The Golden Bull of 1356 issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV.

A Golden Bull or chrysobull was a golden ornament representing a seal (a bulla aurea or "golden seal" in Latin), attached to a decree issued by monarchs in Europe and the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The term was originally coined for the golden seal itself but came to be applied to the entire decree. Such decrees were known as golden bulls in western Europe and chrysobullos logos, or chrysobulls, in the Byzantine Empire (chryso being Greek for gold). Image File history File links The Golden Bull of 1356 by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. This picture is taken form the German Wikipedia (here). ... Image File history File links The Golden Bull of 1356 by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. This picture is taken form the German Wikipedia (here). ... Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance *French Renaissance *German Renaissance *English Renaissance The Renaissance, also known as Rinascimento (in Italian), was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ...

Golden bulls originated in the Byzantine Empire, for which they served as a particularly important diplomatic tool. The empire's official ideology rested on the idea that the Byzantine Emperor was chosen by God to be the ruler of the world's only legitimate empire. The Byzantines were remarkably successful in persuading other states to accept this, presenting golden bulls as acts of imperial grace but using them as de facto treaties without having to admit that foreign powers had any equal standing. They were also a useful means of enabling the empire to maintain the fiction that even humiliating concessions to powerful neighbours were really nothing of the sort. For nearly eight hundred years, they were issued unilaterally, without obligations on the part of the other party or parties. However, this eventually proved disadvantageous as the Byzantines sought to restrain the efforts of foreign powers to undermine the empire. During the 12th century, the Byzantines began to insert into golden bulls sworn statements of the obligations of their negotiating partners. (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ...

Other European monarchs adopted golden bulls in imitation of the Byzantines, but used them much more sparingly. The exceptional nature of non-Byzantine golden bulls gave them a much higher profile than either the Byzantine originals or ordinary proclamations. Notable golden bulls included:

• The Golden Bull of 1136, issued by Pope Innocent II, more commonly know as the Bull of Gniezno.

• The Golden Bull of Sicily, issued by 1212 by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.

• The Golden Bull of 1213, issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.

• The Golden Bull of 1214, issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor ceding all German territories north of the rivers Elbe and Elde to King Valdemar the Victorious of Denmark. Note: The latter river is located in Mecklenburg.

• The Golden Bull of 1222, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. This confirmed the rights of the nobility; it was forced on him much in the same way that King John of England was made to sign the Magna Carta.

• The Golden Bull of 1224 (the Goldenen Freibrief) was also promulgated by Andrew, granting certain rights to the Saxon inhabitants of Transylvania.

• The Golden Bull of Rimini (1226), issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.

• The Golden Bull of 1267, issued by King Bela IV of Hungary.

• The Golden Bull of 1348, issued by King Karel I of Bohemia, later Holy Roman Emperor as Charles IV, to establish Charles University in Prague, one of the oldest universities in the world.

• The Golden Bull of 1356 is probably the most famous golden bull, being a decree issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. Its promulgation at the Diet of Nuremberg defined, for a period of more than four hundred years, the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.

• The Golden Bull of 1702, issued by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor to establish the Akademia Leopoldina in Wroclaw (Breslau), the future University of Wroclaw.

Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise Births William of Newburgh, British historian and author of the Historia rerum Anglicarum Deaths November 15 - Leopold III of Austria, Patron saint of Austria Categories: 1136 ... Innocent II, né Gregorio Papareschi (d. ... The so-called Golden Bull of Sicily was a decree issued by the Roman king and emperor Frederick II in Basel on 26 September 1212 that certified hereditary royal title for PÅ™emysl I Otakar and his successors and determined the rights and the duties of the Bohemian monarchs (the... Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right). ... Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right). ... Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right). ... The Elbe River (Czech Labe   listen?, Sorbian/Lusatian Łobjo, Polish Łaba, German Elbe, Hungarian Elba) is one of the major waterways of central Europe. ... Valdemar II (1170–1241), called Valdemar the Conqueror or Valdemar the Victorious, was the King of Denmark from 1202 until 1241. ... Mecklenburg is a geographical area located in Northern Germany. ... The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. ... Andrew II (1175-1235) (Hungarian: , Slovak: Ondrej II) was a son of Bela III of Hungary and succeeded his nephew, the infant Ladislaus III, in 1205. ... John (December 24, 1166–October 18/19, 1216) reigned as King of England from April 6, 1199, until his death. ... Magna Carta placed certain checks on the absolute power of the English Monarchs. ... The Saxon people or Saxons were a large and powerful Germanic people located in what is now northwestern Germany and a small section of the eastern Netherlands. ... Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Трансилванија / Transilvanija, Bulgarian: Трансилвания (Transilvaniya) or Седмоградско (Sedmogradsko), Седмиградско (Sedmigradsko), Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko or Transylvánia, Polish: Siedmiogród) forms the western and central parts of Romania. ... Events Carmelite Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II calls Imperial Diet of Cremona Births Deaths October 3 Saint Francis of Assisi founder of the Franciscan Order and patron Saint of animals and the environment Canonized by Pope Gregory IX in 1228 November 8 King Louis VIII of France... Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right). ... B la IV (1206-1270) was the king of Hungary between 1235 and 1270. ... The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Czech ZemÄ› koruny české, Latin Corona regni Bohemiae) (e. ... Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... Bohemia For the place in the USA, see Bohemia, New York. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... The Charles University of Prague (also simply University of Prague; Czech: Univerzita Karlova; Latin: Universitas Carolina) is the oldest and most prestigious Czech university and among the oldest universities in Europe, being founded in 1340s (for the exact year, see below). ... Prague (Czech: Praha, see also other names) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. ... This is a list of the oldest extant universities in the world. ... The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (see Diet of Nuremberg) that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire. ... Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... The Diet of Nuremberg is often called the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg. ... This page is about the Germanic empire. ... Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I Habsburg (June 9, 1640 – May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna, daughter of Philip III of Spain. ... Wrocław, ( [:vrɔʦwaf]), German Breslau, Czech Vratislav, Latin Wratislavia; many Polish documents in English use the spelling Wroclaw) is the capital of Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). ...

External link

• Andrew II of Hungary's Golden Bull of 1222
• Columbia Encyclopedia atricle on the Golden Bull