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Encyclopedia > Gordon model

Gordon growth model is a variant of the discounted dividend model, a method for valuing a stock or business. Often used to provide difficult-to-resolve valuation issues for litigation, tax planning, and business transactions that are currently off market. It is named after Myron Gordon, who is currently a professor at the University of Toronto. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The University of Toronto (U of T) is a public research university in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ...


It assumes that the company issues a dividend that has a current value of D that grows at a constant rate g. It also assumes that the required rate of return for the stock remains constant at k which is equal to the cost of equity for that company. It involves summing the infinite series. It has been suggested that ex-dividend date be merged into this article or section. ... In mathematics, a series is a sum of a sequence of terms. ...


sum_{t=1}^{infty} D*frac{(1+g)^t}{(1+k)^t}.
The current price of the above security should be


P = D*frac{1+g}{k-g}.


In practice this P is then adjusted by various factors e.g. the size of the company.

Contents

Derivation

Let


A = sum_{t=1}^{n} D*frac{(1+g)^t}{(1+k)^t} = D* left[ frac{(1+g)}{(1+k)} +...+ frac{(1+g)^n}{(1+k)^n} right]



A*frac{(1+k)}{(1+g)} = D* left[ frac{(1+g)^0}{(1+k)^0}+ frac{(1+g)}{(1+k)} +...+ frac{(1+g)^{n-1}}{(1+k)^{n-1}} + (frac{(1+g)^n}{(1+k)^n} - frac{(1+g)^n}{(1+k)^n}) right]



A*(1+k) = D*(1+g)*left(1-frac{(1+g)^n}{(1+k)^n}right) + (1+g) A


Ak = D*(1+g)*left(1-frac{(1+g)^n}{(1+k)^n}right) + (1+g)A - A


A(k-g) = D*(1+g)*left(1-frac{(1+g)^n}{(1+k)^n}right)


A = D*frac{(1+g)}{(k-g)}*left(1-frac{(1+g)^n}{(1+k)^n}right)


as,


n --> infty and g < k


A = D*frac{(1+g)}{(k-g)}


Problems with the model

a) The model requires one perpetual growth rate

  • greater than (negative 1) and
  • less than the cost of capital.

But for many growth stocks, the current growth rate can vary with the cost of capital significantly year by year. In this case this model should not be used.


b) If the stock does not currently pay a dividend, like many growth stocks, more general versions of the discounted dividend model must be used to value the stock. One common technique is to assume that the Miller-Modigliani hypothesis of dividend irrelevance is true, and therefore replace the stocks's dividend D with E earnings per share. Growth Stocks in finance, are stocks that appreciate in value and yield a high return on equity (ROE). ... The Modigliani-Miller theorem (of Franco Modigliani, Merton Miller) forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure. ...


But this has the effect of double counting the earnings. The model's equation recognizes the trade off between paying dividends and the growth realized by reinvested earnings. It incorporates both factors. By replacing the (lack of) dividend with earnings, and multiplying by the growth from those earnings, you double count.


c) Gordon's model is sensitive if k is close to g. For example, if

  • dividend = $1.00
  • cost of capital = 8%

Say the

  • growth rate = 1% - 2%

So the price of the stock

  • assuming 1% growth= $14.43 = 1.00(1.01/.07)
  • assuming 2% growth= $17.00 = 1.00(1.02/.06)

The difference determined in valuation is relatively small.


Now say the

  • growth rate = 6% - 7%

So the price of the stock

  • assuming 6% growth= $53 = 1.00(1.06/.02)
  • assuming 7% growth= $107 = 1.00(1.07/.01)

The difference determined in valuation is large.


See also

There are several methods used to value companies and their stocks. ...

References

  • Myron J. Gordon (1962). The Investment, Financing, and Valuation of the Corporation. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin.
  • The Homepage of Myron J. Gordon
  • Disk Lectures MBA level audio lectures with slides
  • Abrams Valuation Group
  • MIT Open Course Ware


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Stock Valuation
Trading Theories: Dow Theory | Elliott Wave Theory | Fundamental analysis | Technical analysis
Mark Twain effect | January effect | Efficient market hypothesis Arbitrage_pricing_theory
Stock Pricing: Dividend yield | Gordon model | Income per share | Book value | Earnings yield | Beta coefficient
Ratios: Financial ratio | P/CF ratio | PE ratio | PEG ratio | Price/sales ratio | P/B ratio
Stock Related Terms
Dividend | Stock split | Growth stock | Investment | Speculation | Trade | Day trading

  Results from FactBites:
 
Gordon Training International :: About :: Origins of the Gordon Model (1691 words)
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After the war, Dr. Gordon followed Carl Rogers to the University of Chicago to pursue his Ph.D. What would become a central element of the Gordon Model came from the pioneering research Carl Rogers, Dr. Gordon and a team of others were doing at the University's Counseling Center.
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