Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran (8 October 1922 - 7 April 2001), is widely acknowledged as one of the most important Indian scientists of the 20th century, best known for creating the Ramachandran Map for understanding peptide structure. He also made other major contributions in biology and physics. October 8 is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years). ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... A Ramachandran plot (also known as a Ramachandran Map or a Ramachandran diagram), developed by Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran, is a way to visualize dihedral angles φ against ψ of amino acid residues in protein structure. ... Peptides (from the Greek πεπτος, digestible), are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... Main articles: Life The most salient example of biological universality is that all living things share a common carbon-based biochemistry and in particular pass on their characteristics via genetic material, which is based on nucleic acids such as DNA and which uses a common genetic code with only minor... Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. ...

Ramachandran was born in the town of Ernakulam, Kerala, India. In 1942 he received a master's degree in physics from Madras University and later received a D.Sc. from the same university. Here he mostly studied crystal physics and crystal optics. During his studies he created an X-ray focusing mirror for the X-ray microscope. The resulting field of crystal topography is used extensively in studies involving crystal growth and solid-state reactivity. Ernakulam is a city adjoining to old Kochi city. ... List of famous Keralites Districts of Kerala Local Body Election in Kerala Malayalam External links Government of Kerala Chief Minister of Kerala Kerala Trivia Poorams Pachakam Categories: | | ... This article is about the year. ... Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. ... University of Madras is one of the three oldest universities in India (along with Bombay and Calcutta), it was incorporated in 1857. ... Sc. ... Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in anisotropic media, that is, media (such as crystals) in which light behaves differently depending on which direction the light is propagating. ... An X-ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects. ... Crystals are entities of atoms, ions or even polymer strings in which the subunits (i. ... Solid-state physics, the largest branch of condensed matter physics, is the study of rigid matter, or solids. ... Reactivity refers to the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction in time. ...

Ramachandran then spent two years (1947-1949) at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, where he earned his Ph.D. for studies on X-ray diffuse scattering and its application to determination of elastic constants'. 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday. ... Plaque The Cavendish Laboratory is Cambridge Universitys Department of Physics, and is part of the universitys School of Physical Sciences. ... Map of the Cambridgeshire area (1904) The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ... Doctor of Philosophy, or Ph. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ...

When he moved back to Madras University in 1952 he continued his work on crystal physics, but his interest shifted to the structure of biological macromolecules. Using X-ray diffraction Ramachandran along with Gopinath Kartha proposed and published the triple helical structure of collagen in 1954. 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A macromolecule is a molecule composed of a very large number of atoms. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... Gopinath Kartha (1927-1984) was a prominent bio-physicist who discovered the triple-helix structure of the collagen molecule together with G.N. Ramachandran. ... A helix (pl: helices), from the Greek word έλικας/έλιξ, is a twisted shape like a spring, screw or a spiral staircase. ... Tropocollagen triple helix. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Wanting to tackle problems at a more fundamental level, Ramachandran decided to use this information to examine the various polypeptide conformations then known and also to develop a good 'yardstick' that could be used for examining and assessing any structure in general, but peptides in particular. The result which emerged from these calculations in 1962, - now commonly known as the Ramachandran Map - was published in the Journal of Molecular Biology in 1963 and has become an essential tool in the field of protein conformation. When it was first calculated, crystal structures had barely been obtained for any protein. From the mid 1960s onward Ramachandran studied many topics relating to the conformation of peptides including types of ß-turns, conformation of prolyl residues, cis-peptide units, occurrence and need for non-planarity of the peptides, NMR coupling constants, peptides containing L and D residues and many others. Peptides are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... In chemistry, a chemical conformation is the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... àùÆ[][[]]A Ramachandran plot (also known as a Ramachandran Map or a Ramachandran diagram), developed by Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran, is a way to visualize dihedral angles φ against ψ of amino acid residues in protein structure. ... Published weekly by Elsevier, under the Academic Press imprint, the Journal of Molecular Biology (ISSN: 0022-2836) publishes original scientific research concerning studies of organisms or their components at the molecular level. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... Pacific Northwest National Laboratorys high magnetic field (800 MHz) NMR spectrometer being loaded with a sample. ... In physics, a coupling constant, usually denoted g, is a number that determines the strength of an interaction. ... In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ...

Ramachandran can be credited for bringing together into the one field of molecular biophysics the then disparate fields of X-ray crystallography, peptide synthesis, NMR and other optical studies, and physico-chemical experimentation. X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... It has been suggested that solid phase peptide synthesis be merged into this article or section. ...

In 1970 he founded the Molecular Biophysics Unit at the Indian Institute of Science which was later known as the Centre of Advanced Study in Biophysics and Crystallography. 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is one of the premier post-graduate institutions of research and higher learning located in Bangalore, India. ...

Notable awards that Ramachandran received include the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for Physics in India and the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London. In 1999 the International Union of Crystallography honored him with the Ewald Prize for his 'outstanding contributions to crystallography'. The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prizes are awarded annually by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) to outstanding Indian research workers in seven disciplines of science and technology. ... The premises of the Royal Society in London. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

During the last few years of his life he suffered a stroke and was affected by Parkinsonism. Ramachandran died in 2001 at the age of 78. A stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted. ... Parkinsons disease (PD; paralysis agitans) is a neurodegenerative disease of the substantia nigra (an area in the basal ganglia). ...