India This article is part of the series: Politics and government of India Image File history File links Emblem_of_India. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Union Government Constitution of India Fundamental Rights Executive President Vice President Prime Minister The Cabinet Parliament Rajya Sabha The Chairman  Lok Sabha  The Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts The Constitution of India lays down the framework on which Indian polity is run. ... The Fundamental Rights in India enshrined in the Part III of the Constitution of India guarantee civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... The Vice-President of India is the second-highest ranking government official in the executive branch of the Government of India after the President. ... The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. ... Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ... Executive President Vice-President Prime Minister Dy. ... The Vice-President of India is the second-highest ranking government official in the executive branch of the Government of India after the President. ... The Lok Sabhha (alternatively titled, the House of the People, by the Constitution of India) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ... The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the lower house of Parliament of India. ... Indian Law is largely derived from English common law. ... The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. ... The Chief Justice of India is the highest position obtainable by a judge in India. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Composition and Jurisdiction of District Courts In India : administration of justice at district level is done through law courts which are presided over by a judge. ... Elections Election Commission Chief Election Commissioner Political Parties National Parties State Parties National Coalitions Left Front National Democratic Alliance United Progressive Alliance Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body created to hold free and fair elections in India. ... The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India, a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures. ... Judiciary Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections Political Parties Local & State Govt. ... Judiciary Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections Political Parties Local & State Govt. ... Judiciary Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections Political Parties Local & State Govt. ... Left Front election propaganda in Kolkata 2004 DSP-meeting in Kolkata West Bengal Left Front Committee meeting for solidarity with Tripura Left Front is an alliance of Indian leftist parties. ... The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is a coalition in India. ... United Progressive Alliance (UPA) is the present ruling coalition of political parties in India. ... Local & State Govt. Governor State Legislature Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Panchayat

Other countries •  Politics Portal Government of India Portal  view • talk • edit  India is a federal republic comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. ... The Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. ... Vidhan Sabha, the name of the state-level legislature assemblies in India. ... A Legislative Council in British constitutional thought is the second-to-top tier of a government led by a Governor-General, Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor, inferior to an Executive Council and equal to or superior to a Legislative Assembly. ... The Panchayat is a South Asian political system. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ...

The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार ^[1]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, etc. The federal (union) and individual state governments consist of executive, legislative and judicial branches. The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common and Statutory Law. India accepts International Court of Justice jurisdiction with several reservations. At the local level, the Panchayati Raj system has several decentralised administrative functions. Hindi (DevanāgarÄ«: or , IAST: , IPA:  ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the 22 official languages of India and is used, along with English, for central government administrative purposes. ... The Constitution of India lays down the framework on which Indian polity is run. ... India is a federal republic comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. ... The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. ... This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ... Statutory law is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature or other governing authority such as the executive branch of government in response to a perceived need to clarify the functioning of government, improve civil order, answer a public need, to codify existing... The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ... The Panchayat is a South Asian political system. ...

Legislative branch

India's bicameral parliament (also known as the Sansad) consists of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The Union Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha. In India's parliamentary system, the executive is nominally subordinate to the legislature. There are maximum 545 members in the Lok Sabha that are now 643 members are elected from the various states on the basis of proportional representation. In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ... Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ... Executive President Vice-President Prime Minister Dy. ... The Lok Sabhha (alternatively titled, the House of the People, by the Constitution of India) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ...

The Indian Government uses two official languages: Hindi and English.

Executive branch

President of India

Main article: President of India

The President's actual role is mostly ceremonial. He or she is the Supreme Commander of the nation's armed forces, has the authority to dissolve Parliament and call fresh elections, declare a state of emergency, and dismiss governments in the states, but all upon the counsel of the Prime Minister and the elected government. The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ...

The Council of Ministers

Main article: Indian Cabinet Ministers

Real national executive power is centered in the Council of Ministers, the Union Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister of India, who is the Head of Government. The President appoints the Prime Minister, who is the designated leader of the political party or coalition commanding parliamentary majority. All Central Government decisions are nominally taken in the name of the President. List of Indian ministers in the current government elected in 2004: Names in italics are women ministers. ... The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. ...

The Ministers may be of 3 types - Cabinet Minister, Minister of State (Independent Charge) and deputy ministers, in order of seniority. Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State with independent charge may usually attend Cabinet meetings. This article is about the governmental body. ...

The Union Ministries

The North Block situated at Raisina Hill, Delhi houses Finance and Home Ministries and Department of Personnal and Training (Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions)

The day-to-day enforcement and administration of national laws lies in the hands of the various federal Union Ministries and Departments, created by the Indian Parliament to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs. In matters delegated to the States, Ministries act in advisory and funding capacity. Image File history File links Indiagovtdelhi. ... Image File history File links Indiagovtdelhi. ... Situated on Raisina Hill, New Delhi, India Secretariat Building is a set of two buildings on the opposite side of Rajpath that are home to many important Ministries of the Government of India. ... Raisina Hill is the most priced estate in Lutyens Delhi. ... India is a federal republic comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. ...

• Ministry of Agriculture
• Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries
• Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
• Ministry of Civil Aviation
• Ministry of Coal
• Ministry of Commerce and Industry
• Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
• Ministry of Company Affairs
• Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
• Ministry of Culture
• Ministry of Defence
• Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
• Ministry of Earth Sciences
• Ministry of Environment and Forests
• Ministry of External Affairs
• Ministry of Finance
• Ministry of Food Processing Industries
• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
• Ministry of Home Affairs
• Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
• Ministry of Human Resource Development
• Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
• Ministry of Labour and Employment
• Ministry of Law and Justice
• Ministry of Mines
• Ministry of Minority Affairs
• Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
• Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs
• Ministry of Panchayati Raj
• Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
• Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
• Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
• Ministry of Planning
• Ministry of Power
• Ministry of Railways
• Ministry of Rural Development
• Ministry of Science and Technology
• Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways
• Ministry of Small Scale Industries
• Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
• Ministry of Steel
• Ministry of Textiles
• Ministry of Tourism
• Ministry of Tribal Affairs
• Ministry of Urban Development
• Ministry of Water Resources
• Ministry of Women and Child Development
• Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

Central Government (Independent Departments): the currnet union minister of agriculture under the UPA government is Sharad Pawar Categories: | ... The Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries (MoARI) was set up in September, 2001. ... The Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers is the administrative unit of two departments namely:- Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals Department of Fertilizers The ministry is headed by Minister of Chemicals and fertilizers. ... Ministry of Civil Aviation, is the nodal Ministry responsible for the formulation of national policies and programmes for development and regulation of Civil Aviation and for devising and implementing schemes for the orderly growth and expansion of civil air transport. ... The Ministry of Coal has the overall responsibility of exploration and development of coal and lignite reserves of India. ... The Ministry of Commerce and Industry administers two departments namely, The Department of Commerce and Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion. ... The administration of Ministry of Communication and Information Technology extends to three departments:- Dept. ... The Ministry of Company Affairs(MCA) administers the Companies Act, 1956 and other allied acts; mainly for regulating the functioning of the corporate sector in accordance with law. ... The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution is divided into Department of Food and Public Distribution and Department of Consumer Affairs. ... The Ministry of Culture, Government of India is assigned the functions to preserve and promote all art and culture of India. ... The Defence Minister of India is a cabinet position in the Government of India. ... The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region(DoNER) rather than a Administrtive unit acts as a facilitator between the Central Ministries/ Departments and the State Governments of the North Eastern Region including Sikkim in the economic development including removal of infrastructural bottlenecks, provision of basic minimum services, creating an... The Ministry of Earth Sciences formed in 2006 from a merger of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), the Pune and Earth Risk Evaluation Centre (EREC), and the Ministry of Ocean Development. ... The Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests is a cabinet ministry in the Government of India, and is responsible for the planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of environmental and forestry programmes in the country. ... The Ministry of External Affairs is Indias equivalent of State Department of the United States. ... // The Union Finance Ministry of India comprises of four departments: Department of Economic Affairs Department of Expenditure Department of Revenue Department of Disinvestments DEA is mainly responsible for economic policies of the Government of India. ... The Ministry of Food Processing Industries was set up in the year 1988, with a view to develop a strong and vibrant food processing industry,and to create increased employment in rural sector and enable farmers to reap the benefits of modern technology, creatation of surplus for exports and stimulating... The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is one of the most important Ministries of the Government of India. ... The Home Minister, or more properly the Minister for Home Affairs, is a position in the Indian Cabinet, at both State and Union levels. ... The Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution has allocated the matters pertaining to Housing and Urban Development to the State; and further with The Constitution 74th Amendment Act, 1993 these have been delegated further to the Local Bodies. ... The Ministry of Human Resources Development of the Government of India came into being on September 1985, to provide a common platform for those relevant instruments and agencies which were contributing or reaponsible for the integrated development of citizens of India. ... Ministry of Law and Justice is one of the oldest ministry 1 of the Govt. ... Ministry of New and Renewable Energy came into existence in 1992 and was known as Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources before October 2006. ... The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs is part of the Government of India. ... In a federation the powers and functions of the government are divided among two governments. ... The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs handles the enormous and diverse parliamentry affairs of India. ... The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions is the Union Govt. ... The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas is entrusted with the responsibility of exploration and production of oil and natural gas, their refining, distribution and marketing,import, export, and conservation of petroleum products and Liquified Natural Gas. ... A Ministry of Power is a government department dealing with matters concerning power: this could include fuel, electricity, and other connected matters. ... The Ministry of Railways in India is in charge of the Indian Railways, the state-owned company that enjoys a monopoly in Rail transport in India. ... The Ministry of Rural Development is entrusted with the task of accelearting socio-economic development of rural India. ... The Ministry of Small Scale Industries provides the policy framework, projetcs and schemes,and monitor their implementation and progress to assist the promotion and growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). ... The Ministry of Steel is the apex body for formulating all policies regarding steel production, distribution and pricing in India. ... The Ministry of Textiles is responsible for the formulation of policy, planning, development, export promotion and regulation of the textile sector in India. ... The Ministry of Tribal Affairs was setup in 1999 after the bifurcation of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment to have a more focused approach on the integrated socieconomic development of the Schedule Tribes(STs), the most underprivileged of the Indian Society. ...

• Department of Atomic Energy
• Department of Space

An Indian government department responsible for administration of Indias nuclear programme. ... The Department of Space is an Indian government department responsible for administration of the Indian space program. ...

Judicial branch

India's independent judicial system began under the British, and its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo-Saxon countries. The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and 25 associate justices, all appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Justice of India. In the 1960s, India moved away from using juries for most trials, finding them to be corrupt and ineffective, instead almost all trials are conducted by judges. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. ... The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth- or other countries with an Anglosaxon type of justice, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Supreme... The Chief Justice of India is the highest position obtainable by a judge in India. ...

Unlike its US counterpart, the Indian justice system consists of a unitary system at both state and federal level. The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of India, High Courts at the state level, and District and Session Courts at the district level. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. ...

National Judiciary

Main article: Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court of India has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more states, or between the Government of India and any state or states on one side and one or more states on the other, or between two or more states, if and insofar as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or of fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. ... The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. ...

In addition, Article 32 of the Indian Constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in regard to enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. The Supreme Court has been conferred with power to direct transfer of any civil or criminal case from one State High Court to another State High Court, or from a court subordinate to another State High Court.

Public Interest Litigation(PIL): Although the proceedings in the Supreme Court arise out of the judgments or orders made by the Subordinate Courts, of late the Supreme Court has started entertaining matters in which interest of the public at large is involved, and the Court may be moved by any individual or group of persons either by filing a Writ Petition at the Filing Counter of the Court, or by addressing a letter to Hon'ble The Chief Justice of India highlighting the question of public importance for invoking this jurisdiction.

Such a concept is known as Public Interest Litigation, or PIL and several matters of public importance have become landmark cases. This concept is unique to the Supreme Court of India, and perhaps no other Court in the world has been exercising this extraordinary jurisdiction.

State Judiciary

The High Court stands at the head of a State's judicial administration. There are 21 High Courts in the country, three having jurisdiction over more than one state. The Union Territories come under the jurisdiction of different State High Courts. Each High Court comprises a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may, from time to time, appoint. High Court usually refers to the superior court of a country or state. ...

Each High Court has powers of jurisprudence over all subordinate courts within its jurisdiction, namely the District and Sessions courts and other lower courts. It can call for returns from such Courts, make and issue general rules and prescribe forms to regulate their practice and proceedings and determine the manner and form in which book entries and accounts shall be kept.

The District and Session Courts comprise the highest level of courts in a District for Civil and Criminal cases respectively, and may be trial courts of original jurisdiction, applying both federal and state laws. States are divided into districts and within each, a District and Sessions Judge is head of the judiciary. A District Judge presides over civil cases, while a Sessions Judge over criminal cases. These judges are appointed by the Governor of the state in consultation with the state's High Court. There is a hierarchy of judicial officials below the district level, many selected through competitive examination by the state's public service commissions.

Civil cases at the sub district level are filed in sub district or munsif courts. Lesser criminal cases are entrusted to courts of magistrates functioning under the Sessions Judge. At the village level, disputes are frequently resolved by Panchayats or Lok Adalats (Hindi: People's Courts), appealable to the District and Sessions Court. // The Panchayat (पंचायत in Devanagiri) is an Indian political system that groups five villages in a quincunx (four peripheral villages around a central one were laid out as the 5 side of a die). ... Hindi (DevanāgarÄ«: or , IAST: , IPA:  ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the 22 official languages of India and is used, along with English, for central government administrative purposes. ...

Note: The judicial system retains substantial legitimacy in the eyes of many Indians despite its politicization since the 1970s. In fact, as illustrated by the rise of social action litigation in the 1980s and 1990s, many Indians turn to the courts to redress grievances with other social and political institutions. It is frequently observed that Indians are highly litigious, which has contributed to a growing backlog of cases.

Indeed, the Supreme Court was reported to have more than 150,000 cases pending in 1990, the high courts had some 2 million cases pending, and the lower courts had a substantially greater backlog. Research in the early 1990s show that the backlogs at levels below the Supreme Court are the result of delays in the litigation process and the large number of decisions that are appealed, and not the result of an increase in the number of new cases filed.

Type of Government

The Preamble lays down the type of government that India has adopted - Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. The Constitution of India lays down the framework on which Indian polity is run. ...

Sovereign

The word sovereign means supreme or independent. India is internally and externally sovereign - externally free from the control of any foreign power and internally, it has a free government “Sovereign” redirects here. ...

Socialist

The word socialist was added to the Preamble by the 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976. It implies social and economic equality for all its citizens. There will be no discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, creed, sex, religion, language etc. Everybody will be given equal status and opportunities. The government will make efforts to reduce the concentration of wealth in a few hands, and provide a decent standard of living to all. The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social classification, that evolved due to the enormous diversity in India (where all three primary races met, not by forced slavery but by immigration). ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... For other uses, see Creed (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

India has adopted a mixed economic model, and the government has framed many laws to achieve the goal of socialism, such as Abolition of Untouchability and Zamindari Act, Equal Wages Act and Child Labour Prohibition Act. The economy of India, when measured in USD exchange-rate terms, is the twelfth largest in the world, with a GDP of US $1. ... In South Asias caste system, an untouchable, dalit, or achuta is a person outside of the four castes, and considered below them. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families. ... Child labour or labor is the phenomenon of children in employment. ...

Secular

The word secular was inserted into the Preamble by the 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976. It implies equality of all religions and religious tolerance. India does not have any official state religion. Every person has the right to preach, practice and propagate any religion of their own choice. The government does not favour or discriminate any religion. It treats all religions with equal respect. All citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs are equal in the eyes of law. No religious instruction is imparted in government or government - aided schools.

Democratic

India is a democratic, election from any location, specific seats are allocated for Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes (22%) in parliament called (reserved constituencies), in local body election a percentage of seats are allocated for women candidates. For other uses, see Democracy (disambiguation) and Democratic Party. ...

There is also a proposal to allocate 33% seats in all elections to woman candidates, currently there is no consensus in how to implement it and which seats should be allocated.

The pillar of Indian Democracy is Election Commission of India, it is one of the most trusted organizations and has been praised by all for conducting free and fair elections. The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body created to hold free and fair elections in India. ...

Republic

As opposed to a monarchy, in which the head of state is appointed on hereditary basis for a lifetime, or until he abdicates, a republic is a state in which the head of state is elected, directly or indirectly, for a fixed tenure. The President of India is elected by an electoral college for a term of five years. For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... This article is about Electoral Colleges in general. ...

Parliamentary govt.

India has adopted a parliamentary system of government similar to that of the United Kingdom and Japan. It is based on the fusion of powers between the executive and the legislature. States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... A legislatureis a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to ratify laws. ...

Under the Indian system, the Parliament is supreme as it is an elected body. There is a presence of two executives - the nominal executive and the real executive. The nominal executive is the President of India. He enjoys all the constitutional powers, but exercises them only on the advice of the real executive. The real executive, that is the Prime Minister of India and the Cabinet, enjoy all the real powers and make all the important policy decisions. Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. ... List of Indian ministers in the current government elected in 2004: Names in italics are women ministers. ...

All the members of the Council of Ministers as well as the Prime Minister have to be members of either house of the Parliament. If they are not, they must get elected within a period of six months from the time they assume their respective office. The Executive, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are responsible to the Lok Sabha, both individually as well as collectively. The Lok Sabhha (alternatively titled, the House of the People, by the Constitution of India) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ...

Individual responsibility

Every individual minister is in charge of a specific portfolio or department. He is responsible for any act of failure in all the policies relating to his department. In case of any lapse, he himself is individually responsible to the Parliament. If a vote of no - confidence is passed against the individual minister, he has to resign. Individual responsibility can amount to collective responsibility. Therefore, the Prime Minister, in order to save his government, can ask for the resignation of such a minister. A minister or a secretary is a politician who heads a government ministry or department (e. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ... A motion of no confidence, also called a motion of non-confidence, a censure motion, a no-confidence motion, or simply a confidence motion, is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. ...

Collective responsibility

The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are jointly accountable to the Lok Sabha. If there is a policy failure or lapse on the part of the government, all the members of the council are jointly responsible. If a vote of no - confidence is passed against the government, then all the ministers headed by the Prime Minister have to resign. The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. ... The Council of the European Union forms, along with the European Parliament, the legislative arm of the European Union (EU). ... The Lok Sabhha (alternatively titled, the House of the People, by the Constitution of India) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ...

Welfare State

A welfare state is a state in which the government provides for a wide range of social services and carries out a large number of welfare and developmental activities, like providing education, setting up of hospitals, protection of minorities, promoting agriculture and protecting the monuments along with the performance of police functions. A hospital today is an institution for professional health care provided by physicians and nurses. ... In sociology and in voting theory, a minority is a sub-group that is outnumbered by persons who do not belong to it. ... A monument is a structure built for commemorative or symbolic reasons rather than for any overtly functional use. ...

The Directive Principles of State Policy, enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution reflects that India is a welfare state. Seats are reserved for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in government jobs, educational institutions, Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha. The government has passed a number of laws for the abolition of untouchability, Begar and Zamindari. The government has opened fair - priced shops, where certain essential commodities are sold at very reasonable prices to the poorer sections of the society. Fundamental Rights are certain basic human rights which every citizen of India has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of their personality. ... The Constitution of India, the worlds lengthiest written constitution (with 395 articles and 8 schedules) was passed by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. ... outcaste A noun 1 outcaste a person belonging to no caste Category Tree: entity â•šobject; physical_object â•šliving_thing; animate_thing â•šorganism; being â•šperson; individual; someone; somebody; mortal; human; soul â•šoutcaste B adjective 1 outcaste, casteless not belonging to or having been expelled from a caste and thus having no place or status... This article is on the social structure. ... The Lok Sabhha (alternatively titled, the House of the People, by the Constitution of India) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ... Vidhan Sabha, the name of the state-level legislature assemblies in India. ... In South Asias caste system, an untouchable, dalit, or achuta is a person outside of the four castes, and considered below them. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families. ... The Zamindari System is a kind of feudal system, introduced by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. ... A public distribution shop, part of Indias public distribution system, is a kind of shop in India which is used to distribute rations at a subsidized price to the poor. ...

Revenues of Government

Gross tax revenues of the Government of India has grown steadily from around Rs.1 billion in 1945 to over Rs.1 trillion by 1995. It is expected to reach Rs.8 trillion by 2010 at the current rate of growth. Given below is a chart of trend of gross tax revenues (before splitting shares of States) of the Government of India assessed by the Finance Commissions from time to time with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.

^  includes service tax, et al

This is a chart of trend of non-tax revenues of the Government of India assessed by the Finance Commissions from time to time with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.

^  includes dividend and profit from public sector undertakings and RBI, et al

See also: Bond Market of India

References

External links

• Pan Card - Pan card Tax information for government tax department
• Directory of official Government websites in India
• Government of India Portal

Further reading

• Subrata K. Mitra and V.B. Singh. 1999. Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN 81-7036-809-X (India HB) ISBN 0-7619-9344-4 (U.S. HB).

v • d • e India-related topics
History	Overviews Timeline · Economic · Linguistic · Maritime · Military Pre-colonial Stone Age · Indus Valley Civilization · Indo-Aryan migration · Vedic period · Mahajanapadas · Magadha · Middle kingdoms · Islamic sultanates · Hoysala · Cholas · Kakatiya · Vijayanagara · Mughals · Marathas · European trade Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... This is a list of topics related to India and Indian culture. ... The History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1700 BCE. This Bronze Age civilization was followed by the Iron Age Vedic period, which witnessed the rise of major kingdoms known as the Mahajanapadas. ... This is a timeline of Indian history. ... Economic history of India, in the sense of the meaning of the term economic in its current sense, is at least 5,000 years old. ... Originating over 5,000 years ago, the linguistic history of India describes the evolution and transformation of early human communications techniques - from pictures, pictorial scripts and engravings - to the modern Indian languages that belong to the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages. ... India has had a maritime history dating back around 5,000 years. ... The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in South Asia. ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... Indo-Aryan migration is a hypothesis, based on linguistic evidence, regarding the expansion of speakers of Indo-Aryan languages following the breakup of Proto-Indo-Iranian and the subsequent Indo-Iranian expansion out of Central Asia (Mallory 1989). ... Map of early Iron Age Vedic India after Witzel (1989). ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... Middle kingdoms of India refers to the political entities in India from the 6th century BCE through to the Islamic invasions and the related Decline of Buddhism from the 7th century CE. // Kingdoms and Empires The Aryans had invaded India from the Northwest, according to the Aryan Invasion Theory, and... During the middle ages, several Islamic regimes established empires in South Asia. ... Extent of Hoysala Empire, 1200 CE Capital Belur, Halebidu Language(s) Kannada Religion Hindu Government Monarchy King  - 1026 – 1047 Nripa Kama II  - 1292 – 1343 Veera Ballala III History  - Earliest Hoysala records 950  - Established 1026  - Disestablished 1343 The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) (pronunciation: in Kannada) was a prominent South Indian empire that... The Cholas were a South Indian Tamil dynasty, antedating the early Sangam literature (c. ... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai, Turkish; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1526-1530 Babur  - 1530–1539 and after restoration 1555–1556 Humayun  - 1556–1605 Akbar  - 1605–1627 Jahangir  - 1628–1658 Shah Jahan  - 1659–1707 Aurangzeb History  - Established April 21, 1526  - Ended September 21, 1857 Area... Flag of the Maratha Empire Extent of the Maratha Empire ca. ... East India Company was the name of several historical European companies chartered with the monopoly of trading with Asia; more specifically with India. ... Colonial East India Company · Plassey · 1857 Rebellion · British Raj · Railways · Economy · Army · Zamindari · Social changes · Political reforms · Princely states · Partition of Bengal · Independence movement · 1943 famine · World War II · Partition Republic Integration · Non-Aligned Movement · Five Year Plan · Sino-Indian War · Indo-Pakistani wars · Green Revolution · White Revolution · Naxal Insurgency · Smiling Buddha · Space Program · Emergency · Khalistan movement · IPKF · Economic Reforms · Pokhran-II
Government	Agencies · Constitution · Foreign relations · Fundamental Rights, Principles, and Duties · High Courts · Intelligence · Law · Law enforcement · Military · Missions · Parliament · Symbols · Supreme Court It has been suggested that European colonies in India be merged into this article or section. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was the first joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). ... Combatants British East India Company Siraj Ud Daulah (Nawab of Bengal), La Compagnie des Indes Orientales Commanders Colonel Robert Clive (later Governor of Bengal and Baron of Plassey) Mir Jafar Ali Khan, defected (Commander-in-chief of the Nawab), M. Sinfray (French Secretary to the Council) Strength 2,200 European... Belligerents Rebellious East India Company Sepoys, 7 Indian princely states, deposed rulers of the independent states of Oudh, Jhansi Some Indian civilians. ... Anthem God Save The King-Emperor The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (1858 - 1912) New Delhi (1912 - 1947) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1858-1901 Victoria¹  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George VI Viceroy... A group of native Indian Muslim soldiers posing for volley firing orders. ... The Zamindari System is a kind of feudal system, introduced by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. ... The Bengal Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the region of Bengal in undivided India during the period of British rule. ... Government of India Act of 1909 John Morley, the aging Liberal intellectual, (Secretary of State for India December 10, 1905 - November 3, 1910) and the Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, the Conservative practical administrator, (Governor-General of India (Viceroy) 1905–1910) recognized that cracking down on terrorism... A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince and is thus a principality taken in the broad sense. ... The Partition of Bengal in 1905, was made on 16 October by then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. ... The term Indian independence movement is diffused, incorporating various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant philosophy and involved a wide spectrum of Indian political organizations, philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British Colonial Authority as well as other colonial... The Bengal famine of 1943 is one amongst the several Famines that occurred in British administered undivided Bengal (now independent Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal) in 1943. ... The Indian Empire was a key allied nation during the World War II. The Provinces of India (which included most of modern-day India and parts of Pakistan and Bangladesh), being imperial colonies of Great Britain, were by default a part of the Allies of World War II. Several Indian... This article is under construction. ... The History of the Republic of India began on August 15, 1947 when India became an independent Dominion within the British Commonwealth. ... Current political map of India showing states and territories. ... India played an important role in the multilateral movements of colonies and newly independent countries that developed into the Nonaligned Movement. ... The economy of India is based in part on planning through her five-year plans, developed, executed and monitored by the Planning Commission. ... Combatants China India Commanders Zhang Guohua[4] Brij Mohan Kaul Strength 80,000[5][6] Casualties Killed 1,460 (Chinese sources)[7] None captured[8][9][10][11] Wounded 1,697[7] Killed 3,128 (Indian sources)[12] Captured 3,968[2] Wounded 548[13] The Sino-Indian War (Simplified... Since Indian independence in August 1947 and the creation of the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, there have been three major wars and one minor war between the two states, the casus belli in each case being the disputed Kashmir region, with the only exception of... The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution, which provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in India. ... Operation Flood was the name of rural development programme started by by National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), India in 1970. ... Map showing the districts affected by the Naxalite movement Naxalite or Naxalism is an informal name given to radical, often violent, revolutionary communist groups that were born out of the Sino-Soviet split in the Indian communist movement. ... The Smiling Buddha was the first nuclear test explosion by India on May 18, 1974 at Pokhran. ... The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is Indias national space agency. ... This article is about the 1975-7 emergency. ... Punjab State A proposed flag for Khalistan Proposed Khalistani Currency The Khālistān movement (Punjabi: ) is a movement in Indian Punjab in the 1970s and 80s to create The Land of the Pure as an independent state in all Punjabi-speaking areas contiguous to the borders of Indian Punjab... Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), was the Indian military contingent performing a peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990. ... Economic reform in India is something which is under close study. ... The Hydrogen Bomb detonated by India during Operation Shakti Pokharan-II refers to test explosions of five nuclear devices, three on 11 May and two on 13 May 1998, conducted by India at the Pokhran test range. ... // Army Navy Marine Commando Force (MARCOS) Air Force Coast Guard Border Security Force Rashtriya Rifles Assam Rifles Indo-Tibetan Border Police Special Frontier Force National Cadet Corps Territorial Army Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) (external) Intelligence Bureau (IB) (internal) Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) (internal) Economic Intelligence Council Central Economic Intelligence... The Constitution of India, the worlds lengthiest written constitution (with 395 articles and 8 schedules) was passed by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. ... The Republic of India, the second most populous country and one of the fastest growing economies in the world, is considered as a major power and a potential superpower. ... The Preamble of the Constitution of India — Indias fundamental and supreme law The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the State to its citizens and the duties of the citizens to the... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... India has a number of intelligence agencies. ... Indian Law is largely derived from the British Common Law. ... India has a multitude of Law Enforcement agencies. ... The military of India, officially known as the Indian armed forces, is the primary military organisation responsible for the territorial security and defense of India. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ... The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. ...
Politics	Censorship · Elections · Human rights · Nationalism · Political parties (Congress • BJP • BSP • CPI • CPM • NCP) · Reservations · Scandals · Scheduled groups · Secularism This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Censorship in India mainly targets religious issues. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The situation of human rights in India is a complex one, as a result of the countrys large size and tremendous diversity, its status as a developing country, and its history as a former colonial territory. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Judiciary Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections Political Parties Local & State Govt. ... Indian National Congress, Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ... The Bharatiya Janata Party [BJP] (Hindi: , translation: Indian Peoples Party), created in 1980, is a major right wing Indian political party. ... For the Nepalese party, see Bahujan Samaj Party, Nepal. ... The Communist Party of India (CPI) is a political party in India. ... The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbreviated CPI(M) or CPM) is a political party in India. ... This January 2007 needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Reservation in Indian law is a term used to describe the governmental policy whereby a percentage of seats are reserved in the Parliament of India, State Legislative Assemblies, Central and State Civil Services, Public Sector Units, Central and State Governmental Departments and in all Public and Private Educational Institutions, except... An Indian political scandal commonly refers to some action by a politician deemed unacceptable in law or by custom, or which is held to be morally unacceptable to the politicians peers or the electorate. ... In India, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are communities that are accorded special status by the Constitution of India. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Geography	Climate · Climatic regions · Ecoregions · Fauna and flora · Geology · Islands · Mountains · Rivers · Subdivisions (Cities • Districts • Regions • States and territories) · Valleys India has a large variation in climate from region to region, due to its vast size. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Glimpses of biodiversity India is one of the high biodiversity regions of the world with three biodiversity hotspots - the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas and the Indo-Burma regions. ... . ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This is a list of islands of India. ... Here are some of the mountains in India: Peaks Mount Abu Kanchanjenga highest in Sikkim and Nepal Doddabetta Kalsubhai Kamet Nanda Devi — second highest Ranges in India The Himalaya Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Aravalli Range Nilgiri Hills Vindhya Range Satpura Range Garo Hills Khasi Hills Shivalik Hills Annamalai and Cardamom... Map of the major rivers, lakes and reervoirs in India This is a list of rivers in India. ... The subdivisions of India are Indian subnational administrative units; they compose a nested hierarchy of country subdivisions. ... This is a list of cities in India - * indicates capital cities of states of India. ... The divisions of a district. ... What follows is a list of unofficial, or quasi-official regions of India. ... India is a federal republic comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. ... This is a list of valleys in India. ...
Economy	Agriculture · Communications · Companies · Education · Exchanges (BSE • NSE) · Healthcare · Income · Poverty · Obesity · Standard of living · Reserve Bank · Rupee · Tourism · Labour · Forestry  · Fishery  · Livestock · Transport · Energy (Solar • Wind • Nuclear) For the past decade or so, telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India. ... This is a list of major companies based in India. ... The Bombay Stock Exchange The Bombay Stock Exchange Limited (Marathi:मुंबई शेयर बाजार) (formerly, The Stock Exchange, Mumbai; popularly called The Bombay Stock Exchange, or BSE) is the oldest stock exchange in Asia. ... The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE), is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. ... Healthcare in India is the responsibility of the individual Indian states. ... Indias per capita income (nominal) is $820, ranked 128th in the world, while its per capita (PPP) of US$3,700 is ranked 118th. ... In New Delhi, a woman wields a pickaxe on a footpath maintenance project while her husband takes a break and her baby sleeps Though the middle class has gained from recent positive economic developments, India suffers from substantial poverty. ... In New Delhi, a woman wields a pickaxe on a footpath maintenance project while her husband rests and her baby sleeps The standard of living in India is constantly improving. ... The RBI headquarters in Mumbai The RBI Regional Office in Mumbai The RBI heaquarters in Delhi. ... “INR” redirects here. ... The Taj Mahal in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. ... Indias labour force exhibits extremes ranging from large numbers of illiterate workers unaccustomed to machinery or routine, to a sizable pool of highly educated scientists, technicians, and engineers, capable of working anywhere in the world. ... Forestry is a major industry in India which faces the challlenges of dwindling forest cover area as India due overpopulation, farming and environmental factors. ... Railways: total: 63,518 km (15,009 km electrified; 12,617 km double track) broad gauge: 45,142 km 1. ... // With about 300 clear sunny days in a year, Indias theoretical solar power reception, just on its land area, is about 5 EWh/year (i. ... As of April 2007 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 7,113. ... Atomic Power Stations in India (view)  Active plants  Under construction plants India boasts a quickly advancing and active nuclear power program. ...
Culture	Arts · Architecture · Cinema · Cuisine · Dance · Demographics · Dress · Folklore · Holidays · Languages · Literature · Media · Martial arts · Music · Religion · Sports · Wine The culture of India has been shaped by the long history of India, all the while absorbing customs, traditions and ideas from both immigrants and invaders, yet resiliently preserving the ancient Vedic culture derived from the Indus Valley Civilization. ... Arts and entertainment in India have a rich and ancient history. ... Indian architecture encompasses a wide variety of geographically and historically spread structures, and was transformed by the long history of the entire South Asian subcontinent. ... Not to be confused with Native American cuisine. ... Indian classical dance is performed in different styles. ... Population growth, from 443 million in 1960 to 1,004 million in 2000 Map showing the population density of each district in India Map showing the population growth over the past ten years of each district in India Map showing the literacy rate of each district in India Chart showing... Indian dress varies widely throughout India. ... Folklore in India paints pictures of piety, valour, gods and goddesses. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with :Indian festivals. ... Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. ... The Indian subcontinent is home to a variety of martial arts, including Pehlwani, Kalarippayattu, Vajra Mushti and Gatka. ... Timeline and Samples Genres Classical (Carnatic and Hindustani) - Folk - Rock - Pop - Hip hop Awards Bollywood Music Awards - Punjabi Music Awards Charts Festivals Sangeet Natak Akademi – Thyagaraja Aradhana – Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Media Sruti, The Music Magazine National anthem Jana Gana Mana, also national song Vande Mataram Music of the states Andaman... Common Sports in India include cricket (by far the most popular), soccer, field hockey, lawn tennis, chess, etc. ...
Education	Literacy · Department of Higher Education · CBSE · CISCE · Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan · University Grants Commission · AICTE · Institutes of Technology · Institutes of Management · Institutes of Science · more... Literacy is an indispensable means for effective social and economic participation, contributing to human development and poverty reduction, says UNESCO. [3] The Right to Education is a fundamental human right. ... Department of Higher Education is the government department that oversees higher education in India. ... CBSE redirects here. ... This is the best eductional board in the country. ... The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a flagship programme of the Government of India for acheivement of universalization of elementary education in a time bound manner, as mandated by the 86th amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory education to children of ages 6-14 (estimated to be... The University Grants Commission of India is a central government body that provides funds for government-recognised universities. ... The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), is the statutory body established for proper planning and co-ordinated development of the technical education system in India. ... Location of IITs The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), are a group of seven elite autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher education established and declared as Institutes of National Importance by the Government of India. ... Location of IIMs The Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) are Indias premier business schools that also conduct research and provide consultancy services in the field of management to various sectors of the Indian economy. ... The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a premier post-graduate institution of research and higher learning located in Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), India. ...
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v • d • e Life in India

Arts and entertainment · Cinema · Citizenship · Climate · Cuisine · Culture · Demographics · Economy · Education · Flag · Foreign relations · Geography · Government · History · Holidays · Languages · Law · Literacy · Military · Politics · Religion · Sports · Transport Arts and entertainment in India have a rich and ancient history. ... Indian citizenship/nationality law: The Constitution of India provides for a single citizenship for the entire country. ... The Cuisine of India is very diverse and is a result of Indias diverse population. ... The culture of India has been shaped by the long history of India, all the while absorbing customs, traditions and ideas from both immigrants and invaders, yet resiliently preserving the ancient Vedic culture derived from the Indus Valley Civilization. ... Population growth, from 443 million in 1960 to 1,004 million in 2000 Map showing the population density of each district in India Map showing the population growth over the past ten years of each district in India Map showing the literacy rate of each district in India Chart showing... Indian National Flag Flag ratio: 2:3 The National Flag of India was adopted in its present form during an ad hoc meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on the 22 July 1947, a few days before Indias independence from the British on 15 August, 1947. ... The Republic of India, the second most populous country and one of the fastest growing economies in the world, is considered as a major power and a potential superpower. ... The History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1700 BCE. This Bronze Age civilization was followed by the Iron Age Vedic period, which witnessed the rise of major kingdoms known as the Mahajanapadas. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with :Indian festivals. ... Indian Law is largely derived from English common law. ... Literacy is an indispensable means for effective social and economic participation, contributing to human development and poverty reduction, says UNESCO. [3] The Right to Education is a fundamental human right. ... The military of India, officially known as the Indian armed forces, is the primary military organisation responsible for the territorial security and defense of India. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Unlike other countries, India is not a major sporting power. ...