An anti-communist rally in the University Square of Bucharest, 1990

The Golaniad (Romanian: Golaniada) was a protest in Romania in the University Square, Bucharest. It was initiated by students and professors at the University of Bucharest. Download high resolution version (850x281, 62 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... Download high resolution version (850x281, 62 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... University Square is located in the downtown Bucharest, near the Bucharest University. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... University of Bucharest University of Bucharest is a university founded in 1864 by decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Saint Sava Academy into the current University of Bucharest. ...

The Golaniad started in April 1990, before the election of 20 May 1990, which was the first election after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Their main demand was that former members of the Communist Party should be banned from standing in elections. 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Communist Romania Ad hoc local Romanian militias Commanders Nicolae CeauÅŸescu Various independent militia leaders Casualties 1,104 deaths The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and fighting in late December of 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ...

Background

Ion Iliescu and Frontul Salvării Naţionale (FSN) seized power during the 1989 revolution. The FSN organization was meant to act as a temporary government until free elections were to be held. However, on 23 January 1990, despite its earlier claims, it decided to become a party and to run in the elections it would organize. A part of the dissenters and anti-communists that joined the FSN during the revolution (including Doina Cornea) left following this decision. The National Salvation Front (or even better translated National Rescue Front, in Romanian Frontul Salvării NaÅ£ionale, FSN) was the governing body of Romania in the first weeks after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, subsequently turned into a political party. ... January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Doina Cornea (b. ...

Many of the FSN personalities, including its president, Ion Iliescu, were ex-communists and as such the revolution was seen as being hijacked by the FSN.^[1] Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. ...

The FSN, which was widely known from the revolution and associated with it, won 66.3% of the votes, while the next party – the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania – obtained only 7.2% of the votes (followed by PNL 1- 6.4%, MER- 2.6%). The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ) is an ethnically based political party representing ethnic Hungarians in Romania. ...

The protests

On 22 April 1990, the PNŢCD and other parties organised a demonstration in Aviators' Square. After the peaceful demonstration, groups of people marched towards the Romanian Television (TVR) station, calling for its political independence. They continued their protest in the University Square and decided to sit in overnight. Two days later, they were still there, their numbers growing, on the evening of 25 April, their number reaching 30,000. Soon, the number of protesters reached 50,000 each evening^[2]. They stated that they will not leave the Square until Romania would be free of Communism. April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

President Ion Iliescu refused to negotiate with the protesters and called them "golani" (meaning a hooligan, a scamp, a ruffian or a good-for-nothing — which later gave the protest its name) or legionnaires. The ending "-ad" ("-ada" in Romanian) was used ironically, since many of Ceauşescu's Communist manifestations had endings like this (in order to compare them with an epic, like the Iliad). The protesters also composed their own hymn, "Imnul Golanilor": Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. ... Ultras at FC Twente - SC Heerenveen in 2002 Hooliganism is unruly and destructive behaviour, usually by gangs of young people. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Nicolae CeauÅŸescu (IPA ) (January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989) was the leader of Communist Romania from 1965 until shortly before his execution. ... It has been suggested that Deception of Zeus be merged into this article or section. ...

Mai bine haimana, decât trădător

Mai bine huligan, decât dictator

Mai bine golan, decât activist

Mai bine mort decât communist"

lyrics by Laura Botolan; music by Cristian Paţurcă

The song can be translated to English as:

I'd rather be a tramp than a traitor,

I'd rather be a good-for-nothing than a dictator,

I'd rather be a hooligan than an activist,

I'd rather be dead than communist"

Many intellectuals supported the protests, including writers like Octavian Paler, Ana Blandiana, Gabriel Liiceanu, Stelian Tănase or film director Lucian Pintilie. Eugen Ionescu supported them by sending a telegram from France in which he wrote he was a "Golan Academician" (Hooligan Academician). An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas. ... Ana Blandiana (born Otilia Valeria Coman, b. ... Gabriel Liiceanu (b. ... Stelian Tănase Stelian Tănase (b. ... Eugène Ionesco (Romanian spelling: Eugen Ionescu) (November 26, 1912 - March 28, 1994) was one of the foremost playwrights of the theater of the absurd. ... The Académie française In the French educational system an académie LAcadémie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. ...

Their main three demands were:^[3]

1. the eighth point of the Proclamation of Timişoara: leading members of the Romanian Communist Party and the Securitate not to be allowed to be candidates in the elections
2. access to the state-owned mass-media for all the candidates, not only for FSN candidates. A 1975 law of Ceauşescu (which was not yet repealed) allowed the president of Romania to directly control the Romanian Television and Radio.
3. postponing of the elections, as the only party that had the resources for the campaign was FSN.

The protesters also disagreed with the official doctrine of the FSN that the Revolution was only "anti-Ceauşescu" and not "anti-Communist" (as Silviu Brucan declared in an interview given to the British newspaper The Guardian). They also supported faster reforms, a true market economy and a western-type democracy (Ion Iliescu argued for socialism "Swedish-style" and an "original democracy", considering multi-party system as being antiquated.^[4] The Proclamation of TimiÅŸoara is a document written by the TimiÅŸoara participants in the Romanian Revolution of 1989, in which they expressed their political views and demands. ... The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român) was a Communist political party in Romania until 1989. ... The Securitate (Romanian for Security; official full name Departamentul Securităţii Statului, State Security Department), was the secret police force of Communist Romania. ... Silviu Brucan (b. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... A multi-party system is a type of party system. ...

Violent ending

Main article: June 1990 Mineriad

After 52 days of protests, on 13-15 June, a violent intervention of the miners of Jiu Valley violently ended the protests, beating thousands of protesters and bystanders and killing up to one hundred people. Official figures say only seven people were killed, but it is quasi-universally accepted that they are an undercounting.^{[citation needed]} The June 1990 Mineriad was the suppression of the student-led protests (the Golaniad) in 1990 Romania by the miners of Jiu Valley called in by the newly-elected power to Bucharest. ... (Redirected from 13 June) June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... The Mineriad (Mineriada in Romanian) is a parody term following the names of classic events like the Olympics (Olimpiada in Romanian) or the Crusades (Cruciada in Romanian) representing a gathering of people with a usually honourable goal. ... The Jiu Valley is the a region of South-Western Romania, in Hunedoara county where the Jiu river is flowing. ...

See also

• Proclamation of Timişoara

The Proclamation of TimiÅŸoara is a document written by the TimiÅŸoara participants in the Romanian Revolution of 1989, in which they expressed their political views and demands. ...

References

1. ^ România Liberă. "Iluziile au durat numai o lună. Au murit în zadar atâţia români ?" 25 January 1990
2. ^ România Liberă. "Nu plecăm acasă". 8 May 1990
3. ^ James Baker's speech in the US Senate, quoted by România Liberă, 19 May 1990
4. ^ Vladimir Tismăneanu, "Semnificaţiile revoluţiei române", Jurnalul Naţional

România Liberă is one of the leading newspapers in Romania. ... January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... România Liberă is one of the leading newspapers in Romania. ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... James Addison Baker III (born 28 April 1930 in Houston, Texas) served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagans first administration, United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the administration of President George H... România Liberă is one of the leading newspapers in Romania. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jurnalul Naţional is a Romanian newspaper, part of a media group led by Dan Voiculescu, which also includes the popular TV station Antena 1. ...

External links

• Article about the golaniad and third mineriad (in Romanian)
• Hymn of the Golans - Imnul golanilor MP3 audio
• [1] 1990 election results.