The golden age of hip hop, derivative of old school hip hop, was probably introduced with the popularity of Run-DMC's 1986 album Raising Hell. Not set into full effect until around late 1988, some will say it roughly ended with the popularity of G-Funk around 1993,^[1] even though many classic albums by artists such as Nas, The Notorious B.I.G., Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, A Tribe Called Quest, and the Wu-Tang Clan arguably extended this era into 1994. It was characterized by ubiquitous soul, jazz and funk samples (à la James Brown and Average White Band) and Afrocentric lyrics.^{[citation needed]} The various "elements" of hip hop culture were still on a somewhat equal footing - with many groups including DJs, beatboxers and b-boy breakdancers - art forms that would lose priority with the mainstreaming of the music. The golden age was largely based in New York City, where the careers of many of the acclaimed rappers in hip-hop history began. Old school hip hop is a term used to describe the very earliest hip hop music to come out of the block parties of New York City in the 1970s and 1980s. ... Run-DMC is a famous hip hop crew founded by Jason Mizell (Jam Master Jay) and includes Joseph Run Simmons and Darryl DMC McDaniels, all from Hollis, Queens. ... Raising Hell is a 1986 (see 1986 in music) album by old school rappers Run-D.M.C.. Their breakthrough album, Raising Hell trumped standing perceptions of commercial viability for hip hop groups, achieving triple-platinum status and receiving critical attention from quarters that had previously ignored hip hop as... G-funk, an abbreviation of Gangsta-funk, is a type of hip hop music that emerged from West Coast gangsta rap in the early 1990s. ... For other uses, see Nas (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Bone Thugs-n-Harmony is an American hip hop group from Cleveland, Ohio, best known for their high pace rapping style and harmonizing vocals. ... A Tribe Called Quest is a critically acclaimed and highly-influential American hip-hop group, formed in 1988. ... Wu-Tang redirects here. ... For other persons named James Brown, see James Brown (disambiguation). ... The Average White Band (also AWB) is a Scottish funk and R&B band. ... see African studies for the study of African culture and history in Africa. ... Hip hop is a subculture, which is said to have begun with the work of DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, and Afrika Bambaattaa. ... For other meanings of DJ, see DJ (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Hip hop is a cultural movement that began amongst urban African American youth in New York and has since spread around the world. ... A boy hitting (holding) a pike Breakdance (media coined phrase), also known as breaking, b-girling or b-boying, is a street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement that originated among African American youths in the South Bronx of New York City during the early... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... List of hip hop musicians is broken down into several smaller lists and categories: // Beatboxers DJs and producers Turntablists Groups Rappers Christian (rappers | groups) Fictional Singers Albanian (groups) American (rappers | groups) Angolan (groups) Australian (rappers | groups | Crews) Austrian Belgian (groups) Bosnian and Herzegovinan (rappers | groups) Brazilian (rappers | groups) British (rappers...

Overview

A number of new hip hop styles and subgenres began appearing as the genre gained popularity. Run-D.M.C.'s collaboration with hard rock band Aerosmith on "Walk This Way" was an early example of rock and hip hop fusions. Also, the mid-1980s saw the rise of the first major black female group, Salt-N-Pepa, who hit the charts with singles like "The Show Stoppa" in 1985. Ice T's seminal "6n' Da Mornin'" (1986) was one of the first nationally successful West Coast hip hop singles, and is often said to be the beginning of gangsta rap. Run-DMC is a famous hip hop crew founded by Jason Mizell (Jam Master Jay) and includes Joseph Run Simmons and Darryl DMC McDaniels, all from Hollis, Queens. ... Hard Rock redirects here. ... This article is about the band Aerosmith. ... Walk This Way is a song by American hard rock group Aerosmith. ... Salt, DJ Spinderella, and Pepa on the cover to their 1999 CD single, The Brick Track Verses Gitty Up Salt-N-Pepa is an American R&B and hip hop group, consisting of Cheryl James and Sandy Denton (Salt and Pepa, respectively), and Deidre Dee Dee Roper (DJ Spinderella). ... Tracy Marrow (born February 16, 1958), better known as Ice T or Ice-T, is an American rapper, singer and actor. ... West Coast hip hop, also known as West Coast rap or California hip hop, is a style of hip hop music that originated in California in the early 1980s. ... For the Ice T album, see Gangsta Rap (album). ...

In 1987, Public Enemy released their debut album (Yo! Bum Rush the Show), and Boogie Down Productions followed up in 1988 with their 2nd album By All Means Necessary. Both records pioneered a wave of hard-edged politicized performers. In 1988 and 1989, artists from the Native Tongues Posse released the first conscious hip hop albums, with jazz-based samples and diverse, quirky and often political lyrics covering a diverse range of topics (see jazz rap) and strongly influenced by the Afrocentric messages of Bambaataa's Zulu Nation. Also, in 1988, Public Enemy released their second album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back. This album, generally considered one of the greatest hip-hop albums of all time ^[2], and praised by critics and fans, combined noisy, often atonal samples with fiery political rhetoric to create a wholly unique sound, never before seen in hip-hop. The Juice Crew, Rakim, KRS-ONE, and Chuck D are thought to have played significant roles in advancing the artform of rap, upping the ante in terms of meaningful subject matter, witty wordplay, and effective verbal delivery. Additionally, groups such as De La Soul and A Tribe Called Quest produced thoughtful recordings that expressed conscientious understanding of the world around them, leading to the sub-genre of conscious hip hop. Public Enemy, also known as PE, is a hip hop group from Long Island, New York, known for their politically charged lyrics, criticism of the media, and active interest in the concerns of the African American community. ... Yo! Bum Rush The Show is a 1987 album by Public Enemy. ... Boogie Down Productions (1989) Boogie Down Productions was originally composed of KRS One, D Nice, and DJ Scott La Rock. ... By All Means Necessary is the sophomore album from Hip Hop group Boogie Down Productions. ... The Native Tongues Posse is a collective of late 1980s and early 1990s hip-hop artists known for their positive-minded, good naturedly-Afrocentric lyrics, and for pioneering the use of eclectic sampling and later jazz-influenced beats. ... Conscious hip hop is a subgenre of alternative hip hop which focuses on social issues. ... Jazz rap is a fusion of alternative hip hop music and jazz, developed in the very late 1980s and early 1990s. ... see African studies for the study of African culture and history in Africa. ... The Universal Zulu Nation, originally known simply as The Organization, is an international hip hop awareness group, which arose among reformed street gang members in New York City in the 1970s, formed and headed by Hip Hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Public Enemy, also known as PE, is a hip hop group from Long Island, New York, known for their politically charged lyrics, criticism of the media, and active interest in the concerns of the African American community. ... It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back is the second full-length album by American hip hop group Public Enemy, released on April 19, 1988 (see 1988 in music) on Def Jam Recordings. ... Atonality in a general sense describes music that departs from the system of tonal hierarchies that are said to characterized the sound of classical European music from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. ... The Juice Crew was a pioneering hip-hop collective in the mid to late 1980s founded by producer Marley Marl and housed by the label Cold Chillin Records. ... Rakim (pronounced Rah-Kem) (full name Rakim Allah, born William Michael Griffin Jr. ... KRS-One (born Lawrence Krisna Parker on August 20, 1965 in Brooklyn, New York. ... Carlton Douglas Ridenhour (born August 1, 1960), better known by his stage name Chuck D, is an American rapper, composer, actor, author, radio personality and producer. ... Rap redirects here. ... De La Soul is a Grammy-award winning hip hop group from Long Island, New York. ... A Tribe Called Quest is a critically acclaimed and highly-influential American hip-hop group, formed in 1988. ... Conscious hip hop is a subgenre of alternative hip hop which focuses on social issues. ...

Many new subgenres and styles flourished. Artistic growth was not limited to New York; gains were being made nationwide, especially in areas such as Philadelphia, New Jersey, Chicago, California, and the Southern states. It was during this period that many of hip-hop's regional hotbeds produced the rappers who are now considered their regional ambassadors, notably Scarface of the Geto Boys and Bun B of UGK, who first began displaying the skills that made them both acclaimed artists in Texas. For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City 234. ... In the 1980s, hip hop music began to break into the mainstream of the United States. ... Southern rap (or Dirty South hip-hop) is a type of hip hop music that emerged in the late-1990s as a popular force from cities such as New Orleans, Miami, Atlanta, Memphis, Houston, and Dallas. ... Brad Terrence Jordan[1] (born on November 9, 1970 in New Jersey), better known by his stage name Scarface (and formerly Akshen) is an American rapper originally known for his work as a member of The Geto Boys. ... Geto Boys (intentionally misspelled, although sometimes also spelled Ghetto Boys) is a rap group from Houston, Texas, consisting of Scarface, Willie D and Bushwick Bill. ... Bun B (born Bernard Freeman March 19, 1973) is a rapper of one half (with Pimp C) Southern hip hop act UGK from Port Arthur, Texas. ... UGK (short for Underground Kingz) is a hip-hop duo from Port Arthur, Texas. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ...

During this period, Def Jam became the first independent hip hop record label and saw the rise of one of its most successful protégés LL Cool J.^{[citation needed]} Def Jam Recordings, commonly referred to as Def Jam Records or just Def Jam is an United States based hip-hop record label, owned by Universal Music Group, and operates as a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group. ... In the music industry, a record label is a brand and a trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos. ... LL Cool J (born James Todd Smith III on January 14, 1968 in New York, New York) is a legendary American hip hop artist and actor. ...

Black Pride, Afrocentricity and Politics

Main article: Conscious hip hop

During this time hip-hop saw a large circle of artist promoting Black pride, unity, and self-awareness. Artist and groups such as Public Enemy , Kool Moe Dee, X-Clan, and Boogie Down Productions (particularly after the death of Scott 'La Rock' Sterling) began to preach their distaste with the social and political state of the U.S. and its effects on the black community. This was also the time of the Stop the Violence Movement, an initiative to curb violence in hip hop and the black community, led by KRS-One and the all-star single "Self Destruction". This era also saw a significant number of Five Percent Nation-affiliated artists such as Rakim, Lakim Shabazz, Big Daddy Kane, Poor Righteous Teachers, YZ, Black Moon, and Brand Nubian preaching the doctrine of the Supreme Alphabet and Supreme Mathematics in their lyrics. Conscious hip hop is a subgenre of alternative hip hop which focuses on social issues. ... Mohandas Dewese (born 8 August 1962), better known as Kool Moe Dee, was an American old-school rapper prominent in the late 1980s and early 90s. ... X-Clan is an alternative hip hop group from New York City, composed of Grand Verbalizer Funk Lesson, Lumumba Professor X, Grand Architect, The Rhythm Provider and MC Isis. ... Scott Sterling (March 2, 1962–August 27, 1987), better known by his stage name Scott La Rock, was the original DJ for the hip hop group Boogie Down Productions. ... The Stop the Violence Movement was formed by rapper KRS-One. ... The Nation of Gods and Earths, commonly known as the Five Percent Nation or the Five Percenters are an African-American social/religious movement founded in Harlem in the late 1960s by Clarence 13X. Spawned from a combination of teachings of by Malcom X and The Nation of Islam, the... The Poor Righteous Teachers are a trio of African American hip hop musicians from Trenton, New Jersey, founded in 1989 (see 1989 in music). ... Brand Nubian is a hip hop group from New Rochelle, New York, consisting of three MCs; Grand Puba (born Maxwell Dixon, March 4, 1966), Sadat X (formerly Derek X, born Derek Murphy) and Lord Jamar (born Lorenzo Dechalus, on September 17, 1968), and two DJs, DJ Alamo and DJ Sincere. ... The Supreme Alphabet is, in the Nation of Gods and Earths, a system of interpreting text and finding deeper meaning in the original 120 Questions written by Elijah Muhammad and Wallace Fard Muhammad by assigning actual meanings to the letters of the Roman alphabet. ... The Supreme Mathematics, in the teachings the Nation of Gods and Earths, is a system of understanding numbers alongside concepts that are used along with the Supreme Alphabet as tools to unlocking the keys to reality and the universe. ...

Rise of women

Prior to the late 80's, women in hip hop were few and far between and those that were active got very little airplay. However after the releases of "Roxanne's Revenge" by Roxanne Shante and "The Show Stoppa" by Salt 'N Pepa, it became apparent that women in hip hop would no longer take a backseat to the current male dominated market. Artists such as MC Lyte, Queen Latifah, Monie Love and Michie Mee began to release full albums and gain airtime on radios. Roxanne Shanté is an American hip hop vocalist, best known for her hit Roxannes Revenge. Her career began unusually, as she ran into three men talking about U.T.F.O., who had recently cancelled their performance at a show they were performing. ... Salt-N-Pepa is an American R&B and hip hop group, consisting of Cheryl James and Sandy Denton (Salt and Pepa, respectively), and Deidre Dee Dee Roper (DJ Spinderella). ... MC Lyte (born Lana Michele Moorer, 11 October 1970, Brooklyn, New York) is a female rap artist. ... Also see the Arab singer Latifa Dana Elaine Owens (born March 18, 1970 in Newark, New Jersey) is a Grammy-winning American rapper/singer, model, and Academy Award-nominated actress. ... Monie Love (born Simone Wilson on July 2, 1970 in London) is an English rapper and the sister of techno musician Dave Angel. ... Michie Mee (born Michelle McCullock) is a Canadian rapper and actor of Jamaican descent. ...

Jazz Rap

Alternative styles were developed and popular, such as the "jazz rap" sound pioneered by groups like Stetsasonic and Gang Starr and further popularized by the Native Tongue Posse, which included A Tribe Called Quest, De La Soul, the Black Sheep, and the Jungle Brothers. Jazz rap is a fusion of alternative hip hop music and jazz, developed in the very late 1980s and early 1990s. ... Stetsasonic, appearing on the cover of their debut album, On Fire Stetsasonic was an American hip hop group formed in 1981 (see 1981 in music) in Brooklyn, New York. ... Gang Starr is an influential hip hop group that consists of Guru and DJ Premier from Brooklyn, New York. ... The Native Tongues Posse is a group of late 1980s and early 1990s hip-hop artists known for their positive-minded, good-naturedly Afrocentric lyrics and jazzy beats. ... A Tribe Called Quest is a critically acclaimed and highly-influential American hip-hop group, formed in 1988. ... De La Soul is a Grammy-award winning hip hop group from Long Island, New York. ... Black Sheep may refer to many different things: // English language Black sheep is a derogatory colloquial term in the English language meaning an outsider or one who is different in a way which others disapprove of. ... The Jungle Brothers are an American hip hop group who pioneered the fusion of jazz and hip-hop and also became the first hip hop group to use an in house producer. ...

The crew with the "Juice"

The most memorable artists from the golden era were perhaps those affiliated with Marley Marl's Cold Chillin' Records and its collective the Juice Crew. Big Daddy Kane was known for his smooth lyrical flow and sex appeal, Kool G Rap for his crime stories and complex wordplay, Biz Markie for his beatboxing and comedic antics, and MC Shan from the Bridge Wars against Boogie Down Productions. Other members included Masta Ace, Craig G, and the aforementioned Roxanne Shanté. Many rappers of today continue to pay homage to Kane and Kool G Rap for their development of hip-hop lyricism. Marlon Williams (born September 30, 1962 in Queens, New York City), better known as Marley Marl, is an influential hip-hop producer. ... Prism Records was an American record label formed in 1978. ... The Juice Crew was a pioneering hip-hop collective in the mid to late 1980s founded by producer Marley Marl and housed by the label Cold Chillin Records. ... Antonio Hardy (born September 10, 1968), better known by his stage name Big Daddy Kane, is a record producer/rapper from the Bed-Stuy section of Brooklyn, New York. ... Nathaniel Wilson (born July 20, 1968), known by stage name Kool G Rap, is an American hardcore rapper from the Corona section of Queens, New York. ... Biz Markie (born Marcel Hall April 8, 1964 in Harlem, New York) is a rapper and DJ, best known for humorous singles such as Just a Friend. He has been labeled The Clown Prince of Hip-Hop. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Shawn Moltke is an American rapper who uses the stage name MC Shan. ... The Bridge Wars was a hip hop rivalry during the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s, that arose from a dispute over the true birthplace of hip hop music and retaliation over the rejecting of a record for airplay. ... Boogie Down Productions (1989) Boogie Down Productions was originally composed of KRS One, D Nice, and DJ Scott La Rock. ... The quality of this article or section may be compromised by peacock terms. You can help Wikipedia by removing peacock terms. ... Craig G Performing Live Craig G (born Craig Morgan) is a hip-hop MC who hails from the Queens Bridge district in New York, USA. Craig is best known as one of the original members of legendary hip hop producer Marly Marls Cold Chillin Records group the Juice Crew...

The California "Gold" Rush

Main article: West Coast hip hop

While the East Coast was the dominant force during these days, the West Coast was certainly a factor in making hip hop much more mainstream. While not as afrocentric or political as their eastern counterparts, the West saw popular mainstream artists such as Tone Loc, Young MC, Sir Mix-A-Lot and MC Hammer solidify the pop-rap genre. While from one side it may have seemed like "fun and games" on the West Coast, the social and political struggles of gang wars, police brutality, drugs and poverty was beginning to show through the maturities of gangsta rap. When N.W.A. first emerged into the spotlight with Straight Outta Compton it demonstrated the brutality and explicit life in America's ghettos. This was not uncommon in east coast hardcore hiphop, with artists such as Boogie Down Productions, Just Ice, or even Public Enemy. However profanity and sexual references took a back seat to style and wordplay in east coast rap, and in many cases was viewed as distasteful or irrelevant. Other rappers like Ice Cube took front stage in continuing political hip hop set for from East Coast artists by releasing two critically acclaimed and commercially successful albums in the early 1990's entitled AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted and Death Certificate. At the time, many listeners that grew up on hip-hop viewed this new West Coast invasion as primitive because of reliance on shock value and profanity versus the complex flow from their favorite artists. Rapidly, regular programming on Yo MTV Raps and BET's Rap City began playing these videos. Before 2Pac rose to stardom, he had a successful career in albums like 2Pacalypse Now and Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z., which talked about a lot of aspects of urban hardships and political issues. West Coast hip hop, also known as West Coast rap or California hip hop, is a style of hip hop music that originated in California in the early 1980s. ... Tone Loc (born Anthony Terrell Smith on March 3, 1966) is an American hip hop artist turned actor, most well-known for his 1989 hit singles Wild Thing and Funky Cold Medina. He is also known for his deep, gravelly, almost hoarse voice. ... Young MC (born Marvin Young on 10 May 1967 in London, England) is a former rapper most known for his 1989 hit, Bust a Move, which won the first-ever Grammy Award for Best Rap Recording. ... Anthony Ray (born August 12, 1963), known as Sir Mix-a-Lot, is a Grammy Award-winning rapper and producer, originally from Seattle, Washington, U.S.. // Sir Mix-a-Lot worked together with Miami bass icon DJ Magic Mike, Mudhoney, Metal Church (on a cover of Black Sabbaths Iron... MC Hammer (born Stanley Kirk Burrell on March 30, 1962) is an American MC who was popular during the late 1980s and early 1990s, known for his dramatic rise to and fall from fame and fortune, his trademark Hammer pants, and for leaving a lasting influence on hip hop culture... Pop rap (sometimes referred to as hip pop or even hit pop) is the name given to a style of hip hop that has strong pop music influences and vice-versa. ... This article is about the hip-hop group. ... This article is about the album. ... OShea Jackson (born June 15, 1969), better known by his stage name, Ice Cube, is an American rapper, actor and film director. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This page is about a person. ... Years after his death, Tupac Shakur is still considered one of the most influential hip hop artists of all time. ... 2Pacalypse Now was Tupac Shakurs debut album, released in November 1991. ... Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. is a 1993 album released by rapper Tupac Shakur. ...

Heading South

Main article: Southern rap

In the South, a distinctive bass-heavy scene Miami bass evolved out of electro hop and similar hip hop-influenced dance scenes in Miami, including Luther Campbell and his group, 2 Live Crew. 2 Live Crew became infamous after their album, Nasty As They Wanna Be (1989), The Miami Bass scene that 2 Live Crew typified is simply one form of southern rap and Miami Bass' club-oriented sound garnered little respect from hip hop fans. The South became synonymous with "rump shaking" music. However, as with its Western counterparts, the realities of inner-city life, this time in the South began to show through artist like the Geto Boys. Southern rap (or Dirty South hip-hop) is a type of hip hop music that emerged in the late-1990s as a popular force from cities such as New Orleans, Miami, Atlanta, Memphis, Houston, and Dallas. ... Geto Boys (intentionally misspelled, although sometimes also spelled Ghetto Boys) is a rap group from Houston, Texas, consisting of Scarface, Willie D and Bushwick Bill. ...

Def Jam Recordings

Main article: Def Jam Recordings

In 1984 Def Jam Recordings was founded by producer Rick Rubin and Russell Simmons, the brother of Joseph Simmons of Run-D.M.C.. Its first releases were LL Cool J's "I Need A Beat" and the Beastie Boys' "Rock Hard," both in 1984 ^[3]. Def Jam Recordings, commonly referred to as Def Jam Records or just Def Jam is an United States based hip-hop record label, owned by Universal Music Group, and operates as a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group. ... Def Jam Recordings, commonly referred to as Def Jam Records or just Def Jam is an United States based hip-hop record label, owned by Universal Music Group, and operates as a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group. ... Frederick Jay (Rick) Rubin (born March 10, 1963 in Lido Beach, New York) is an American record producer and is currently the co-head of Columbia Records. ... Russell Simmons (born October 4, 1957 in Queens, New York), is an American entrepreneur, the co-founder, with Rick Rubin, of the pioneering hip-hop label Def Jam, founder of another label, Russell Simmons Music Group, and creator of the clothing fashion line Phat Farm. ... Joseph Simmons Joseph Ward Simmons (born November 14, 1964) is one of the founding members of hip hop group Run-D.M.C.. He is known as DJ Run, Joey Simmons or Rev Run, which is a play on his religious title. ... Run-DMC is a famous hip hop crew founded by Jason Mizell (Jam Master Jay) and includes Joseph Run Simmons and Darryl DMC McDaniels, all from Hollis, Queens. ... LL Cool J (born James Todd Smith III on January 14, 1968 in New York, New York) is a legendary American hip hop artist and actor. ... The Beastie Boys are a hip hop musical group from New York City consisting of Michael Mike D Diamond, Adam MCA Yauch, Adam Ad-Rock Horovitz. ...

References

1. ^ All Music Guide Golden Age Genre reports these events as the bookends of a genre, while MSNBC calls the whole decade of the '80s' the "Golden Age" on the basis of its "spirit," the fact that it wasn't video driven, and commercial control was less of an influence on the art.
2. ^ AllMusic Guide
3. ^ The Musicangle Interview: Producer Rick Rubin Part I