that Gog — the land of the four corners of the world – has also been identified as lands somewhere in the oceans surrounding the Old World, i.e., the New World (See also the "Gog and Magog in England" section of this article). This article is about the European people. ... The bust of Posidonius as an older man depects his character as a Stoic philosopher. ... The Cimmerians (Greek: , Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Russia and Ukraine, in the 8th and 7th century BC. Assyrian records, however, first place them in the region of what is... Heber is one of the Minor characters in the Book of Genesis Heber the kenite is mentioned in the Book of Judges 4:17 of the Hebrew Bible as Jaels husband. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus; it includes Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively known as Africa-Eurasia), plus surrounding islands. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ...

As Khazars

Christian and Muslim writers sometimes associated the Khazars with Gog and Magog. In his 9th century work Expositio in Matthaeum Evangelistam, the Benedictine monk Christian of Stavelot refers to the Khazars as Hunnic descendants of Gog and Magog, and says they are "circumcized and observing all [the laws of] Judaism";^[24] the Khazars were a Central Asian people with a long association with Judaism. The 14th century Sunni Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir also identified Gog and Magog with the Khazars who lived between the Black and Caspian Seas in his work Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah (The Beginning and the End).^[25][26] A Georgian tradition, echoed in a chronicle, also identifies the Khazars with Gog and Magog, stating they are "wild men with hideous faces and the manners of wild beasts, eaters of blood".^[27] Another author who has identified this connection was the Arab traveller Ibn Fadlan. In his travelogue regarding his diplomatic mission to iltäbär (vassal-king under the Khazars), he noted the beliefs about Gog and Magog being the ancestors of the Khazars.^[28] The Khazars (Hebrew Kuzari כוזרי Kuzarim כוזרים; Turkish Hazar Hazarlar; Russian Хазарин Хазары; Tatar sing Xäzär Xäzärlär; Crimean Tatar: ; Greek Χαζάροι/Χάζαροι; Persianخزر khazar; Latin Gazari or Cosri) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia, many of whom converted to Judaism. ... Exposito in Matthaeum Evangelistam (Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew) is a work by the ninth-century Benedictine monk Christian of Stavelot. ... For the college, see Benedictine College. ... Christian of Stavelot was a ninth-century Christian monk. ... The Khazars (Hebrew Kuzari כוזרי Kuzarim כוזרים; Turkish Hazar Hazarlar; Russian Хазарин Хазары; Tatar sing Xäzär Xäzärlär; Crimean Tatar: ; Greek Χαζάροι/Χάζαροι; Persianخزر khazar; Latin Gazari or Cosri) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia, many of whom converted to Judaism. ... Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first Turkic people mentioned in European history. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Ibn Kathir (Arabic : بن كثير ) was an Islamic scholar born in Busra, Syria in 1301 CE. He was taught by the Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyya in Damascus, Syria. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... The Caspian Sea (Russian: Каспийское море; Kazakh: Каспий теңізі; Turkmen: Hazar deňizi; Azeri: XÉ™zÉ™r dÉ™nizi; Persian: دریای خزر Daryā-ye Khazar) is the largest lake on Earth by area[2], with a surface area of 371,000 square kilometers (143,244 sq mi) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometers (18... Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah (The Beginning and the End) or Tarikh ibn Kathir (The history [book of] Ibn Kathir) is a classic work by the Sunni scholar Ibn Kathir. ... Ahmad ibn-al-Abbas ibn Rashid ibn-Hammad ibn-Fadlan (Aḥmad ʿibn alʿAbbās ʿibn Rasẖīd ʿibn ḥammād ʿibn Fadlān أحمد ابن العبا&#1587... In the hierarchy of the Gokturk and Khazar empires, an Elteber was the client-king of an autonomous but tributary tribe or polity. ...

As Israelites or Jews

The 14th century Travels of Sir John Mandeville, a book of fanciful travels, makes a peripheral association between the Jews and Gog and Magog, saying the nation trapped behind the Gates of Alexander comprised the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.^{[citation needed]} Additionally, a German tradition claimed a group called the Red Jews would invade Europe at the end of the world. The "Red Jews" became associated with different peoples, but especially the Eastern European Jews and the Ottoman Turks.^[29] This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Full-page portrait of Sir John Mandeville. ... It has been suggested that Israelite Diaspora be merged into this article or section. ... The term Red jew also refers to a kind of jewfish. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      In Christian theology, Christian eschatology is the... Languages Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ...

As Mongolians

Some Muslim scholars including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi and Tibri believe the Qur'anic Gog and Magog are intended to be the Mongols.^{[citation needed]} The Mongols were a serious threat to Muslim power during the Middle Ages, attacking Muslim civilizations such as the Seljuq dynasty in Persia, and eventually destroying the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad and the Khwarezmian Empire of Central Asia. Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed (b. ... It has been suggested that Introduction of Islam (book) be merged into this article or section. ... The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... The Seljuqs (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuk, sometimes also Seljuq Turks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian: á¹¢aljÅ«qÄ«yān; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. ... Abbasid Caliphate (Abbasid Khalifat) and contemporary states and empires in 820. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Khwarezmid Empire After Islamic Conquest  Modern SSR = Soviet Socialist Republic Afghanistan  Azerbaijan  Bahrain  Iran  Iraq  Tajikistan  Uzbekistan  This box:      The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs[1] (Persian: , KhwārezmÅ¡hāḥīān, Kings of Khwarezmia) was a Persianate[2][3][4] Sunni Muslim dynasty...

As Russia

According to one modern theory of dispensationalist Biblical hermeneutics, Gog and Magog are supposed to represent Russia. The Scofield Reference Bible's notes to Ezekiel claim that "Meshech" is a Hebrew form of Moscow, and that "Tubal" represents the Siberian capital Tobolsk. During the Cold War this identification led Hal Lindsey to claim that the Soviet Union would play a major role in the End Times. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the retreat of Russia from the role of a military superpower, some commentators have attempted to cast some other country in the role of Gog.^{[citation needed]} Apocalyptic author L. Bauman claimed that the word "Caucasian" came from the Arabic term "gog-i-hisn" for the mountains there which means "fortress of Gog".^[30] Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      As a current in Protestant Christian theology... Hermeneutics may be described as the development and study of theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts. ... The Scofield Reference Bible is a widely circulated annotated study Bible edited and annotated by the American Bible student Cyrus I. Scofield. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... “Siberian” redirects here. ... View of Tobolsk in the 1910s Tobolsk (Russian: ; Tatar: Tubıl) is a historic capital of Siberia, now an ordinary town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Harold Lee Hal Lindsey (born 1929) is an American evangelist and Christian writer. ... // In the three Abrahamic Religions (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity), the End Times are depicted as a time of tribulation that precede the predicted coming of a Messiah figure. ...

As European nations

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community present the view that Gog and Magog represent one or more of the European nations. They associate European imperialism after the Age of Discovery with the reference to Gog and Magog's rule at the "four corners of the world" in the Christian Book of Revelations. Ahmadiyya founder Mirza Ghulam Ahmad linked Gog and Magog to the European nations, and his son and second successor, Mirza Basheerud Deen Mahmood further expounds the connection between Europe and the accounts of Gog and Magog in the Bible, the Qur'an, and the hadith in his work Tafseer e Kabeer^[31] and in his commentary on Surah Al-Kahaf (Urdu).^[32] According to this interpretation, Gog and Magog were descendents of Noah who populated eastern and western Europe long ago; the Ahmadi cite the folkloric British interpretation of Gog and Magog as giants (see below) as support for their view. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Arabic: الجماعة الأحمدية; transliterated: ) is one of two communities arising from the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian (1835-1908). ... This is a list of former European colonies. ... For the computer wargame, Age of Discovery, see Global Diplomacy. ... Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian (مرزا غلام احمد) (February 13, 1835; May 26, 1908), a religious Islamic figure from Qadian, India, and the founder of the Ahmadiyya religious movement. ... The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Arabic: الجماعة الأحمدية; transliterated: ) is based on the Ahmadiyya movement founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian (1835-1908). ... Tafseer e Kabeer (The major Commentary) is a ground breaking work on exegesis of Quran undertaken in modern times. ... This article is about the biblical Noah. ...

In The Travels of Marco Polo

In The Travels dictated by Marco Polo, Gog and Magog are regions of Tenduk, a province belonging to Prester John, and governed by one George, fourth in descent from the original John. According to this account Gog (locally Ung) is inhabited by a tribe called the Gog, whilst Magog (or Mongul) is inhabited by Tatars. This may imply that the author had heard of the Tartars of Mongolia and was multiplying their attributes and territories, as well as mixing in the Prester John legend. A page of The Travels of Marco Polo The Travels of Marco Polo is the usual English title of Marco Polos travel book, Il Milione. ... Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 – January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in the book Il Milione (The Million or The Travels of Marco Polo). ... Preste enthroned on a map of East Africa in an atlas prepared for Queen Mary, 1558. ... Historically, the term Tatar (or Tartar) has been ambiguously used by Europeans to refer to many different peoples of Inner Asia and Northern Asia. ...

Gog and Magog in Britain

Giants

Gog and Magog lifting Paddy out of the mire

Given this somewhat frightening Biblical imagery, it is somewhat odd that images of Gog and Magog depicted as giants are carried in a traditional procession in the Lord Mayor's Show by the Lord Mayor of the City of London. According to the tradition, the giants Gog and Magog are guardians of the City of London, and images of them have been carried in the Lord Mayor's Show since the days of King Henry V. The Lord Mayor's procession takes place each year on the second Saturday of November. Gog and Magog giving Paddy a Lift Out of the Mire. ... Gog and Magog giving Paddy a Lift Out of the Mire. ... In 1747, the Lord Mayor went to the City of Westminster on a barge via the River Thames. ... Current Lord Mayor of London John Stuttard during the parade on November 11th, 2006 Michael Berry Savory, Previous Lord Mayor (2004–2005) The Right Honourable Lord Mayor of London is the Mayor of the City of London and head of the Corporation of London. ... Motto: Domine dirige nos Latin: Lord, guide us Shown within Greater London Sovereign state United Kingdom Constituent country England Region Greater London Status sui generis, City and Ceremonial County Admin HQ Guildhall Government  - Leadership see text  - Mayor John Stuttard  - MP Mark Field  - London Assembly John Biggs Area  - City  1. ... Henry V of England (16 September 1387 – 31 August 1422) was one of the great warrior kings of the Middle Ages. ...

The Lord Mayor's account of Gog and Magog says that the Roman Emperor Diocletian had thirty-three wicked daughters. He found thirty three husbands for them to curb their wicked ways; they chafed at this, and under the leadership of the eldest sister, Alba, they murdered them. For this crime, they were set adrift at sea; they were washed ashore on a windswept island, which after Alba was called Albion. Here they coupled with demons, and gave birth to a race of giants, among whose descendants were Gog and Magog.^[33] Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law This article discusses the nature of the imperial dignity, and its dynastic development throughout the history of the Empire. ... Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (c. ... This article is about the archaic name for Great Britain. ...

An even older British connection to Gog and Magog appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's influential 12th century Historia Regum Britanniae, which states that Gogmagog was a giant slain by the eponymous Cornish hero Corin or Corineus. The tale figures in the body of unlikely lore that has Britain settled by the Trojan soldier Brutus and other fleeing heroes from the Trojan War. Corineus is supposed to have slain the giant by throwing him into the sea near Plymouth. Wace (Roman de Brut), Layamon (Layamon's Brut), and other chroniclers retell the story, which was picked up by later poets and romanciers. John Milton's History of Britain gives this version: Geoffrey of Monmouth (in Welsh: Gruffudd ap Arthur or Sieffre o Fynwy) (c. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: History of the Kings of Britain Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniae (English: The History of the Kings of Britain) is a pseudohistorical account of British history, written around 1136. ... Jack the Giant-Killer by Arthur Rackham. ... An eponym is the name of a person, whether real or fictitious, who has (or is thought to have) given rise to the name of a particular place, tribe, discovery, or other item. ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... Corineus, or Corin, eponymous founder of Cornwall, was descended from the heroes of the Trojan War, and was one of the companions of Brutus of Britain, and is spoken of in Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniae. ... For other uses of Troy or Ilion, see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). ... Brutus of Troy, also of Britain (Welsh: Bryttys), was the legendary founding king of Britain and great grandson of Aeneas, according to Italy for the accidental killing of his natural father Silvius, Brutus liberated a group of Trojans living in slavery in Greece and led them forth, received a vision... The fall of Troy, by Johann Georg Trautmann (1713–1769). ... , Plymouth (Cornish: ) is a city of 243,795 inhabitants (2001 census) in the south-west of England, or alternatively the West Country, and is situated within the traditional and ceremonial county of Devon at the mouths of the rivers Plym and Tamar and at the head of one of the... Wace (c. ... Roman de Brut Roman de Brut or Brut is a verse literary history of England of 14,866 lines written in Anglo-Norman by Wace. ... Layamon, or Laȝamon (using the archaic letter yogh), was a poet of the early 13th century, whose Brut (c. ... Brut, about the mythic Brutus of Troy, is a Middle English poem compiled and recast by the priest Layamon. ... For other persons named John Milton, see John Milton (disambiguation). ...

The Island, not yet Britain, but Albion, was in a manner desert and inhospitable, kept only by a remnant of Giants, whose excessive Force and Tyrannie had consumed the rest. Them Brutus destroies, and to his people divides the land, which, with some reference to his own name, he thenceforth calls Britain. To Corineus, Cornwall, as now we call it, fell by lot; the rather by him lik't, for that the hugest Giants in Rocks and Caves were said to lurk still there; which kind of Monsters to deal with was his old exercise.

And heer, with leave bespok'n to recite a grand fable, though dignify'd by our best Poets: While Brutus, on a certain Festival day, solemnly kept on that shore where he first landed (Totnes), was with the People in great jollity and mirth, a crew of these savages, breaking in upon them, began on the sudden another sort of Game than at such a meeting was expected. But at length by many hands overcome, Goemagog, the hugest, in hight twelve cubits, is reserved alive; that with him Corineus, who desired nothing more, might try his strength, whom in a Wrestle the Giant catching aloft, with a terrible hugg broke three of his Ribs: Nevertheless Corineus, enraged, heaving him up by main force, and on his shoulders bearing him to the next high rock, threw him hedlong all shatter'd into the sea, and left his name on the cliff, called ever since Langoemagog, which is to say, the Giant's Leap.

Michael Drayton's Polyolbion preserves the tale as well: This article is about the archaic name for Great Britain. ... , Totnes (IPA: ) is a market town in South Devon, England. ... Drayton, 1628 Michael Drayton (1563 – December 23, 1631) was an English poet who came to prominence in the Elizabethan era. ... The Poly-Olbion is a topographical poem describing England and Wales. ...

Amongst the ragged Cleeves those monstrous giants sought:

Who (of their dreadful kind) t'appal the Trojans brought

Great Gogmagog, an oake that by the roots could teare;

So mighty were (that time) the men who lived there:

But, for the use of armes he did not understand

(Except some rock or tree, that coming next to land,

He raised out of the earth to execute his rage),

He challenge makes for strength, and offereth there his gage,

Which Corin taketh up, to answer by and by,

Upon this sonne of earth his utmost power to try.

Gog Magog Hills

The Gog Magog Hills are about three miles south of Cambridge, said to be the metamorphosis of the giant after being rejected by the nymph Granta (i.e. the River Cam). The dowser T.C. Lethbridge claimed to have discovered a group of three hidden chalk carvings in the Gogmagog Hills. This alleged discovery is described at length in his book Gogmagog: The Buried Gods [5], in which Lethbridge uses his discoveries to extrapolate a primal deity named 'Gog' and his consort, 'Ma-Gog', which he believed represented the Sun and Moon. Although his discovery of the chalk figures in the Gogmagog Hills has been dogged by controversy, there are similarities between the name and nature of the purported 'Gog' and the Irish deity Ogma, or the Gaulish Ogmios. The view towards Cambridge from Magog Down The Gog Magog Downs (also known as the Gog Magog Hills or simply the Gogs) are a range of low chalk hills extending for several miles to the southeast of Cambridge. ... Geography Status City (1951) Region East of England Admin. ... A Pieris rapae larva An older Pieris rapae larva A Pieris rapae pupa A Pieris rapae adult Metamorphosis is a process in biology by which an individual physically develops after birth or hatching, and involves significant change in form as well as growth and differentiation. ... View north from Kings College bridge The River Cam is a tributary of the River Great Ouse in the east of England. ... Thomas Charles Lethbridge (1901-1971) was a British explorer, archaeologist and psychic researcher. ... Sol redirects here. ... This article is about Earths moon. ... OGMA-Indústria Aeronáutica de Portugal, S.A., founded in 1918, is a major representative of the Portuguese Aviation Industry, dedicated to aircraft and aircraft component maintenance, repair and manufacturing. ... Ogmios was a Gaulish deity, usually depicted as a bald old man with a bow and club who leads an apparently happy band of men with chains attached to their ears and tongues. ...

The Cambridge molly side, Gog Magog, take their name from these hills. Molly dancing is a form of English Morris dance, traditionally done by out of work ploughboys in midwinter in the 19th century. ...

Gog and Magog in Ireland

Works of Irish mythology, including the Lebor Gabála Érenn (the Book of Invasions), expand on the Genesis account of Magog as the son of Japheth and make him the ancestor to the Irish. His three sons were Baath, Jobhath, and Fathochta. Magog is regarded as the father of the Irish race, and the progenitor of the Scythians, as well as of numerous other races across Europe and Central Asia. The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved, shorn of its religious meanings, in medieval Irish literature, which represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branches of Celtic mythology. ... Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland) is the Middle Irish title of a loose collection of poems and prose narratives recounting the mythical origins and history of the Irish race from the creation of the world down to the Middle Ages. ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ...

Partholon, leader of the first group to colonize Ireland after the Deluge, was a descendant of Magog. The Milesians, or people of the 5th invasion of Ireland, were also descendants of Magog. In Irish mythology Partholon was the leader of the second group of people to settle in Ireland, the first to arrive after the biblical Flood. ... This article is about great floods. ... In Irish mythology the Milesians or Sons of Míl Espáine were the final inhabitants of Ireland, representing the Goidelic Celts. ...

Other usages

Gog and Magog at the Royal Arcade, Melbourne

• Magog is a Canadian town and a township, and the Magog River is a river, in the Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality area of the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada. Here "Magog" stems from for "Mephremagog," the native Western Abenaki word for "Beautiful Waters." Magog is also the name of a lake in Utah, USA, a mountain in Washington State, USA, and river in Australia, and a hill in England.
• Gog and Magog appear as a pair of statues in the Royal Arcade which runs from Little Collins Street to Bourke Street, between Swanston Street and Elizabeth Street in Melbourne, Australia. The two seven-foot figures are carved from pine and stand alongside a clock and bells. They represent the mythological figures who were conscripted by the Trojans to fight against the ancient Britons (according to the information under the clock). They are well over 100 years old and strike the time on the hour and each quarter-hour.
• Gog and Magog are the names of two large rocks in the hills of Manitou Springs, Colorado traditionally on the trail to the summit of Cameron Cone.
• In the English Civil War, the Royalist army of the Earl of Newcastle deployed two heavy artillery pieces named Gog and Magog, later captured by the Parliamentarians under Sir Thomas Fairfax.

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (500x667, 308 KB) Royal Arcade Melbourne. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (500x667, 308 KB) Royal Arcade Melbourne. ... View of Royal Arcade looking south toward Little Collins Street. ... This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to City of Melbourne or Melbourne city centre. ... Magog is a small city in southeastern Quebec, Canada at the confluence of Lac Memphrémagog, with the Rivière au Saumon and the Magog River in the Regional County Municipality of Memphrémagog. ... The Magog River is a river that drains lake Memphramagog. ... Memphrémagog is a Quebec Regional County Municipality in Canada. ... The Eastern Townships (in French les Cantons de lest) is a region in south central Quebec, lying between the Saint Lawrence River and the US border. ... , Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Official languages French Government - Lieutenant-Governor Pierre Duchesne - Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 75 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area  Ranked 2nd - Total 1,542,056 km² (595... Abenaki couple The Western Abenaki (also Abenaki, Wabanaki), meaning people of the dawn, are a tribe of Native Americans/First Nations belonging to the Algonquian peoples of northeastern North America. ...