Grace Murray Hopper
December 09, 1906(1906-12-09) – January 01, 1992 (aged 85)
Grace Hopper
Place of birth	New York City
Place of death	Arlington, Virginia
Service/branch	Navy
Years of service	1943-1966, 1967-1971, 1972-1986.
Rank	Rear Admiral
Awards	Defense Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit Meritorious Service Medal American Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal National Defense Service Medal Armed Forces Reserve Medal with two Hourglass Devices Naval Reserve Medal December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links GraceHopper. ... The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is a United States military award which is presented for exceptionally distinguished performance of duty contributing to national security or defense of the United States. ... The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements. ... The Meritorious Service Medal is a military award presented to members of the United States Armed Forces who distinguished themselves by outstanding non-combat meritorious achievement or service to the United States subsequent to January 16, 1969. ... American Campaign Medal The American Campaign Medal was a decoration of the United States military which was first created in 1942 by order of President Franklin Roosevelt. ... WWII Victory Medal The World War II Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created by an act of Congress in July 1945. ... Ribbon for the National Defense Service Medal The National Defense Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States military originally commissioned by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. ... Armed Forces Reserve Medal The Armed Forces Reserve Medal is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces which has existed since 1953. ... The Hourglass Device is an military award of the United States armed forces which is presented as an attachment to the Armed Forces Reserve Medal. ... The Naval Reserve Medal is a decoration of the United States Navy which was created by order of Secretary of the Navy James Paulding. ...

Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer. A pioneer in the field, she was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator, and she developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.^[1] Because of the breadth of her accomplishments and her naval rank, she is sometimes referred to as "Amazing Grace". The term Rear Admiral originated from the days of Naval Sailing Squadrons, and can trace its origins to the British Royal Navy. ... is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Computer science (informally: CS or compsci) is, in its most general sense, the study of computation and information processing, both in hardware and in software. ... USN redirects here. ... A programmer or software developer is someone who programs computers, that is, one who writes computer software. ... Portion of the Harvard-IBM Mark 1, left side. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... An alternate rewrite has been has been proposed. ...

Early life and education

Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray in New York City. For her prep school education, Hopper attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, NJ. She married Vincent Hopper (a Ph.D. in English who for many years was chairman of the NYU English department) in 1930 but they were divorced in 1945. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College with a Bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics in 1928 and pursued her graduate education at Yale University, where she received a Master's degree in those subjects in 1930. In 1934 she received a Ph.D. in mathematics. Her dissertation was titled New Types of Irreducibility Criteria. Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and by 1941 she was an associate professor. New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The Wardlaw-Hartridge School is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational day school located in Edison, New Jersey, United States, serving 430 students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade, as of the 2006-2007 school year. ... Map of Plainfield in Union County Plainfield is a City located in Union County, New Jersey. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an academic honor society with the mission of fostering and recognizing excellence in the undergraduate liberal arts and sciences. ... Vassar College is a private, coeducational, liberal arts college situated in Poughkeepsie, New York, USA. Founded as a womens college in 1861, it was the first member of the Seven Sisters to become coeducational. ... For other degrees, see Academic degree. ... For other meanings of mathematics or math, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Degree ceremony at Cambridge. ... Yale redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ... This article is about the thesis in dialectics and academia. ... Vassar College is a private, coeducational, liberal arts college situated in Poughkeepsie, New York, USA. Founded as a womens college in 1861, it was the first member of the Seven Sisters to become coeducational. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... A professor is a senior teacher and researcher, usually in a college or university. ...

Mark I and Mark II calculators

In 1943 she joined the U.S. Naval Reserve on active duty and was assigned to work with Howard Aiken on the Mark I Calculator. At the end of the war she was separated from active duty with the Navy, remaining in the reserves, but she continued to work on the development of the Mark II and the Mark III calculators (early computers). It was while she was working on Mark II that technicians discovered a moth in a relay—a bug in the computer. Hopper pasted it into a log book (now in the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution), noting it as the first actual case of a bug being found.^[2][3] Erroneously, some have cited this incident as the genesis of the term bug, but the term was already in wide use.^[4] Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... Harvard Mark I / IBM ASCC, left side. ... Portion of the Harvard-IBM Mark 1, left side. ... The Harvard Mark II was an electromechanical computer built at Harvard University under the direction of Howard Aiken and was finished in 1947. ... The Harvard Mark III, also known as ADEC (for Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator) was an early computer that was parially electomechanical and partially electronic. ... For other uses, see Moths A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ... The National Museum of American History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... A computer bug is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program that prevents it from working as intended, or produces an incorrect result. ...

UNIVAC

In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. In the early 1950s the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The compiler was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0. Later versions were released commercially as the ARITH-MATIC, MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC compilers. Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) was founded by J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, and was incorporated on December 22, 1947. ... UNIVAC I Central Complex, containing the central processor and main memory unit. ... the first thing that was invented was the automatic DILDO. Education grew explosively because of a very strong demand for high school and college education. ... A Remington Rand branded typewriter Remington Rand was an early American computer manufacturer, best known as the original maker of the UNIVAC I, and now part of Unisys. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... For A0 the ISO 216 specification for paper, see paper size. ... You may have been looking for arithmetic, a branch of mathematics. ... MATH-MATIC is the marketing name for the AT-3 compiler. ... FLOW-MATIC, Originally B-0, and possibly the first English-like Data Processing language. ...

COBOL

She later returned to the Navy where she worked on validation software for the programming language COBOL and its compiler. COBOL was defined by the CODASYL committee which extended her FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, the COMTRAN. However, it was her idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages close to machine code (such as assembly language), which is how it was normally done at that time. It is fair to say that COBOL was based very much on her philosophy. COBOL (pronounced //) is a Third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ... CODASYL (often spelt Codasyl) is an acronym for COnference on DAta SYstems Languages. This was a IT industry consortium formed in 1959 to guide the development of a standard programming language that could be used on many computers. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) is a programming language which served as the forerunner to the COBOL language. ... Machine code or machine language is a system of instructions and data directly understandable by a computers central processing unit. ... See the terminology section, below, regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler. ...

Standards

In the 1970s, she pioneered the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). “Standard” redirects here. ... Other listings of programming languages are: Categorical list of programming languages Generational list of programming languages Chronological list of programming languages Note: Esoteric programming languages have been moved to the separate List of esoteric programming languages. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... COBOL (pronounced //) is a Third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ... NIST logo The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly known as The National Bureau of Standards) is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration. ...

Retirement

Grace Hopper (January 1984)

Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of Commander at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August of 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was asked to return to active duty again in 1972. She was promoted to Captain in 1973 by Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.. Download high resolution version (517x606, 72 KB)Picture of Grace Hopper, from US navy historic center (http://www. ... Download high resolution version (517x606, 72 KB)Picture of Grace Hopper, from US navy historic center (http://www. ... Commander is a military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Captain is a rank or title with various meanings. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... Elmo R. Zumwalt Elmo Russell Zumwalt, Jr. ...

After Rep. Philip Crane saw her on a March 1983 segment of 60 Minutes, he championed H.J.RES.341 a joint resolution in the House of Representatives which led to her promotion to Commodore by special Presidential appointment.^[5] In 1985, the rank of Commodore was renamed Rear Admiral, Lower Half. She retired (involuntarily) from the Navy on August 14, 1986. At a celebration held in Boston on the USS Constitution to celebrate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat award possible by the Department of Defense. At the moment of her retirement, she was the oldest officer in the U.S. Navy and aboard the oldest ship in the U.S. Navy. Phillip Crane (born November 3, 1930, Chicago, is an American politician. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the CBS news magazine. ... This article concerns the legal meaning of the term resolution. ... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... Commodore is a rank of the United States Navy with a somewhat complicated history. ... The term Rear Admiral originated from the days of Naval Sailing Squadrons, and can trace its origins to the British Royal Navy. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... “ Old Ironsides ” redirects here. ... The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is a United States military award which is presented for exceptionally distinguished performance of duty contributing to national security or defense of the United States. ...

She was then hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation, a position she retained until her death in 1992, aged 85. The DEC logo Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ...

Her primary activity in this capacity was as a Goodwill Ambassador, lecturing widely on the early days of computers, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited a large fraction of Digital's engineering facilities where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. She always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures.

She was laid to rest with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery; Section 59, grave 973.^[6] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Honors

• 1969 – She won the first "man of the year" award from the Data Processing Management Association.
• 1971 – The annual "Grace Murray Hopper Award for Outstanding Young Computer Professionals" was established in 1971 by the Association for Computing Machinery.
• 1973 – She became the first person from the United States and the first woman of any nationality to be made a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society.
• 1986 – Upon her retirement she received the Defense Distinguished Service Medal.
• 1987 – She became a Computer History Museum Fellow Award Recipient.
• 1988 – She received the Golden Gavel Award at the Toastmasters International convention in Washington, DC.
• 1991 – She received the National Medal of Technology.
• 1996 – USS Hopper (DDG-70) was launched. Nicknamed Amazing Grace, it is on a very short list of U.S. military vessels named after women.

The Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center is located at 7 Grace Hopper Avenue in Monterey, California. Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... The Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP) offers opportunities for Information Technology (IT) leadership and education through partnerships with industry, government and academia. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the worlds first scientific and educational computing society. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Established in 1957, The British Computer Society (BCS) is a body that represents those working in Information and Communications Technology ICT. It is the largest United Kingdom-based professional body for computing. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is a United States military award which is presented for exceptionally distinguished performance of duty contributing to national security or defense of the United States. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... The Computer History Museum in Mountain View. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Toastmasters International (TI) is a nonprofit educational organization that operates clubs worldwide for the purpose of helping members improve their communication, public speaking and leadership skills. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... The National Medal of Technology is an honor granted by the President of the United States to inventors and innovators that have made significant contributions to the development of new and important technology. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... USS Hopper (DDG-70), an Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer, is the first (and to date only) ship of the United States Navy to be named for the pioneering computer scientist, Rear Admiral Grace Hopper. ... Few U.S. military vessels have been named after women. ... The Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (or FNMOC), known prior to 1995 as the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC), is a meteorological and oceanographic center located in Monterey, California. ... For other uses, see Monterey (disambiguation). ...

Grace Murray Hopper Park, located on South Joyce Street in Arlington, Virginia, is a small memorial park in front of her former residence (River House Apartments) and is now owned by Arlington County, Virginia. The Arlington County Board Monday approved Grace Murray Hopper Park as the name of the new 1. ... Arlington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia (which calls itself a commonwealth), directly across the Potomac River from Washington, DC. By an act of Congress July 9, 1846, the area south of the Potomac was returned to Virginia effective in 1847 As of 2000... Arlington County is an urban county of about 203,000 residents in the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the U.S., directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. [1] Originally part of the District of Columbia, the land now comprising the county was retroceded to Virginia in a July...

Women at the world's largest software company, Microsoft Corporation, formed an employee group called "Hoppers" and established a scholarship in her honor. Hoppers has over 3000 members worldwide. Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT), (founded 1975), headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA, is the worlds largest software company (with over 50,000 employees in various countries, as of May 2004). ...

Brewster Academy, a school located in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, USA, dedicated their computer lab to her in 1985, calling it the Grace Murray Hopper Center for Computer Learning. Hopper had spent her childhood summers at a family home in Wolfeboro. Brewster Academy (also called BA) is a co-educational independent boarding school located on 80 acres (324,000 m²) in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, USA, two hours north of Boston. ... This article describes the town as a whole. ...

An administration building on Naval Support Activity Annapolis (Previously known as Naval Station Annapolis) in Annapolis, Maryland is named "The Grace Hopper Building" in her honor.

Anecdotes

Photo of first computer bug

Throughout much of her later career, Grace Hopper was much in demand as a speaker at various computer-related events. She was well-known for her lively and irreverent speaking style, as well as a rich treasury of early "war stories". Download high resolution version (740x615, 93 KB)Photo of first Computer bug, public domain image from US Navy. ... Download high resolution version (740x615, 93 KB)Photo of first Computer bug, public domain image from US Navy. ... A computer bug is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program that prevents it from working as intended, or produces an incorrect result. ...

• While she was working on a Mark II Computer at Harvard University, her associates discovered a moth stuck in a relay and thereby impeding operation, whereupon she remarked that they were "debugging" the system. Though the term computer bug cannot be definitively attributed to Admiral Hopper, she did bring the term into popularity. The remains of the moth can be found in the group's log book at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C..^[2]

• Grace Hopper is famous for her nanoseconds visual aid. People (such as generals and admirals) used to ask her why satellite communication took so long. She started handing out pieces of wire which were just under one foot long, which is the distance that light travels in one nanosecond. She gave these pieces of wire the metonym "nanoseconds." Later she used the same pieces of wire to illustrate why computers had to be small to be fast. At many of her talks and visits, she handed out "nanoseconds" to everyone in the audience, contrasting them with a coil of wire nearly a thousand feet long, representing a microsecond. Later, while giving these lectures while working for DEC, she passed out packets of pepper which she called picoseconds.^[7]

• The famous quotation "It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission" is often attributed to Grace Hopper.^[8]

• Also attributed to her is the quote, "A ship in a harbor is safe, but that is not what a ship is built for."^[9]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Grace Hopper

Obituary notices by: Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... For other uses, see Moths A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ... Automotive style miniature relay A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. ... A computer bug is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program that prevents it from working as intended, or produces an incorrect result. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... The National Museum of American History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Satellite (disambiguation). ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 10−9 seconds and 10−8 seconds (1 nanosecond and 10 nanoseconds) See also times of other orders of magnitude. ... In rhetoric, metonymy is the substitution of one word for another word with which it is associated. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 10−6 seconds and 10−5 seconds (1. ... A picosecond is an SI unit of time equal to 10-12 of a second. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ...

• Betts, Mitch (Computerworld 26: 14, 1992)
• Bromberg, Howard (IEEE Software 9: 103–104, 1992)
• Danca, Richard A. (Federal Computing Week 6: 26–27, 1992)
• Hancock, Bill (Digital Review 9: 40, 1992)
• Power, Kevin (Government Computer News 11: 70, 1992)
• Sammet, J.E. (Communications of the ACM 35: 128–132, 1992)
• Weiss, Eric A. (IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 14: 56–58, 1992)

Computerworld is an IT magazine that provides information to technology managers. ... IEEE Software is an IEEE Computer Society practitioner-oriented magazine targetting software engineers and managers. ... Jean E. Sammet (1928 - ) is an American computer scientist who developed the FORMAC programming language. ... Communications of the ACM (CACM) is the flagship monthly magazine of the Association for Computing Machinery. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

See also

• Women in computing
• Systems engineering

The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Systems engineering techniques are used in complex projects: from spacecrafts to chip design, from robotics to creating large software products to building bridges, Systems engineering uses a host of tools that include modeling & simulation, requirements analysis, and scheduling to manage complexity Systems Engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary approach and means...

References

New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Academic Press (London, New York and San Diego) was an academic book publisher that is now part of Elsevier. ... “TIME” redirects here. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Museum of American History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 1975 issue of Byte (Vol 1. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... USN redirects here. ... The Naval Historical Center (NHC) is the official history program of the United States Navy. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... “Annapolis” redirects here. ... The United States Naval Institute is a non-profit, professional organization in the United States related to the Navy. ... Christy Marx (born c. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

External links

• Biography and Images from the U.S. Navy Naval Historical Center
• Grace Hopper links from Chips, the U.S. Navy information technology magazine
• O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Grace Hopper". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.  
• A shorter Hopper biography, which unfortunately perpetuates the myth that she coined the term "computer bug".
• Biography and Wit and Wisdom from a Yale website
• www.GraceHopper.org site for the annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
• www.hopper.navy.mil Official U.S. Navy website for the USS Hopper, which includes a biography of Hopper
• Rear Admiral Grace Hopper with pages about the lady and the ship named after her
• Grace Murray Hopper Award
• The Government Technology Leadership Awards: The Gracies
• Biography from the San Diego Supercomputer Center
• More details and photos from the moth/bug in the Mark II
• Grace Hopper at the Mathematics Genealogy Project