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The Golden Jackal (Canis aureus), also called the Asiatic or Common Jackal, is a mammal of the order carnivora native to North and East Africa, Southeastern Europe and South Asia to Burma. It is the largest of the jackals, and the only species to occur outside Africa, with 12 different subspecies being recognised.[2] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3888 × 2592 pixel, file size: 483 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Golden jackal in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. ...
The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ...
Image File history File links Status_iucn3. ...
Least Concern (LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category. ...
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ...
For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...
Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ...
Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in...
Families 17, See classification The diverse order Carnivora (IPA: or ; from Latin carÅ (stem carn-) flesh, + vorÄre to devour) includes over 260 species of placental mammals. ...
Genera Alopex Atelocynus Canis Cerdocyon Chrysocyon Cuon Cynotherium †Dusicyon †Dasycyon †Fennecus (Part of Vulpes) Lycalopex (Part of Pseudalopex) Lycaon Nyctereutes Otocyon Pseudalopex Speothos Urocyon Vulpes The Canidae (′kanə′dē) family is a part of the order Carnivora within the mammals (Class Mammalia). ...
Species Canis adustus Canis aureus Canis dirus (extinct) Canis latrans Canis lupus Canis mesomelas Canis simensis †also includes dogs. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
Year 1758 (MDCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Families 17, See classification The diverse order Carnivora (IPA: or ; from Latin carÅ (stem carn-) flesh, + vorÄre to devour) includes over 260 species of placental mammals. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
World map showing the location of Europe. ...
World map showing the location of Asia. ...
Species Canis aureus Canis adustus Canis mesomelas A jackal (from Turkish çakal, via Persian shaghal ultimately from Sanskrit sá¹›gÄlaḥ [1][2]) is any of three (sometimes four) small to medium-sized members of the family Canidae, found in Africa, Asia and Southeastern Europe. ...
Physical characteristics
A darker color variant of the Golden Jackal. Nogrongoro Crater, Tanzania The golden jackal's short, coarse fur is usually yellow to pale gold and brown-tipped, though the color can vary with season and region. On the Serengeti Plain in Northern Tanzania for example, golden jackals are brown-grizzled yellow in the wet season (December-January), changing to pale gold in the dry season (September-October). [3] Jackals living in mountainous regions may have a greyer shade of fur.[2] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
The Serengeti is a region of grasslands and woodlands in Mara Region in Tanzania. ...
The golden jackal is generally 70-105 centimetres (28-42 inches) in length, with a tail length of about 25 centimetres (10 inches). It's standing height is approximately 38-50 cm (16-20 inches) at the shoulder. Average weight is 7-15 kilograms (15-33 pounds) with males tending to be 15% heavier than the females.[3][4] The form of the skull bares more similarities to that of the coyote and the grey wolf than it does with other jackal species.[2] Scent glands are present on the face and the anus and genital regions. Females have 4-8 mammae. [4] The dental formula is I 3/3 C 1/1 Pm 4/4 M 2/3 = 42.[2] cm redirects here, alternate uses: cm (disambiguation) A centimetre (symbol cm; American spelling: centimeter) is an SI unit of length. ...
The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ...
Officially the pound is the name for at least three different units of mass: The pound (avoirdupois). ...
Binomial name Say, 1823 Coyote range The coyote (Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf [2]) is a mammal of the order carnivora. ...
Binomial name Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 The Wolf or Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) is a mammal of the Canidae family and the ancestor of the domestic dog. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Mammary glands are milk-secreting adaptations of sweat glands and are the characteristic of mammals which gave the class its name. ...
Courtship and reproduction
 A pair of captive Golden Jackals in Israel. Jackals are a strictly monogamous species. In most jackal families, there are one or two adult members who act as "helpers". Helpers are jackals who have reached sexual maturity, yet remain with their parents without breeding, in order to help take care of the next litter.[3] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 755 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1149 × 912 pixel, file size: 849 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) at Chai-Negev, Revivim, Israel. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 755 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1149 × 912 pixel, file size: 849 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) at Chai-Negev, Revivim, Israel. ...
The time of births vary according to region. In East Africa, births occur mainly in January-February, in Southeastern Europe in April-May, but take place non-seasonally in tropical Asia. Golden jackals of the Serengeti court at the end of the dry season and produce pups during the rainy season.[3] Young are born in a den within the parents' marked territory after a 63 day gestation period. Litters usually contain 2-4 pups which are weaned after 50 to 90 days.[3] Cubs at birth weigh 200-250 grams, and open their eyes after about ten days. The young are milked, then fed by regurgitation when they begin to take solid food at about three months. Sexual maturity comes at eleven months.[3]
Ecology
Diet and hunting The golden jackal is an oppurtunistic feeder with a diet which consists of 54% animal food and 46% plant food.[3] They are very capable hunters of small to medium sized prey such as rabbits, rodents, birds, insects, fish and monkeys.[2] Golden jackals use their highly acute hearing to identify small prey hiding in vegetation.[2] They have been observed to hunt ungulates 4-5 times their body weight, though they will more commonly target young specimens. In the Serengeti, golden jackals are major predators of gazelle fawns[3], while in India, they often kill blackbuck calves.[2] Although it is common for jackals to hunt alone, they do occasionally do so in small groups, usually consisting of 2-5 individuals. Working in a pack greatly increases the chances of making a successful kill.[2] During the harvest season in India, the jackal feeds predominantly on fruits.[2] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Binomial name Antilope cervicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope found mainly within the Republic of India, but also in parts of neighbouring Pakistan and Nepal. ...
Golden jackals will scavenge given the oppurtunity, and will steal from the kills of other carnivores such as lions and tigers, usually waiting for the larger predators to leave before feeding themselves. Groups of 5-18 jackals have been seen frequenting large ungulate carcasses. Jackals living in some parts of India and Bangladesh will subside primarily on carrion and garbage.[2] For other uses, see Lion (disambiguation). ...
Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Historical distribution of tigers (pale yellow) and 2006 (green). ...
Relationships with other predators Along with the golden jackal, the red fox is a commonly occurring predator in Israel. Although the jackal is triple the size of a fox, their dietary habits are identical, and are therefore in direct competition with one another. Foxes generally ignore jackal scents or tracks in their territories, though they will avoid close physical proximity with jackals themselves. Studies have shown that in areas where jackals became very abundant, the population size of foxes decreased significantly, apparently because of competetive exclusion.[5] In India, golden jackals have been known to appropriate the dens of bengal foxes.[2] Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Red Fox range Synonyms Vulpes fulva, Vulpes fulvus The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a mammal of the order carnivora. ...
Binomial name Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw, 1800) // Range and Habitat The Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) is a fox endemic to the Indian subcontinent and is found from the Himalayan foothills and Terai of Nepal through southern India and from southern and eastern Pakistan to eastern India and southeastern Bangladesh Appearance Vulpes...
Conversely, jackals are shown to vacate areas inhabited by the larger grey wolf. Wolves are often actively intolerant of jackals in their established territories and have been known to approach jackal-calling stations at a quick trotting pace, presumably to chase off the competitors.[6] There are however occasions when jackals scavenged on wolf kills without evoking any aggressive responses from the larger canids.[2] Binomial name Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 The Wolf or Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) is a mammal of the Canidae family and the ancestor of the domestic dog. ...
Golden jackal remains have been found in spotted hyena scat.[7]
Relationships with humans
Livestock predation In southern Bulgaria, 1053 attacks on small stock, mainly sheep and lambs, were recorded between 1982–87, along with some damages to newborn deer in game farms.[6] In Israel, about 1.5%-1.9% of the calves born in the Golan Heights die due to predation, mainly by golden jackals. In both cases, the high predation rate is thought to be the consequence of a jackal population explosion due to the availability of food in illegal garbage dumps.[8] Preventative measures to avoid depredation were also lacking in both cases. However, even without preventing measures, the highest damages by jackals from Bulgaria are minimal when compared to the domestic animal losses by wolves.[6]
The majority of attacks on calves in the Golan Heights occur within 2 days after delivery, and male calves are usually more likely to be attacked than females, due to the fact that they are heavier and more difficult to deliver. Female cattle giving birth are sometimes attacked along with their half born offspring, sometimes resulting in severe injuries to the vaginal area.[8]
Hybridization with dogs In Russia, Golden Jackal/Siberian Husky hybrids were bred as sniffer dogs on the pretence that Jackals have a superior sense of smell, though their lack of trust in humans and adaptability to cold climates made crossing with huskies necessary. As well as a superior sense of smell, important at low temperatures where substances are less volatile and therefore less pungent, the so called Sulimov Dogs are small sized and can work in confined spaces. The jackal hybrids were bred by senior researcher Klim Sulimov, Senior Research Assistant at the D.S. Likhachev Scientific Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Environmental Protection in Russia. He claims that his creations combine the qualities of Arctic reindeer herding dogs, which can work in temperatures as low as -70C, and jackals which enjoy the heat up to +40C. Though the jackal hybrid breeding project begain in 1975, with 25 of the animals being currently on duty, they have yet to be registered as a working dog breed.[9] This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Cultural perceptions
 Anubis, the jackal headed god of the dead. The Egyptian god of the dead; Anubis was portrayed as a jackal-headed man, or as a jackal wearing ribbons and holding a flagellum, a symbol of protection, in the crook of its arm. Anubis was always shown as a black jackal or dog, even though real jackals are typically tan or a light brown. To the Egyptians, black was the color of regeneration, death, and the night. It was also the color that the body turned during mummification. The reason for Anubis' animal model being canine is based on what the ancient Egyptians themselves observed of the creature - dogs and jackals often haunted the edges of the desert, especially near the cemeteries where the dead were buried. In fact, it is thought that the Egyptians began the practice of making elaborate graves and tombs to protect the dead from desecration by jackals. From Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity by Samuel Sharpe (1863) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
From Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity by Samuel Sharpe (1863) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
The Greeks god Hermes and the monster Cerberus are thought to derive their origins from the golden jackal.[2] Hermes Fastening his Sandal, Roman marble copy of a Lysippan bronze (Louvre Museum) Hermes (Greek, , IPA: ), in Greek mythology, is the Olympian god of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them, of shepherds and cowherds, of orators and wit, of literature and poets, of athletics, of weights and measures...
Heracles and threatened Cerberus, Attic black-figure neck-amphora, ca. ...
Some tribes in India believe in the existence of a horn-like growth called shiyal shingi which appears on the heads of some jackals. The possession of this growth is considered a sign of good fortune.[2]
The jackal is mentioned frequently in the Bible, where it is portrayed as a sinister creature, most notably in Psalm 63:9-11 where it is stated that non believers would become food for the jackals. In his book Running with the Fox, David W. Macdonald theorizes that due to the general scarcity and elusiveness of foxes in Israel, the author of the Book of Judges may have actually been describing the much more common golden jackals when narrating how Samson tied torches to the tails of 300 foxes to make them destroy the vineyards of the Philistines. This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ...
Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ...
David W. Macdonald is a British zoologist. ...
Book of Judges (Hebrew: Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטי×) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. ...
Samson and Delilah, by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641) This article is about Biblical figure. ...
Map showing the location of Philistine land and cities of Gaza, Ashdod, and Ashkelon Map of the southern Levant, c. ...
Conservation Status As a species of Least Concern, Golden Jackals are considered common throughout their range and are not currently threatened.
References - ^ Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2004). Canis aureus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 05 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Golden Jackal. Canids.org. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Canis aureus. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved on 2007-07-31.
- ^ a b Golden Jackal. Lioncrusher's Domain. Retrieved on 2007-07-31.
- ^ Behavioural responses of red foxes to an increase in the presence of golden jackals: a field experiment. Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University. Retrieved on 2007-07-31.
- ^ a b c Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Greece. WWF Greece. Retrieved on 2007-07-31.
- ^ Crocuta crocuta. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
- ^ a b CATTLE PREDATION BY THE GOLDEN JACKAL Canis IN THE GOLAN HEIGHTS, ISRAEL. Department of zoology, Tel Aviv university. Retrieved on 2007-08-19.
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1977094.stm
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