Golubac fortress
Golubac fortress
Building information
Location	Golubac
Country	Serbia
Completion Date	1480s
Style	fortification, mixed

Golubac fortress (Serbian: Голубачки град or Golubački grad) is a medieval fortified town most likely built during the 14^th century. It is located on the right side of the Danube river, 4 kilometers downstream from the modern-day town of Golubac, in the Braničevo District of north-eastern Serbia. The fortress, which is rather large and well-preserved considering its age and location, marks the entrance to the Đerdap national park. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x750, 287 KB) Golubac (Golubacki Grad), Serbien (Srbija) 2004, Foto: Denis Barthel File links The following pages link to this file: Djerdap National Park ... View of Golubac fortress from Danube Golubac (Голубац) is a village and municipality on the north-eastern border of Serbia, on the right side of the river Danube. ... Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city)  Belgrade Official languages Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet1 Government Parliamentary republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 8th century   -  Independence c. ... Table of Fortification, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... Serbian (српски језик; srpski jezik) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs everywhere. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... View of Golubac fortress from Danube Golubac (Голубац) is a village and municipality on the north-eastern border of Serbia, on the right side of the river Danube. ... Branicevo District (Braničevski okrug) The Branicevo District expands in the north-east of Serbia. ... Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city)  Belgrade Official languages Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet1 Government Parliamentary republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 8th century   -  Independence c. ... Castle Golubac Tabula Traiana in Djerdap National Park The Đerdap National Park (Национални парк Ђердап) stretches along the right bank of the Danube River from the castle of Golubac (Golubački Grad) to the dam near Sip, Serbia and Montenegro. ... Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, UK A national park is a reserve of land, usually declared and owned by a national government, protected from most human development and pollution. ...

Fort Golubac has had a tumultuous history. It was the site of many battles, and changed hands repeatedly until it was turned over to the Serbian Knez, Mihailo Obrenović III, in 1867. Previously, it had passed between Turks, Hungarians, Serbs, and Austrians. Now, it is a popular tourist attraction in the region and a sightseeing point on Danube boat tours. Kniaz’ or knyaz (Russian and Ukrainian: ; Serbian: knez; Romanian: cneaz; in fem. ... Mihailo (Michael) Obrenović III (Serbian Cyrillic: Михаило Обреновић) (September 16 (September 4, OS), 1823 – June 10 (May 29, OS), 1868) was prince of Serbia from 1839–1842 and again from 1860–1868. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ...

Location and history

Golubac, on the modern-day border with Romania, is strategically located on the embankment of the Danube river where it narrows to form the Iron Gate gorge,^[1][2] allowing for the regulation and taxation of traffic across and along the river.^[3][4] In the Middle Ages, this was done with the aid of a strong chain connected to Babakaj, a rock on the far side of the river. The Iron Gate (Romanian: Porţile de Fier, Serbian: Гвоздена врата / Gvozdena vrata, Hungarian: Vaskapu, Turkish: Demirkapi, German: Eisernes Tor, Bulgarian: Железни врата) is a gorge on the Danube River. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

Golubac's early history is uncertain. Inscriptions^[5] and evidence of older defensive structures^[6] in the area show the presence a Roman settlement, sometimes named "Columbaria,"^[6] long before the creation of Golubac. It is also unclear whether the fortress was built by Serbs^[5] or Hungarians,^[3] or how many towers it started with. However, a Serbian Orthodox chapel built as part of one tower shows that it, at the least, was built by a Serbian noble. There is also uncertainty about when construction was started, though it is generally agreed that the majority of the fortress was built early in the 14^th century.^[1][2][4] Area under Roman control  Roman Republic  Roman Empire  Western Empire  Eastern Empire Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Early history The Serbs migrated to the Balkans during the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius (610-641). ... A chapel is a private church, usually small and often attached to a larger institution such as a college, a hospital, a palace, or a prison. ...

The first known record of Golubac is in Hungarian sources from 1335, at which point it was occupied by Hungarian military.^[5] Between 1345 and 1355, Golubac, under the command of Castellan Toma, Voivode of Transylvania, received a visit from Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan during a tour of the Braničevo region, which was part of Serbia.^[5] After Dušan's death, the Rastislalić family gained influence in Braničevo, later winning independence. According to Serbian chroniclers, Knez Lazar evicted the last Rastislalić feudal lord Radič Branković in 1379, then gifted outlying villages to monasteries in Wallachia.^[5] By the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Golubac was held by Serbia. It is unclear when or how it changed hands, though one source puts it later than 1382.^[5] After the battle, the fortress was lost to Sultan Bayezid I, marking the first possession by the Ottoman Empire. In 1391, Golubac switched hands twice. Hungarian Timişoaran Comes Peter Perényi won it, but only had a short period of command before losing it back to the Turks.^[6] Later, it returned once again to the Kingdom of Hungary. A castellan was the governor or caretaker of a castle or keep. ... Voivode (as it is spelled in the Oxford English Dictionary), or less commonly voivod, is a Slavic word that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian  , Croatian car, in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ... DuÅ¡an Silni Stefan UroÅ¡ IV DuÅ¡an Silni (the Mighty) (Serbian: Стефан Урош IV Душан Силни, in English also Stephen Dushan) (c. ... Braničevo (Браничево) is a geographical region in east-central Serbia. ... Kniaz’ or knyaz (Russian and Ukrainian: ; Serbian: knez; Romanian: cneaz; in fem. ... Prince Lazar, Photo courtesy of freesrpska. ... Feudalism comes from the Late Latin word feudum, itself borrowed from a Germanic root *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages which means fief, or land held under certain obligations by feodati. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... // This page is about the Battle of Kosovo of 1389; for other battles, see Battle of Kosovo (disambiguation). ... Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... Bayezid I (Ottoman: بايزيد اول, Modern Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman: ییلدیرم), the Thunderbolt; Arabic: بايزيد الأول; ca 1354–1403) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... County TimiÅŸ County Status County Capital Mayor Gheorghe Ciuhandu, Christian-Democratic Peoples Party, since 1996 Area 130,5 km² Population (2002) 325,997 Density 2,345 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Comes (genitive: comitis) is the Latin word for companion, either individually or as a member of a collective known as comitatus (compare comitatenses), especially the suite of a magnate, in some cases large and/or formal enough to have a specific name, such as a cohors amicorum. ... The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ...

The first extended Serbian possession of Golubac began in 1403 when Sigismund, King of Hungary, ceded it as a personal fiefdom to Despot Stefan Lazarević after he became a Hungarian vassal. When the issue of Stefan's successor came up in 1426, he and Sigismund met in May in Tata to discuss it. A contract was written stating that Sigismund would accept Đurađ Branković as successor on the condition that Golubac, Belgrade, and Mačva were returned to Hungary when Stefan died.^[7][8][9] After Stefan's death in 1427, Sigismund hurried to have the clauses of the Tata contract fulfilled, and Belgrade and Mačva were handed over without a problem. However, Golubac's commander Voivode Jeremija wouldn't return it without a compensation of 12,000 ducats.^[7] When Sigismund refused to pay, Jeremija instead handed Golubac to the Turks,^[7][8][9] who turned it into the pasha's residence. Sigismund, aged approximately 50, depicted by unknown artist in the 1420s - the only contemporary portrait. ... Note: this article name (or a redirect to it) is a homophone with session. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, often consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a form of allegiance, originally often to give him the means to fulfill his military duties when called upon. ... Despotism is government by a singular authority, either a single person or tightly knit group, which rules with absolute power. ... Despot Stefan Lazarevićs Coat of Arms 1415 AD Despot Stefan Lazarević (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Лазаревић) (1374-1427) was the son and heir to Lazar (Serbian: Кнез Лазар), the Serbian prince who died at the Battle of Kosovo against the Turks in 1389, and princess Milica (Милица) from the subordinate branch of the Nemanjić (Немањић) dynasty. ... Look up vassal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Tata (Latin: Dotis) is a town in north-western Hungary, Komárom-Esztergom county, 9 km northwest from county seat Tatabánya. ... Despot ĐuraÄ‘ Branković, Cyrillic: Ђурађ Бранковић, Hungarian: György Brankovics, ruled 1427 - 1456) was a Serbian monarch who built Smederevo. ... Belgrade (Serbian: Београд or Beograd  ) is the capital and the largest city of Serbia. ... Macva District in Central Serbia Mačva (Serbian: Mačva or Мачва, Hungarian: Macsó) is a region in the northwest of Central Serbia. ... The ducat (IPA: ) is a gold coin that was used as a trade currency throughout Europe before World War I. Its weight is 3. ... Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paÅŸa; originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning king or from Turkish bash head, chief [1]) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ...

Sultan Murad II was not pleased with the increased Hungarian influence elsewhere in Serbia, however, so he sent his army to attack. One squad came from Golubac and targeted nearby Serbian and Hungarian settlements in the Braničevo region.^[7] In response, Đurađ personally traveled to Golubac, promising forgiveness to Jeremija and urging him to return the fortress by any means possible. Not only did the Voivode refuse, he also attacked the Despot when he and his escort attempted to enter the walls.^[7] These betrayals were followed in 1428 by the Battle of Golubac. Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... Murad II Murad II (1404 – February 3, 1451) (Arabic: مراد الثاني) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 (except for a period from 1444 to 1446). ... Braničevo (Браничево) is a geographical region in east-central Serbia. ...

Around April 1428, Sigismund amassed an army of 25,000 infantry, 6,000 Wallachian archers led by Prince Dan II,^[10] 200 Italian artillery, and a number of Polish cavalry on the far side of the Danube, then attacked Golubac and the Turks.^[6] He also had ships attacking from the river,^[7] one of which was commanded by Cecília Rozgonyi wife of Timişoaran Comes István Rozgonyi.^[6] Murad rushed to help the besieged Turks, and in late May he arrived.^[7] Sigismund, who didn't wish to fight the bigger army, had finalized a treaty by early June.^[7] Once part of the Hungarian army had withdrawn to the far side of the river, however, the Turkish commander Sinan Bey treacherously attacked their rear,^[7] capturing and slaughtering those who remained,^[6] among them the Polish knight Zawisza Czarny. Sigismund was nearly caught with the rest of his army;^[7] the courageous intervention of Cecília Rozgonyi is solely responsible for his rescue.^[6][11][12] Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, or other means. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... In Target Archery, the object is to hit targets such as this to score points. ... Dan II was a ruler of the principality of Wallachia in the 15th Century, ruling an extraordinary 5 times, and succeeded 4 times by Radu II Chelul, his rival for the throne. ... Artillery with Gabion fortification Cannons on display at Fort Point Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 – 1851) A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. ... Soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat are commonly known as cavalry (from French cavalerie). ... County TimiÅŸ County Status County Capital Mayor Gheorghe Ciuhandu, Christian-Democratic Peoples Party, since 1996 Area 130,5 km² Population (2002) 325,997 Density 2,345 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Comes (genitive: comitis) is the Latin word for companion, either individually or as a member of a collective known as comitatus (compare comitatenses), especially the suite of a magnate, in some cases large and/or formal enough to have a specific name, such as a cohors amicorum. ... Zawisza the Black Zawisza Czarny z Garbowa (Zawisza the Black from Garbów, also known as The Black Knight), (c. ...

During this and other fights resulting from Stefan's death, southern and eastern Serbia, including the Monastery of Daljša near Golubac, suffered heavily. It was after this, however, that Sigismund was first referred to as "our Emperor", in the memoir of a Daljšan monk, in contrast to the Turkish "pagan emperor".^[7]

The Ottoman Empire retained control of Golubac throughout its occupation of the Serbian Despotate. After years of fighting resulting in the Hungarian army expelling the Ottomans from Serbia, the peace of Szeged between King Vladislaus and Sultan Murad restored the Despotate late in the summer of 1444, and included in the redefined territory, after much discussion, was Golubac fortress.^[13] However, the Turks once again conquered it after the death of Đurađ Branković in 1456. The Serbian Despotate (Srpska despotovina) was among the last Serbian states to be conquered by the Ottoman Empire. ... Szeged and the Tisza river. ... WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw III of Varna. ... Despot ĐuraÄ‘ Branković, Cyrillic: Ђурађ Бранковић, Hungarian: György Brankovics, ruled 1427 - 1456) was a Serbian monarch who built Smederevo. ...

The years 1481-1482 led to yet more fighting between the Hungarians and Turks. During the fall of 1481, while Golubac was held by the Ottoman Empire, Timişoaran Comes Pál Kinizsi undertook an expedition against the Turks in the Temes area.^[14] On November 2,^[14] he turned his army of 32,000 men south towards the Danube,^[6] pushing to Kruševac.^[14] After a thousand Turkish cavalry were killed or taken prisoner, 24 ships were sunk, and Mihaloğlu İskender Bey, pasha of Ottoman-held Smederevo and leader of the Turkish army, had been beheaded at Golubac's gate by Jakšić, one of Kinizsi's men,^[6] the Turks were forced to retreat and leave the fortress behind. Kinizsi's foray was only a raid, however, and shortly after he returned to Temes. The Turks, who had suffered heavily but didn't lose any land, retook Golubac and quickly improved its fortifications.^[14] Kinizsi Pál Pál Kinizsi (Romanian: ) was a general in the army of king Matthias Corvinus. ... Bacs-Bodrog, Szerem, Torontal, Temes and Krasso-Szoreny counties after 1881 Temes (Hungarian, in Romanian: Timiş, in Serbian: Tamiš) is the name of administrative county (comitatus) of the historic Kingdom of Hungary. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... KruÅ¡evac (Serbian Cyrillic: Крушевац,  ) is a city and a municipality located in Serbia at 43. ... Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paÅŸa; originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning king or from Turkish bash head, chief [1]) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... Location in Serbia-Montenegro [[Image:|150px|center|Map of Serbia-Montenegro highlighting the settlement location]] General Information Mayor SaÅ¡a Radosavljević Land area  ? Population (2002 census) 77,808 (109,809 municipality) Population density (2002)  ? Coordinates [1] Area code +381 26 Subdivisions 27 settlements in the municipality License plate code SD...

Golubac was held by the Habsburg Monarchy between 1688-1690 and 1718-1739. Serb rebels controlled it during Kočina Krajina in 1788-1791, and again from 1804-1813, during the First Serbian Uprising. After, it returned to the Ottoman Empire until 1867 when it, along with Kalemegdan and other towns in Serbia, was given to Knez Mihailo of Serbia. The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ... Flag of the First Serbian Uprising First Serbian Uprising was an uprising at the beginning of the 19th century in which Serbs living in Belgrade Pashaluk in the Ottoman Empire, led by Karadjordje, managed to liberate the Pashaluk for a significant time, which eventually led to the creation of modern... Kalemegdan fortress complex Kalemegdan (Serbian: Kалемегдан or Kalemegdan) is a fortress located in the same named park. ... Kniaz’ or knyaz (Russian and Ukrainian: ; Serbian: knez; Romanian: cneaz; in fem. ... Mihailo (Michael) Obrenović III (Serbian Cyrillic: Михаило Обреновић) (September 16 (September 4, OS), 1823 – June 10 (May 29, OS), 1868) was prince of Serbia from 1839–1842 and again from 1860–1868. ...

Architecture

Golubac is comprised of three main compounds guarded by 10 towers and 2 portcullises, all connected by fortress walls 2-3 meters thick.^[3][4] In front of the fortress, the forward wall (I) doubled as the outer wall of the moat,^[4] which connected to the Danube and was likely filled with water. A settlement for common people was situated in front of the wall.^[3] In military science, a compound is a type of fortification made up of walls surrounding several buildings in the center of a large piece of land. ... Counterweights for the sliding portcullis A portcullis is a grille or gate made of wood, metal or a combination of the two. ... The moated manor house of Baddesley Clinton in Warwickshire, England Moats (also known as a Fosse) were deep and wide water-filled trenches, excavated to provide a barrier against attack upon castle ramparts or other fortifications. ...

As is the case with many fortresses, Golubac's structure received modifications over time. For years, there were only five towers. Later, four more were added.^[3][15] The towers were all built as squares, a sign of the fortress' age, showing that battles were still fought with cold steel. Once firearms came into use, the Turks fortified the western towers with cannon ports and polygonal or cylindrical reinforcements up to two meters thick.^[4] After the Hungarian raid in 1481,^[14] they added the final tower, complete with cannon embrasures and galleries.^[3] A cold weapon is designed to do mechanical damage to the target with direct contact by muscle power. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up polygon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The word cylinder has several meanings. ... A small cannon on a carriage, Bucharest. ... Categories: Fortification | Architectural elements | Stub ... Gallery may refer to: Actress Gallery Art gallery Gallery Project, an open-source package for creating and managing image galleries on web sites Gallery (band), a 1970s musical group headed by Jim Gold who are famous for their 1972 song (Its So) Nice To Be With You. ...

Upper compound

Topographical sketch of Golubac fortress prior to 1972

The upper compound (A) is the oldest part of the fortress. It includes the citadel (tower 1) and the Serbian Orthodox chapel (tower 4). Although it remains uncertain, the chapel has led many to believe that this section was built by a Serbian noble. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 723 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (900 × 746 pixel, file size: 107 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A map of Golubac fortress with towers, walls, and sections labeled. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 723 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (900 × 746 pixel, file size: 107 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A map of Golubac fortress with towers, walls, and sections labeled. ... Early history The Serbs migrated to the Balkans during the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius (610-641). ...

Later, during either Serbian or Hungarian rule, the fortress was expanded to include the rear and forward compounds.

Rear compound

The rear compound (D) is separated from the upper compound by both a wall connecting towers 2 and 4, and a steep rock 3-4 meters high. Next to tower 5 is a building (VII) which was probably used as a military barracks and for ammunition storage. A barracks housing conscripts of Norrbottens regemente in Boden, Sweden. ... Boxes of ammunition clog a warehouse in Baghdad Ammunition is a generic military term meaning (the assembly of) a projectile and its propellant. ...

Forward compound

The forward compound was split into lower (C) and upper (B) parts by a wall linking towers 4 and 7. The entrance (II) is in the lower part, guarded by towers 8 and 9. Tower 8 has, in turn, been fortified with a cannon port. Opposing the entrance was a second portcullis that led to the rear compound. Along the path was a ditch 0.5 meters wide and 0.75 meters deep which then became a steep decline. At the outer end of the lower part, and connected to the 9^th tower with a low wall, is tower 10, which the Turks added to act as a lower artillery tower. It controlled passage along the Danube and guarded the entrance to the harbor, which was probably situated between towers 5 and 10. There are remains connected to tower 8 which probably formed a larger whole with it, but the lower part did not otherwise contain buildings. A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences), or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. ...

In the wall that separated the upper and lower parts was a gate that led to the upper part. The upper part did not have buildings, but there remains a pathway to the stairs up to gate IV, which is 2 meters off the ground, right next to tower 3.

Towers

The first nine towers are 20-25 meters high.^[3][4] In all ten towers, the floors and stairs inside were made of wood, while external stairs were made of stone. Half of the towers (1, 2, 4, 5, 10) have all four sides and are completely made of stone, while the other half (3, 6, 7, 8, 9) lack the side facing the interior of the fort.

The rear gate and tower 5 on the right, and tower 10 on the left.

1. The dungeon tower, nicknamed the "Hat Tower" (Šešir-kula).^[15] It has an eight-sided base with a circular spire rising from it. The interior is square.
2. A circular tower.
3. This tower has a square base, with the open side facing the dungeon tower. The top floor has a terrace that overlooks the Danube and the entrance to the Iron Gate gorge.
4. This tower also has a square base. The ground floor has a Serbian Orthodox chapel that was built into the tower, rather than being added later.
5. The only tower to remain completely square.
6. The tower has a square base which was reinforced with a six-sided foundation.
7. The tower has a square base with a circular reinforcement foundation.
8. This tower has an irregular, but generally square, base. It is also the shortest of the first nine towers.
9. The tower has a square base reinforced by an eight-sided foundation.
10. The cannon tower, with only one floor, is the shortest of all ten towers. It was built with an eight-sided base and cannon ports to help control traffic on the Danube. It is almost identical to the three artillery towers added to the Smederevo fortress.

Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 82 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Prednji grad(Front town). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 82 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Prednji grad(Front town). ... terrace In architecture, an often paved outdoor area adjoining a house. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... The Iron Gate (Romanian: Porţile de Fier, Serbian: Гвоздена врата / Gvozdena vrata, Hungarian: Vaskapu, Turkish: Demirkapi, German: Eisernes Tor, Bulgarian: Железни врата) is a gorge on the Danube River. ... Smederevo fortress is a medieval fortified city in Smederevo, Serbia. ...

In recent years

From the late 1800's into the early-mid 1900's, bloodsucking flies sometimes referred to as "Golubac mosquitoes" thrived in the area. They were particularly dangerous to livestock, some years killing off entire herds of cattle.^[6][11][12]

After World War I, a road was constructed that went through both the fort's portcullises. This road is the shortest link between Serbia and eastern parts of the Balkan peninsula. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna...

Between 1964-72, a hydroelectric dam was built in the Iron Gate gorge, significantly elevating the river's water level. As a result, the lower parts of the fortress are now flooded.^[6] Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Iron Gate (Romanian: Porţile de Fier, Serbian: Гвоздена врата / Gvozdena vrata, Hungarian: Vaskapu, Turkish: Demirkapi, German: Eisernes Tor, Bulgarian: Железни врата) is a gorge on the Danube River. ...

From the beginning of the 21^st century, much of the fort has been overgrown, making most of the upper parts inaccessible. During the spring of 2005, a public project to restore the fort was started. Most of the plants were removed and certain parts, like the fountain in the moat raised in honor of knight Zawisza Czarny, were repaired. The walls, towers and stone stairs are in decent condition, but the wooden floors and steps have rotted out, making most of the upper floors impassable. The worlds highest fountain: King Fahds Fountain in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Three traditional fountain features: a low jet, a pair of raised basins, and sculpture with a water theme, here hippocamps (Villa Borghese, Rome) A traditional fountain is an arrangement where water issues from a source (Latin fons... The silver Anglia knight, commissioned as a trophy in 1850, intended to represent the Black Prince. ... Zawisza the Black Zawisza Czarny z Garbowa (Zawisza the Black from Garbów, also known as The Black Knight), (c. ...

Golubac is now a highly visited site. Two key reasons are the major road that passes through it, and its proximity to Lepenski Vir, making the two locales a touristic whole. Lepenski Vir is an important Mesolithic archaeological site located in the central Balkan peninsula. ...

See also

• List of fortresses in Serbia
• Tourism in Serbia

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Golubac Fortress

List of fortresses in Serbia: Categories: ... Serbia is situated in 2 geographic and cultural parts of Europe: Central Europe- Pannonian plain, and Southeastern Europe- Balkan peninsula. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

External links

• Galamboc - Pictures of Golubac fortress, labels and links are in Hungarian

• Stari Grad Golubac - Pictures and information about Golubac fortress (Serbian)

Notes and references

• The information in the Architecture and In recent years sections is from the Serbian page.
• Uncited information in the remaining sections is from either the Serbian page or the German page, and much of it overlapped.
  • The main author of the Serbian page said it is based on Aleksandar Deroko, "Srednjevekovni gradovi u Srbiji, Crnoj Gori i Makedoniji", Belgrade 1950 and Aleksandar Deroko, "Medieval Castles on the Danube", Belgrade 1964.
  • The main author of the German page said it is based on Istorija srpskog naroda (u šest knjiga), druga knjiga; Srpska književna zadruga, drugo izdanje, Beograd 1994 (History of the Serbs (in six books), second book; Serbian authors society, second edition, Belgrade 1994), which is a different edition of the book in citation ^[7] below.

Coordinates: 44°39′11″N, 21°37′36″E Aleksandar Deroko (September 4, 1894, Belgrade - November 30, 1988, Belgrade) was a famous Serbian architect, artist, and author. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... Project Rastko - Internet Library of Serb Culture (Пројекат Растко - Електронска библиотека српске к&#1091... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (89th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... Methuen Publishing Ltd is a British publishing house, and publishes in the areas of theatre and drama. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... Northwestern University Press is the university press of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, USA. It was founded in 1893, at first specializing in law. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (89th in leap years). ... Project Rastko - Internet Library of Serb Culture (Пројекат Растко - Електронска библиотека српске к&#1091... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (89th in leap years). ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...