NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Grade (education)

In education, a grade (or mark) is a teacher's standardized evaluation of a student's work. In some countries, evaluations can be expressed quantifiably, and calculated into a numeric grade point average (GPA), which is used as a metric by employers and others to assess and compare students. A cumulative grade point average (CGPA) is the mean GPA from all terms, whereas GPA may only refer to a single term. Look up grade in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The initials GPA can refer, among other things, to Grade Point Average; see Grade (education) Guinness Peat Aviation General Practice Australia, a private, independent medical accreditation society Greyhound Pets of America gigapascal (GPa) A unit of pressure Golden Party Armour A slang, though officially recognized and used term for the... This article is about characterizing and appraising something of interest. ... For other uses, see Student (disambiguation). ... See: International System of Units, colloquially called the Metric System, and also metrication. ... This article is about mathematical mean. ... Figures of speech and shorthands are called terms of language. ...

The concept of grading students' work quantitatively was developed by a tutor named William Farish, and first implemented by the University of Cambridge in 1792.^[1] In British, Australian, New Zealand, and some Canadian universities, a tutor is often but not always a postgraduate student or a lecturer assigned to conduct a seminar for undergraduate students, often known as a tutorial. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ...

International grading systems

Most nations have individual grading systems unique to their own schools. However, several international standards for grading have arisen recently.

20-point grading scale

In Algeria, Belgium, Ecuador, France, Greece, Morocco, Portugal, Peru, Venezuela, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal, Mali, Iran, and Tunisia, a 20-point grading scale is used, in which 20 is the highest grade and 0 is the lowest. A score of 20 is considered perfect; accordingly, it is rarely if ever awarded in courses that are graded subjectively. Côte dIvoire (often called Ivory Coast in English; see below about the name) is a country in West Africa. ...

European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System

The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard for comparing the study attainment and performance of students of higher education across the European Union. For successfully completed studies, ECTS credits are awarded. One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS-credits in all countries, irrespective of standard or qualification type, and is used to facilitate transfer and progression throughout the Union.^[2] European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard for comparing the study attainment and performance of students of higher education across the European Union. ... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ...

ECTS also includes a standard grading scale: The ECTS grading scale is a grading system defined in the ECTS framework by the European Comission[1]. Since many different grading systems co-exist in Europe, and considering that interpretation of grades varies considerably from one country to another, if not from one institution to another, the ECTS grading...

The grade FX indicates that "some more work required before the credit can be awarded." The grade F indicates "considerable further work required."^[3]

European Baccalaureate

This degree that is awarded by the European Schools. Pupils are graded on an analog scale of 0 to 10. Half marks may be awarded, and in computing the total average two decimals are shown: The European Baccalaureate is awarded to students who successfully managed to complete a European School. ...

Grading systems by nation

Africa

Egypt

In Egypt the grading system functions with a worded grade and increases in increments from 30-10 points.

The title gayyid giddan denotes the second highest mark possible, on par with a "B" student.^[4]

Kenya

In Kenya the grading system varies according to overall performance of candidates in the national exam called KCSE.

For example, in 2006, a mean grade A corresponded with 76 and upwards percentage points, while in 2007 it changed to 81 and upwards points. However, generally, the grading system is as follows:

Those with mean grade A to B+ are eligible for entry to a public government funded university.

South Africa

An aggregate is calculated by adding a student's best six subjects: each higher grade subject is out of 400, but counts out of 300 (thus 100%+ is achievable), and each standard grade subject and second language is out of 300. An aggregate of over 1680 is an 'A' aggregate (80%), an aggregate of 2100 is 100% and an aggregate of 2400 is possible (114.29%).

Tunisia

The Tunisian grading system is mostly a 20-point grading scale: it is used in secondary schools and universities. For primary schools, a new system has been introduced, based on a letter-grade scale; the old system uses a 10-point grading scale for the first term and a 20-point scale for the second and third terms.

Currently, most Tunisian universities use a traditional 20-point grading scale, but after the introduction of the new National Higher Education Reform, a new grading scale, similar to that of the ECTS grading scale, is becoming more and more common. The ECTS grading scale is a grading system defined in the ECTS framework by the European Comission[1]. Since many different grading systems co-exist in Europe, and considering that interpretation of grades varies considerably from one country to another, if not from one institution to another, the ECTS grading...

Most of the time, the formal grades used in Tunisia are not considered in graduate programs acceptance. A grade of 12 (which is actually a passable grade in Tunisia but equivalent to 60% in the US where it is considered a below average) is generally a good starting grade to apply for graduate studies and financial aids or scholarships. This is due to a severe testing and evaluation system employed in most Tunisian universities. Generally, at the national level, a grade of 12 or above is considered a good grade. This is why some European universities use a different admission requirement for Tunisian students. Tunisia's neighboring country, Algeria, has a very similar grading system.

North America

Image File history File links Merge-arrow. ... The following is a summary of the Academic grading systems in the United States and Canada. ... The following is a summary of the Academic grading systems in the United States and Canada. ...

Canada

In Canada, grade point averages vary by province, by level of education (e.g., high school or university), by institutions (e.g., Queen's or Toronto), and even by different faculties in the same institution (e.g., Ryerson or Université du Québec à Montréal). The following are commonly used conversions from percentile grades to letter grades: A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ... Queens University, generally referred to simply as Queens, is a coeducational, non-sectarian public university located in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. ... The University of Toronto (U of T) is a public research university in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... Ryerson University is a public university located in downtown Toronto, Canada. ... The UniversitÃ© du QuÃ©bec Ã MontrÃ©al (UQAM) is one of four universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ...

Alberta

In White Plains Senior High Schools: White Plains is the name of some places in the United States of America: White Plains, Georgia White Plains, Kentucky White Plains, Maryland White Plains, New York White Plains, North Carolina White Plains, New York was the site of the American Revolutionary War Battle of White Plains. ...

In Alberta Post-Secondary Colleges, Technical Institutes, or Universities: For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ...

There is no universal percentage grade associated with any letter grade in the Province of Alberta and such associations are made by professors or a bell curve.

Saskatchewan

The University of Saskatchewan and University of Regina both use a percentage grade system, univeral across faculties and departments. Lilium University of Saskatchewan - The University of Saskatchewan Centennial Lily by plant breeder Donna Hay. ... The University of Regina is a degree-granting institution located in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. ...

British Columbia

In British Columbia universities: F is a failing grade. The following table is only an approximation; faculties within universities sometimes follow a different system between percentiles and corresponding letter grades. Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 5th Total 944...

Newfoundland and Labrador

In Newfoundland and Labrador universities: This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ...

Ontario

There are also + and − modifiers. A+ is close to 100% and better than A, A is better than A−, A− is better than B+, etc. There are no modifiers for R or F. E sometimes appears in place of R or F to match the order of the four grades above it.

Ontario universities and colleges also use a similar grading system as the above and the system used in the United States. Some colleges use a 4.0 scale, while others a 4.3 or 12.0 scale.

Quebec

Quebec's passing mark in Universities is 50% and the passing mark in High School and CEGEP is 60%.

Costa Rica

In Costa Rica, the systems work on a 100 point scale (and sometime in an analog 10 point scale). For primary school level, a 65 is good enough to pass, while in high school and further levels the pass grade is 70. Students who attain from 60 to the pass grade get the chance to take on one extra test that reviews the whole year's topics, and in which a 70 is needed to achieve a pass grade.

Mexico

Mexican schools use a scale from 0 to 10 to measure students' scores. Since decimal scores are common, a scale from 0 to 100 is often used to remove the decimal point: Mexican may have several meanings. ...

Students who fail a subject have the option of taking an extraordinary test (examen extraordinario, often shortened to extra) that evaluates the contents of the entire period. Once the test is finished and the score is assessed, this score becomes the entire subject's score, thus giving failing students a chance to pass their subjects. Those who fail the extraordinary test have 2 more chances to take it; if the last test is failed, the subject is marked as failed and pending, and depending on the school, the student may fail the entire year.

Some private schools (particularly in higher levels of education) require a 70 to pass instead of the regular 60.

Grades are often absolute and not class-specific. It may be the case that the top of the class gets a final grade of 79. Curve-adjustment is rare. Grad-level students are usually expected to have grades of 80 or above to graduate. Students in the honor roll are usually those with an overall GPA of 90 or higher upon graduation, and some private universities will award them a "With Honors" diploma.

United States

Classical five-point discrete evaluation is the system most commonly used in the United States, but there are many variations. There are also a few schools that eschew discrete evaluation (letter grading) in favor of pure discursive evaluation.

Here is a common example of an American quality index, showing letter grade, qualitative definition, and correlative quantitative value:

Percentage ranges may vary from one school to another. In some schools like those in Virginia Beach public schools use the 7-point grade system where the grades are given as follows: 100-93A, 92-85B, 84-78C, 77-71D, and 70 and below is failing, (E) Or like that in Fairfax County, Virginia,100-94 A, 93-90 B+, 89-84 B, 83-80 C+, 79-74 C, 70-73 D+, 69-64 D, anything below a 64 F. In some schools, these ranges may even vary from one class to another. Many schools add .5 to the value of an AP class if a student takes the AP test (thus, an A would be a 4.5, a B would be a 3.5, etc). In California and many other states, taking an AP class adds a full point to the course's grade. The Advanced Placement Program is a program that offers college level courses at high schools across the United States and Canada. ... The Advanced Placement program is a program that offers college level courses at high schools across the United States and Canada. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Whether the failing grade is F or E typically depends on time and geography. Some states, but not many, have tended to favor E since World War II while the majority of the country tends to use F. Ultimately, the grade F traces to the days of two-point grading as Pass (P) and Fail (F).

Chromatic variants (+ and −) are often used. In hypomodal grading on a 100-point scale, the prime letter grade is assigned a value centered around the one's digit 5: the + grade is assigned the top values of near the one's digit 9, and the − grade is assigned the bottom values near 0; thus, 80 to 83 is B−, 84 to 86 is B, and 87 to 89 is B+. In straight modal grading on a 4.0 decimal scale, the prime number is the prime letter grade: the + range of the grade begins at X.333 (repeating), rounded to X.30, above the prime number, and the − range of the grade begins at X.666 (repeating), rounded up to X.70, below the prime number: thus, B = 3.0, B+ = 3.3, and B− = 2.7.

The A range is often treated as a special case. In most American schools, a 4.00 is regarded as perfect and the highest GPA one can achieve while taking regular, unweighted courses. Thus, an A, being the prime grade, achieves the mark of a 4.00; for the A+ mark, most schools still assign a value of 4.00, equivalent to the A mark, to prevent deviation from the standard 4.00 GPA system. However, the A+ mark, then, becomes a mark of distinction that has no impact on the student's GPA. A few schools do assign grade values of 4.33, however. In most schools, students may also score above 4.0 if taking honors, merit, International Baccalaureate, advanced, or Advanced Placement classes. If taking such weighted courses alone and earning the highest possible credit in each, a total score of 5.0 can be achieved. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into International Baccalaureate Organization. ... The Advanced Placement Program is a program that offers college level courses at high schools across the United States and Canada. ...

There has been dispute^{[citation needed]} over how colleges should look at grades from previous schools and high schools because one grade in one part of the country might not be the equivalent of a grade in another part of the country. In other words, an "A" might be 90-100 somewhere, and a 94-100 somewhere else. In schools, the grade point average is computed by taking the mean of all grades. In colleges and universities that use discrete evaluation, the grade point average is calculated by multiplying the quantitative values by the credit value of the correlative course, and then dividing the total by the sum of all credits.

In a standards-based grading system, a performance standard is set by a committee based on ranking anchor papers and grading rubrics, which demonstrate performance which is below, meeting, or exceeding the "standard." This standard is intended to be a high, world-class level of performance, which must be met by every student regardless of ability or class, although they are actually set by a committee with no reference to any other national standard. Levels are generally assigned numbers between zero and four. Writing papers may be graded separately on content (discussion) and conventions (spelling and grammar). Since grading is not based on a curve distribution, it is entirely possible to achieve a grading distribution in which all students pass and meet the standard. While such grading is generally used only for assessments, they have been proposed for alignment with classroom grading. However, in practice, grading can be much more severe rather than more generous than traditional letter grades. Even after ten years, some states, such as Washington, continue to grade over half of their students as "below standard" on the state mathematics assessment. Proper spelling is the writing of a word or words with all necessary letters and diacritics present in an accepted standard order. ... For the rules of the English language, see English grammar. ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ...

South America

Argentina

In Argentina, the grade point average ranges from 10 to 0 (1 being the lowest possible mark, including for cheating; 0 means that the student was absent for all the possible tests and is rarely given) with decimals, the most common being 25, 50 and 75.

Brazil

There's not a unique grading system in Brazil. The educational system is regulated by the Education Ministry, but there's also state and municipal laws. States, cities and private schools have their own grading systems.

Usually, the same grading system as Argentina is used with grades from 0 to 10. There are four bimesters and you need at least 7 points to have a sufficient average. If your grade doesn't add up to 28 at some subject, you have to take an exam with the whole content of this subject during the year to try to reach the grade. Those who can't, are held back a year. At some especially difficult private school, the sufficient average is 8.

Colombia

In colleges and universities, the grades are quantitative, ranging from 0.0 to 5.0, 0.0 being the worst possible grade and 5.0 the best possible grade.

In high schools, the grades are qualitative ranging from I (insufficient) to E (excellent).

Chile

In Chile, a grade point average with ranges from 1.0 up to 7.0 (with one decimal place) used:

The scale is generally linear, with 1.0 indicating 0% achievement, 4.0 indicating 50% or 60% achievement (depending of the scale used), and 7.0 indicating 100% achievement. Rounding of averages is generally done to the second decimal; hence, a 3.95 is rounded up to a 4.0, whereas a 3.94 is rounded down to a 3.9. Chile uses the European educational system, hence a clear cut translation to American GPA is not possible but must be examined on a case by case basis.

Bahamas

English Literature: D 1 English Language: B 3 Social Studies: B 3 Family Life Ed: A 4 Physical Ed: A 4 Mathematics: B 3 Religious Ed: A 4 Elective: B 3 Modern Lang: A 4 General Science: B 3 Health Science: C 2

To find your GPA all you have to do is find the average: 1+3+3+4+4+3+4+3+4+3+2= 34 Divide it by how many grades there are: 34/11 Which your GPA will be: 3.09

Peru

In Peru, students are evaluated by a 20-point system, with 11 being the lowest passing grade. Some schools also apply the A-B-C grading system.

Venezuela

In Venezuela, students are evaluated by a 20-point system with 10 being the lowest passing grade. Anywhere above 16 is considered a good grade and 19 and 20 are rarely awarded, giving some special honors to the students that get this CGPA.

Asia

China

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the system of grade point average (GPA)^[5] is used in universities: This article is about the grading that is currently used in the country of Hong Kong Universities In Hong Kong, the system of grade point average (GPA) is used in universities. ...

Some universities don't include A+ in the grades^[6], or set the grade point of A+ to be 4.00^[7], so that the maximum GPA attainable is 4.00 instead of 4.30. Some universities use a 12-point system called "CGA" instead^[8]. Some universities do not include minus grades (i.e., no A-, B-, C-) and the grade point of A+, B+, C+, D+ is 4.5, 3.5, 2.5, 1.5 respectively.^[9]

India

GPA in India This is an article about the kind of educational grading that is being currently used in the country of India. ...

Indonesia

Grading system for the university is a little bit different. It applies the following rules: A : 4 A- : 3.67 B+ : 3.33 B : 3 B- : 2.67 and so on...

A student is to repeat a year if he or she earns a failing grade in any subject.

Israel

In Israel, there are two scales, 0-10 (usually small quizzes, surprise quizzes, etc.) and 0-100 (usually exams): A pop quiz is a term used particularly in US high schools, referring to a teacher giving a quiz to the class without prior warning. ...

In secondary school (grades 7-12), any grade below 55 is considered a failing grade.

It may be worth mentioning that the Israeli education system does not employ curved grading at any stage (incl. at the academic level). To compensate for this, most academic institutions require that candidates undergo a psychometric exam, which in Israel provides examinees with an overall score of 200-800, the average being 535 (according to the results of the National Institute of Scoring and Evaluation's [1] report of 2005). As previously mentioned, though, the vast majority of Israeli academic institutions also refrain from grading on a curve. Only certain law faculties use curved grading, and one management faculty recently announced its intention to gradually introduce curved grading at the undergraduate level as well.

Iran

The Iranian grading system is similar to that of Belgium's in secondary schools and universities; the passing grade is 10. Graduate programs require 12 as passing grade:

Japan

In Japan, the grading system depends on schools, however, many universities use following categories:

Nepal

The above grading system refers to the School leaving Certificate (SLC) examinations held at the end of at grade 10. It is administered by the Department of Education under the Ministry of Education and Sports, Nepal. Different grading systems are currently being implemented by different universities and education boards.

Pakistan

Philippines

The Philippines has varied university grading systems. Most universities, particularly public institutions, follow the grade point system scale of 5.00 - 1.00, in which 1.00 is the highest grade and 5.00 is the lowest possible grade.

Grade point scale (5.00 - 1.00)

Notable exeptions include De La Salle University & FEU-East Asia College, which follow the 1.000 - 4.000 grading system, which patterns those of American universities. This system uses the 4.0 grade point equivalence as the highest grade, while 0.0 grade point equivalence is considered the lowest possible grade. 0.0 grade point equivalence is considered a failing mark.

Grade point scale (1.000 - 4.000)

Other universities, such as the Ateneo Universities, use the letter grade system with varied grade equivalence range.

Letter grade system

More importantly, Philippine universities do not have standard grade equivalence. Different universities have varied equivalence range, while passing grades are subject to imposed academic quality of an institution.

Russia and Former Soviet Union/CIS (without Moldova and Belarus)

In Russia, Ukraine, Hungary and likely many of the former Soviet Union (with the notable exception of Moldova, that switched to the Romanian system) and some countries formerly associated with the Eastern Bloc, close variations of a five-point grading scale is used: Member state Associate member Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Working language Russian Type Commonwealth Membership 11 member states 1 associate member Leaders - Executive Secretary Sergei Lebedev Establishment December 21, 1991 Website http://cis. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc 1948-1989. ...

Qualifiers + and - are often used to add some degree of differentiation between the grades: e.g., 4+ is better than 4, but a little worse than 5-. Grading varies greatly from school to school, university to university, and even teacher to teacher, and tends to be entirely subjective, even for courses that lend themselves to objective marking, such as mathematics and applied sciences. Even though the grades technically range from 1 to 5, 1 is not common and is rarely given for academic reasons—in many cases, a 1 is given as a result of failure to show up for or to complete an exam. A 2 grade usually means that the student showed no or little knowledge in a subject (in Russia/Ukraine, but not in Hungary).

It may be worth mentioning that 1 is somewhat an exotic grade in Russian schools, but it does exist officially. The mostly used grades are 5 to 2. + and - modifiers follow the same tendency; they are used rarely in middle school, and almost never in colleges or universities. Some institutions and teachers (excluding Russia), unsatisfied with the five-point scale, work with various larger ones, but these grading systems are not recognized by the state and require conversion for official use.

It is necessary to understand that, in Russian universities, all of the courses are compulsory subjects. There are no electives in the sense of the Western system available in Russia. However, very rarely in some universities are there certain subjects that are not graded at all. Such subjects could be interpreted as additional electives, because they are not compulsory, do not contribute towards the degree, and will not be mentioned in the final degree paper (diploma). However, the grade ‘Attended’ is issued if the attendance requirements are met by a student.

The majority of subjects are graded on a ‘Pass/No pass’ (Credit/No Credit) basis (зачёт/незачёт, pronounced as "zach`ot/nezach`ot"), and the rest is graded in terms of numbers. The 'Pass/No Pass" grades do not have any official numeric representation. When "zachot"- (credit- or pass-) type subjects are graded as ‘Pass/Not pass,’ this simply represents a student's good or poor knowledge of a subject, and, in numeric terms, can be interpreted as "more than "3"/less than "3." Each university implements its own understanding of the appropriate level of knowledge a student should have in order to pass studied subjects. Students in Russia must pass all of the offered subjects in order to graduate.

Due to several ways to translate the word "zachet" from Russian into English (it can be translated as "credit" or "pass"), this type of grading is the source of problems for Russian students applying to Western universities. Such grades may confuse Western universities and make it difficult to correctly calculate students' GPA in terms of Western systems.

In the past recent years, some of these countries (excluding Russia) have started to implement the following grading system:

Singapore

Singapores grading system in schools is differentiated by the existence of many types of institutions with different education foci and systems. ...

Vietnam

Schools and universities in Vietnam use a 10-point grading scale, with 10 being the highest and 0 being the lowest. Often, 5 is the lowest passing grade.

United Arab Emirates

At most universities and colleges, the United Arab Emirates' grading system is very similar to the United States' system. See United Arab Emirates for more information.

Europe

Albania

In Albania, grades from 1 (sometimes 0) to 10 are used, with some schools allowing decimals (up to the hundredth digit) and some others only allowing whole numbers.

Most universities evaluate classes with two mid exams and a final. The final exam encompasses the whole course syllabus, whereas the mid exams usually review half. In some schools, if the average grade of the two mid exams is equal to or higher than 7.00, the student is able to pass the class without the need to take a final exam (since there are only two exams, some teachers also pass students who average 6.50; others weigh in the decision based on the student's performance in class). An average of less than 4.00 is failing; students who score such an average are not allowed to take the final exam. For the Teen Titans episode, see Final Exam (Teen Titans) Final Exam is an episode of The Outer Limits television show. ...

In high schools, the year is divided into three trimesters and classes are usually yearlong. Students need an average of 6.00 or higher in the three trimestral exams to avoid having to take a final to pass the class. In the event of a student scoring less than 6.00 in the 3rd trimester, he or she would have to take a final exam, regardless of average. This is considered controversial, since the last trimestral exam is not more important than the first two, but the rule stands to prevent students who have already reached the minimum average (e.g., two 10.00 in the first two give a student the lowest possible average of 6.33) from not making an effort during the last three months of the year.

Austria

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In Bosnia, the following grade scale applies to elementary and high school students: This article is about the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...

Bulgaria

For exact grading, two positions after the decimal point are used; thus, grades as, e.g., Poor (2.50), or Excellent (5.75), are common. Every passing grade at or above the .50 mark is prefixed with the term of the higher grade. The minimum is 2.00; grades below 3.00 are failing grades, and the maximum is 6.00.

Roughly, the Bulgarian grade system can be equated to the American one as the following: 6=A, 5=B, 4=C, 3=D, and 2=F.

Croatia

In Croatia the following grade scale applies to elementary school, high school and university students:

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, primary and secondary schools use a 5-point grade system, with 1 as the best and 5 as the worst. There are only whole numbers in the report cards, but tests or oral exams are often marked by additional distinctive signs: 3+ is slightly better than 3, 2− is slightly worse than 2, 1-2 or 1/2 means halfway between 1 and 2, and 1* means exceptionally excellent.

Universities use a 4-point grade system, in which 1 is the highest and 4 indicates failing, or an expanded version of this: a six-grade system with half-grades between 1 & 2 and 2 & 3. The grades are then 1 (crudely similar to the American grading system, A), 1.5 (B), 2 (C), 2.5 (D), 3 (E), and 4 (F, or fail). Some universities use alternative names: 1 = A = vyborne (excellent), 2 = B = velmi dobre (very good), 3 = C = dobre (good), 4 = D = nedostatecne (insufficient).

Denmark

The current scale, syv-trins-skalaen ("7-step-scale"), was introduced in 2007, replacing the old 13-skalaen ("13-scale"). The new scale is designed to be compatible with the ECTS-scale. The ECTS grading scale is a grading system defined in the ECTS framework by the European Comission[1]. Since many different grading systems co-exist in Europe, and considering that interpretation of grades varies considerably from one country to another, if not from one institution to another, the ECTS grading...

Syv-trins-skalaen consists of seven different grades, ranging from 12 to -3, with 12 being the highest:

This new scale remains a absolute scale, meaning that, proportions are not taken into consideration.

Finland

Several systems are in use in different educational institutions in Finland. Educational oversight Minister of Education Minister of Culture Ministry of Education Antti KalliomÃ¤ki Tanja Karpela National education budget â‚¬ 5. ...

The "school grade" system has historically been a scale of 0 to 10, but all grades lower than 4 were discarded; thus, it is divided between 4, the failing grade, and 5-10, the succeeding grades. This is similar to the grading scale used in Romania. This article is about evaluation of school work. ...

In the individual exams, but not in the final results, it is also possible to divide the scale further with '½', which represents a half grade, and '+' and '−', which represent one-fourth a grade better or inferior. For example, the order is 9<9+<9½<10−<10. The grade '10+' can also be awarded to represent perfect performance added with extra effort by the student. Look up mode in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The matriculation examination grades are similar to the above, but in Latin. Abitur is the word commonly used in Germany for the final exams young adults (aged 18 or 19) take at the end of their secondary education, usually after 12 or 13 years of schooling. ...

Universities and vocational institutions use a scale of 0 (fail) and 1-5 (pass), or fail/pass. The professor selects which grading scheme is used; short, compulsory courses typically have pass/fail grades.

France

The French grading system is based mostly on a 20-point grading scale: it is used above all in secondary schools and universities. The baccalauréat uses the 20-point scale, with the following mentions (honors): For other uses of Baccalaureate, see Baccalaureate (disambiguation). ...

Primary schools generally use a 10-point grading scale or a letter grade like the ECTS grading Scale. French universities traditionally use the 20-point grading scale, but the ECTS grading scale is more and more common, since it is the standard for comparing study performance throughout the European Union.

Some Grandes écoles use 'exotic' systems, like Ecole Centrale de Lille, which uses a three-letter scale system: For the film released in 2004, see Grande Ã‰cole (film). ... The École Centrale de Lille, located in Villeneuve dAscq, near Lille, France, is one of the French Grandes écoles of engineering. ...

Germany

Germany uses a 6-point grading scale (GPA) to evaluate the performance of school children:

5 and 6 are both considered to be failing grades, though in earlier years students who earned 5 grades were not required to repeat classes if they performed well in other classes. Grades 1 to 5 can be suffixed with + and −. To calculate averages of suffixed grades, they are assigned fractioned values, where 1 is 1.0, 1− is 1.3, 2+ is 1.7, 2 is 2.0, 2− is 2.3, and so on. There is even the grade of 1+ or 0.7, which roughly means 'with distinction'. (But there is neither 6+ nor 6−, since 6 means null.)

As schools are governed by the states, not by the federal government, there are slight differences. Sometimes there is 1− equal to 1.25, 1-2 = 1.5, 2+ = 1.75 and so on. And sometimes the grades are in tenth of a number, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and so on.

Some states replace this system in higher grades (usually 12th and 13th) by "points," whereas 15 points represents the highest possible score: "1+." 14 points equal a "1" (sehr gut), 13 points equal a "1−," and so on; 1 point equals a "5−," and 0 points represent a "6" (ungenügend). This system is used for easier calculation of averages and to ease the admission process for the "Abitur," the final exam. The written marks below are replaced by numbers, too, instead of using fraction values, such as 1.2.

In school reports, only unmodified integer grades may be used; they are written in text form in some parts of Germany:

"In-between" grades such as 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 etc., which originally counted as 1.5, 2.5, etc., have largely been discontinued, due to ambiguities when converting averages back to integer values.

In the final classes of Gymnasiums, the grades are converted to numbers ("points") in order to calculate the average for Abitur. In this case, a 1+ exists (and counts as 15), 1 is 14, 1− is 13, 2+ is 12, and so on; 5− is 1, and, finally 6 is 0. Although 1+ exists in this system, Abitur averages below 1.0 cannot be achieved, even if a student earns a 1+ in every subject. When the point system is used, 4 (5 points) is the lowest passing grade, and 4− (4 points) is the highest failing grade. A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... Abitur (from Latin abire = go away, go off) is the word commonly used in Finland and Germany for the final exams young adults (aged 18, 19 or 20) take at the end of their secondary education, usually after 12 or 13 years of schooling. ...

In converting German grades to the A-F scale, a 1 = A, ... 4 = D scale is often used (with 5 and 6 both converted to F's). The accuracy of this conversion is often debated, since expected performance averages vary among schools. For example, a 2 in the German is often given for a performance of 90%; a 90% will almost always be equivalent to an A among the U.S. grading scale. Both situations will vary depending on the school's, faculty's and/or instructor's guidelines.

For the conversion of Gymnasium grades, the following must be taken into account: Only 23% of the German population obtain the Abitur - Allgemeine Hochschulreife (General Maturity for University), implying that a 4.0 (passed) is applied to students within the best 23% of the population. Another 17-21% obtain a Fachabitur or Fachhochschulreife limiting their university choices either to more application oriented studies at a Fachhochschule ("University of Applied Sciences") or to only that subject at University that they specialized in while at the Gymnasium. Consequently, even a 4 (pass) in a university exam is awarded to students within the top 23% (or top 40% for Fachhochschule) group of the German population. A Fachhochschule (plural: Fachhochschulen) or University of Applied Sciences in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland is a university specialized in certain topical areas (e. ...

In former East Germany, a 5-point grading scale was used until July 1991: This article is about the state which existed from 1949 to 1990. ...

This scale is identical to the current Austrian grading scale. This article is about evaluation of school work. ...

At training institutions approved by the German Chamber of Commerce (IHK), the following grades are awarded: Chambers of commerce are business advocacy groups which are usually not associated with government. ...

For example, 91% counts as grade 2, but, when specified as a decimal, is actually a 1.5 grade. A student who attains 91% would naturally rather state that he or she has a grade of 1.5 instead of declaring a 2 grade.

In German universities (excluding law schools), the 1 to 5 scale for the grade (Note / Zensur) is also used: Responsibility for educational oversight in Germany has to lie primarily with the states while the federal government only has a minor role. ...

Sometimes, esp. with a Dr. Phil. (D.Phil. / Ph.D.), the Latin versions are also used for the grading (here the grade (Note / Zensur) is called Prädikat):

There is no grade for failing, because at the lowest, the dissertation is just formally rejected, without any kind of grading.

For law students at German universities, a similar system to the 1-5 scale is used that comprises one more grade that is inserted between 2 (gut) and 3 (befriedigend), named "vollbefriedigend." This is due to the fact that the grades "gut" and "sehr gut" are extremely rare, so an additional grade was created below "gut" to increase differentiation. Every grade is converted into points very much like the Gymnasium system described above, starting at 18 points (excellent) down to 0 points (poor). 4 points is the lowest passing grade.

Often, the German grades are treated like an interval scale to calculate means and deviations for comparisons. Despite it lacking any psychometric standardization, the grading system is also used like a normally distributed statistical scale for norm-referenced assessments (with an expected value of 3 and a standard deviation of 1). So, transformations into other statistical measures like Percentiles, T, Stanine, etc., or (like in the PISA studies) IQ, are then possible; e.g., here a transformation into Percentiles and IQ: The level of measurement of a variable in mathematics and statistics is a classification that was proposed in order to describe the nature of information contained within numbers assigned to objects and, therefore, within the variable. ... The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a triennial world-wide test of 15-year-old schoolchildrens scholastic performance, the implementation of which is coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). ...

(Note: this is the statistical norm IQ (expected value of 100, standard deviation of 15) which is nowadays widely used outside of intelligence tests, since it is not a measure of intelligence.)

This transformation is—as mentioned above—highly questionable at the least. E.g., substantially far more than 14% (>4.0) of German students at universities fail in an exam (usually about 20-40%—often even more; in very rare cases, at technical universities, up to 98% fail an individual exam, as they first try and know they are entitled to a second try). Grades awarded vary widely between fields of study and between universities/schools. In reality, nevertheless, independent from field and school, students normally have to successfully complete more than half of the tasks given within an examination to pass it (to get a 4.0). So, also the reality contradicts the treatment of grades as statistical norms.

Also, it must be taken into account that in Germany education (at school as well as at university) is still not only about learning, but also particularly about permanent selection (whereas the criteria of selection are widely criticized, especially the underlying principles of grading used in Germany). The selection might be the (comparatively) low succession rates at university, as well as the small number of people who obtain an "Abitur" in the first place. However, several empirical psychological studies show that the grades awarded in Germany at school and university have low reliability (and therefore extremely weak validity).^[10] Only a GPA from school is a mild (weak) predictor for success in school, university, and, to a slightly better degree, vocational trainings, and GPAs from school or university have nearly no predictive value for job performance.^[11] In Germany, due to the lack of German psychometric tests (such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test(SAT), or the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) in the United States), the GPA is mainly used as the only criterion within an application process. In the work field, the grades have a high impact on career opportunities and science-based recruitment, and assessment is still used only by less than 8% of German employers (in other European countries, the percentage is 50-70%).^[12] The SAT (pronounced S-A-T) Reasoning Test, formerly called the Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test, is a type of standardized test frequently used by colleges and universities in the United States to aid in the selection of incoming students. ... The Graduate Record Examination or GRE is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for many graduate schools in English speaking countries. ...

Greece

There are four Grading systems (or scales) in Greece - four different GPA - one for higher education, one for secondary education, and two for primary education (grades 1 to 3 and 4 to 6).

In higher or tertiary education, grades are given from 0.00 to 10.00. The minimum passing grade is 05.00. The list below depicts the Greek Grading system while illustrates approximately how the Grades are converted in ECTS and US Grades:

The grading system's range is widened in secondary school, and ranges from 1 to 20. Each grade from every individual subject from a total of 13 is worth one point:

The primary education grading system for grades 1 to 3 is as follows, in which letters are used:

The primary education grading system changes after grade 4, in which only numbers are used:

Hungary

In Hungary, a 5-point grade system is used. There are only whole numbers in report cards, but for grading exams, there are also fractions (such as 3/4, which is between 3 and 4). Some teachers use lines above (rarely) or under (more commonly) the numbers to draw a clearer distinction: e.g., 4, (4-) is worse than a 4 but better than a 3, a 3' (3-plus), or a 3/4 (3 < 3' < 3/4 < 4, < 4); sometimes they even use multiple lines, such as 5,,. For unusually good performance, the grade 5* can be awarded, but is less frequently used in secondary schools. 1 is the only failing grade. When grading a student's attitude or diligence, only the grades 2-5 are used.

Ireland

Leaving Certificate results are measured by the number of 'points' awarded to the student. It is usually the amount of points awarded to the student that forms the basis for the student's acceptance or otherwise into a course of higher education (e.g., a university degree course). The Leaving Certificate (Irish: ArdteistimÃ©ireacht), commonly referred to as the Leaving Cert (Irish: Ardteist) is the final course in the Irish secondary school system and culminates with the Leaving Certificate Examination. ...

A number of points between 0 and 100 are awarded to the student for each Leaving Certificate exam sat. The student then combines the points from his or her six top scoring exams, giving a final total score between 0 and 600. The number of points awarded for a particular grade depend on whether the student sat for the exam for the 'Higher Level' course or the 'Ordinary Level' course. The number of points awarded for each grade at the two levels are as follows:

Italy

In Italian primary school, a 5-point grading scale is used: A primary school in ÄŒeskÃ½ TÄ›Å¡Ãn, Czech Republic. ...

In high school, a 10-point scale is used, 6 being the minimum grade for passing. Specifications such as +, −, "double minus" ("="), half grades ("double plus") and "between" grades, such as 6/7, are often used. Note that the grades used in primary school are derived from this scale, with Non Sufficiente meaning "5 and under," and the other grades standing respectively for 7, 8, 9, and 10. A 10 is very rare to score, as well as a 1. The weakest grade a student can normally get is a 3 or a 4. An 8 is usually considered a very good grade, and a 9 is an excellent grade. The average is between and 6 and 8. For other uses, see High school (disambiguation). ...

Universities in Italy use a 30-point scale, simply divided in two: no passing (0 to 17 points) and passing grades (18 to 30 points), for ordinary exams, and a 110-point scale for the final dissertation, which is divided in two as well, with 66 being the minimum grade for passing. For outstanding results, the Lode "praise" is added to the maximum grade.

To someone familiar with both the Italian and the U.S. college systems, Italian grades are best translated into American grades (and vice versa) according to the following table: European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard for comparing the study attainment and performance of students of higher education across the European Union. ...

Latvia

The grading system in Latvia has recently been changed to a 10-point scale^{[citation needed]}. 10 (desmit) is the highest achievable grade, while 1 (viens) is awarded for extremely poor performance. The minimal passing grade is 4 (četri), though some universities have a minimum passing grade of 5(pieci).

The absence of any kind of performance is indicated with 'nv' (nav vērtējuma - no grade); in th past, the mark for absence of work was 0 (nulle). Teachers in lower classes and for small works in higher classes are encouraged to award one of two grades: 'i' (ieskaitīts - counted in) for a passing grade, and 'ni' (neieskaitīts - not counted in) for a failing grade.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein uses the Swiss Grading System. This article is about evaluation of school work. ...

Lithuania

In Lithuania, the grading system has been recently changed to a 10-point scale^{[citation needed]}. 10 is the highest achievable grade for an excellent performance and 1 is the lowest. Usually, 1 is written when where is no work present at all, as most teachers tend to keep 2 the lowest grade and rarely mark work as 1. Some teachers do not put 1 nor 2, even if there is no work present.

The minimal grade for passing is usually 4, although some universities require 5.

Teachers in lower classes are encouraged to write marks such as lg - labai gerai (very good), g - gerai (good), patenkinamai (sufficient to pass) or nepatenkimai (insufficient to pass).

Some subjects (like Physical Culture or Music) can be chosen to only have įsk - įskaityta (passed) or neįsk - neįskaityta (not passed).

Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, a grade system from 01 to 60 is used. A grade of at least 30 is required to pass. The grades are distributed in the following way:

Moldova

Netherlands, The

In The Netherlands, grades from 1.0 up to 10.0 are used, with 1 being worst and 10 being best. The grades 9 and 10 are hardly ever given on examinations (on average, a 9 is awarded in only 1.5%, and a 10 in 0.5% of cases). Generally, either one or two decimal places are used, and a +/− means a quarter (rounded to either 0.8 or 0.3 if only one decimal place is used). Thus, a grade of 6.75 (or 6.8) could be written as 7−, whereas a grade of 7+ would count for 7.25 or 7.3. The different levels of education in the Netherlands Education in the Netherlands is characterized by division: education is oriented toward the needs and background of the pupil. ... Motto: Je Maintiendrai (Dutch: Ik zal handhaven, English: I Shall Uphold) Anthem: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe Capital Amsterdam1 Largest city Amsterdam Official language(s) Dutch2 Government Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy - Queen Beatrix - Prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende Independence Eighty Years War - Declared July 26, 1581 - Recognised January 30, 1648 (by Spain...

Usually 5.5 constitutes a pass, whereas 5.4 and below constitute a fail. If no decimal places are used, 6 and up is a pass and 5 and below is a fail. Sometimes, when no decimal place is used, an additional grade, 6−, is used as "barely passed." In contrast with the usual interpretation as a 5.75, this grade represents what would have been a 5.5 if a decimal place were used. In some other situations, the decimal point is expressly forbidden to be used for any grade between 5.0 and 6.0, so that graders are forced to specify a clear pass/fail decision.

An alternative system classifies grades of 6.0 and up as always passing, but also allows one or two classes in a school year with a score between 5.0 and 6.0. However, the average of all grades over the year must be over 6.0. If students do not reach the average of 6.0 or have more than two courses with a score between 5.0 and 6.0, a secondary exam must be taken to pass the failing classes. A score below 5.0 is always insufficient and the exam must be retaken.

Depending on the grade, several honors are available, including met genoegen and cum laude. This honor system is typically only used at universities. For an average grade of at least 7, but not meeting the criteria for cum laude, met genoegen (with pleasure) is sometimes awarded; this is strongly dependent on the criteria the university maintains. The criteria for the cum laude honor vary as well, usually requiring at least an 8 or 8.5 average grade. Various other conditions often apply as well, such as the condition of receiving no grades below a certain limit (6 or 7), or completing within certain time restrictions. Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an academic degree was earned. ... Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an academic degree was earned. ...

When different variations of cum laude are used, the degree of honor is usually dependent on the average grades over the school year. Usually, if the average score of the student is at least an 8.0, but less than 8.5 over the whole school year, the honor cum laude is awarded. If the grade is over 8.5, but less than 9.0(or 9.5 in some schools), magna cum laude is awarded. Lastly, if the grade is over 9.0 (or 9.5 in some schools), summa cum laude is awarded.

Norway

In colleges and universities the international system, ranging from A to F, is used:

The formerly most common system of grades used at university level was based on a scale running from 1.0 (highest) through 6.0 (lowest), 4.0 being the lowest passing grade. However, the grades from 1.0 to 1.5 were rarely used, de facto reducing the grade range from 1.6 to 6.0. The way the new Bologna system was introduced implies that students who had started their studies while the old system still was in effect will graduate with transcripts containing grades from both systems (i.e., both numbers and letters).

Lower levels of education (secondary school) use a scale running from 1 to 6, with 6 being the highest and 2 as the lowest passing grade. For non-final tests and mid-term evaluations, the grades are often postfixed with + or − (except 6+ and 1−), and it is also common to use grades such as 5/6 or 4/3 indicating borderline grades. Finals, and the final grades for each subject, are graded with whole numbers.

Poland

At Poland's primary, middle, and high schools, a 1-6 point grade system is used:

Until the 1990s, there was a 2-5 grade system with + and – marks, such as 3- (barely passed), or 4+ (between good and very good). Since the mid-1990s, Polish primary and secondary schools expanded this system to include the sixth grade. At universities, a traditional four-point system is used; the grades are:

Some universities use non-standard, additional 5.5 and 6.0 grades; some add 6.0 while forbidding 5.5.

Portugal

In Portuguese middle-schools the 5-1 central European system is used. In high-schools and universities, a 20-point grading scale is used. When it is the case of the final grade of an academic degree, each grade is assigned a qualitative mark by decree:^[14] This is article about the grades that are currently used in both Central and Eastern Europe. ... This article is about evaluation of school work. ...

Romania

In Romanian primary schools, a 4-point grading scale is used: A primary school in ÄŒeskÃ½ TÄ›Å¡Ãn, Czech Republic. ...

In secondary schools, high schools, and universities, a 10-point scale is used, 5 being the minimum grade for passing. For other uses, see High school (disambiguation). ...

Specifications such as + and −, half grades, and grades like 6/7 are sometimes used. Note that the grades used in primary school are derived from this scale, with Insufficient meaning "4 and under", and the other grades standing respectively for 5-6, 7-8, 9-10. A 10 is not rare to score, especially in low-interest subjects. An 9 is usually considered an excellent grade. The average grade goes between 7 and 8. A very poor performance is usually awarded a 3 or 4, while a 1 is often reserved for cases of academic dishonesty or some other unacceptable behavior. Grades with 2 decimal digits can also be awarded, e.g. 7.38 means "'very' satisfactory", although in the register (catalog, where grades are written) the grade will be rounded. Grades with 2 decimal digits can also be awarded in certificates of final examinations in secondary schools, but in that case this are not rounded.

The same system (10-point scale) is used in Moldova, including in the primary school.^[15]

Serbia

In Serbia a five-point grading scale is used in elementary schools and secondary schools: Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() â€” [] Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, Rusyn 1 Albanian 2 Demonym Serbian Government Parliamentary Democracy - President Boris TadiÄ‡ - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica - First state 7th century - Serbian Kingdom3 1217 - Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence lost... In computational complexity theory, the complexity class ELEMENTARY is the union of the classes in the exponential hierarchy. ... Secondary can mean: An ordinal adjective indicating Second or second hand, see Primary The secondary in American football refers to the group of (usually four) defensive backs. ...

Slovakia

In Slovakia, a five-point grading scale is used in primary and secondary schools:

Slovenia

Spain

Spanish universities use a 0 to 10 grading scale to score student performance and a 1 to 4 points grading scale to record the student achievement. The 0 to 10 scores determines the grade of the student. There is no official equivalence between this score and the corresponding grade. Customary use is as follows:

When the student obtains a score higher or equal to 5, i.e. not fail, the student completes the study of the subject in question and the grade is recorded using the 1 to 4 point scale as the following equivalence shows:

European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard for comparing the study attainment and performance of students of higher education across the European Union. ...

Sweden

These grades are used in the Grundskola (primary school) and the Gymnasium (secondary school):

Grades are assigned based on individual achievements rather than relative performance. Formally, the grade should reflect the degree of attainment of stated learning outcomes and objectives. In practice, however, simple percentage limits are often used.

Until 1994 relative grades on the scale 1-5, 5 being the highest, were used. The scale was intended to follow a normal distribution on a national level, with a mean of 3 and a standard deviation of 1. The normal distribution, also called the Gaussian distribution, is an important family of continuous probability distributions, applicable in many fields. ...

Though unused for over 40 years, this scale retains some cultural significance, and the standard law school grading scale used today is based on it (see below). // A law school is an institution where future lawyers obtain legal degrees. ...

On university level the following standard grading scale has been defined: For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ...

As long as relative grading is not used, however, individual universities may choose to use any other scale. For example, in the fields of engineering and technology, the passing grades of VG and G are commonly replaced with 5, 4 and 3, whereas law schools consistently employ a scale of AB, Ba and B as passing grades. Further, a number of universities are currently in the process of transitioning to an ECTS based scale, with an A to F grading, pursuant to the Bologna process. Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying scientific knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... // A law school is an institution where future lawyers obtain legal degrees. ... European credit transfer system (ECTS) is a method that is used to compare the marks (US: grade) given in education across European Union. ... The purpose of the Bologna process (or Bologna accords) is to create the European higher education area by making academic degree standards and quality assurance standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe. ...

Switzerland

In Switzerland, usually a 6-point grading scale similar to that in Germany is used, but in reverse order and with a higher failing grade.

Every grade below 4 is a failing grade, so a 3.9 is considered insufficient. Grade averages between 5.5 and 6 are very rare; an average of a 6 is mostly impossible. In exams, quarter steps are usually used to indicate grades between integer grades: e.g., 5.25. Sometimes, finer grained systems are used with steps of one-tenth. This is often the case in exams in which the grade is a linear function of the number of achieved points (Grade = achieved_point/max_points*5 + 1). In certificates, grades are either rounded to integers or half-integers. After having rounded the individual grades, a weighted mean is used to calculate the overall result. The weight of a grade is normally proportional to the number of hours the according subject was taught per week. To pass a year, this overall result needs to be sufficient. Sometimes further conditions need to be fulfilled, such as a maximum allowed number of grades below four. At university level, classes can often be repeated individually in case of an insufficient grade, so not the whole year or semester needs to be repeated. A linear function is a mathematical function term of the form: f(x) = m x + c where c is a constant. ... In statistics, given a set of data, X = { x1, x2, ..., xn} and corresponding weights, W = { w1, w2, ..., wn} the weighted mean is calculated as Note that if all the weights are equal, the weighted mean is the same as the arithmetic mean. ...

In a typical exam, the average result will be somewhat above 4 with a variance between 0.5 and 1. This of course varies depending on the kind of exam, the tested class, the school level, the region, the teacher and other factors. This article is about mathematics. ...

Since education is in the responsibility of the cantons (except for the federal universities), grading notations may differ depending on the region. In some regions, + and − are used to indicate marks below or above an integer. Sometimes the − is used to indicate a better grade if it stands after the grade and a lower grade if it stands before the grade (in which case − is a symbol for "bis" 'to' rather than 'minus'), for example −5 is lower than 5 which is lower than 5− in that system. Valais Ticino GraubÃ¼nden (Grisons) Geneva Vaud NeuchÃ¢tel Jura Berne Thurgau Zurich Aargau Lucerne Solothurn Basel-Land Schaffhausen Uri Schwyz Glarus St. ...

At university level, in some cases, Latin expressions are used. The Latin grades for a passed final exam in law at the University of Zurich, for example, are "summa cum laude" (excellent), "magna cum laude" (very good), "cum laude" (good) and "rite" (sufficient). Promotionsordnung der Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät (German). Retrieved on August 5, 2005. Location within Switzerland ZÃ¼rich[?] (German pronunciation IPA: ; usually spelled Zurich in English) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of ZÃ¼rich. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Ukraine

New system provides grades that lay within 1 and 12 and matched with 5-point grade system used before by the following way:

United Kingdom

This is an article about the kind of grading that is used in most of the United Kingdom. ...

Oceania

Australia

Australian primary and secondary schools are currently migrating to a common reporting and assessment format. Education is the responsibility of the states in Australia. In 2005 the Federal Government introduced a universal common assessment and reporting standards legislation that all states had to adhere to. The grading system is now structured as follows, though the percentages are only an approximate guide: Australian primary and secondary schools are currently migrating to a common reporting and assessment format. ...

Most Australian tertiary institutions use close variations of the following grading structure:

Many courses also have Non-Graded Pass (NGP) and Non-Graded Fail (F), in which it is considered more appropriate to have qualitative than quantitative assessment. However, in some universities, an F1 category may be given a 'Pass Conceded' if the student's Weighted Average is greater than a nominated threshold. (More often than not, this is around the 53-55 range.)

Grade point averages are not generally used in Australia below a tertiary level. They are calculated according to more complicated formula than some other nations:

Grade Point Average (GPA) = Sum of (grade points × course unit values) / total number of credit points attempted, in which grade points are as follows:

Whenever a course result is a Non-Graded Pass, the result will only be included if the GPA is less than 4, and will be assigned the grade point of 4, otherwise NGP results will be disregarded.

The term course unit values is used to distinguish between courses which have different weightings e.g. between a full year course and a single semester course.

The High School Certificate system varies from state to state. For example, in New South Wales, the UAI (Universities Admissions Index) determines tertiary positions. Government Supported Positions are given to students that achieve above a certain UAI threshold. (An example of this is a UAI of 85 for Civil Engineering at the University of New South Wales.^[16]) The value of the UAI corresponds with the percentile the student is placed within the state of New South Wales.

New Zealand

High school grades were changed from various percentage and rank-based scales for different year levels, to a four-grade system (the lowest being a failing grade) starting from 2004:

New Zealand universities generally award letter grades (i.e. A to E) to students, with +/- variations. These letter grades correspond to percentage mark bands, though these vary between universities (common cutoffs for A+ include 90% and 85%, and even within a university, an A+ from one department may vary from a A+ from another, with the actual cutoff subject to discretion). D and E grades are failing grades, corresponding to work receiving less than 50%. However, for Honours degrees, the letter grades also correspond to degree classes, with A+/A/A- grades corresponding to a first, B+/high B corresponding to 2:1, etc. The National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) is New Zealands official secondary school qualification normally offered to senior high school studentsâ€” Year 11 through to Year 13. ...

References

[2] [3] Neil Postman (March 8, 1931 - October 5, 2003) was an American professor, media theorist, and cultural critic who is best known by the general public for his 1985 book about television, Amusing Ourselves to Death. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Colophon of the publisher Alfred A. Knopf. ... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Education reform in the United States since the late 1980s has been largely driven by the setting of academic standards for what students should learn and be able to do. ... John Dewey (October 20, 1859 â€“ June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. ... William Spady is the head of ChangeLeaders. ... Jean Piaget (August 9, 1896 â€“ September 16, 1980) was a Swiss philosopher, natural scientist and developmental psychologist, well known for his work studying children, his theory of cognitive development and for his epistemological view called genetic epistemology. He created in 1955 the International Centre for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva and... Benjamin Bloom (21 February 1913 - September 13, 1999) was an American educational psychologist who made significant contributions to the classification of educational objectives and the theory of mastery learning. ... Marc Tucker is President of the National Center on Education and the Economy. ... Maria Montessori Maria Montessori (August 31, 1870 â€“ May 6, 1952) was an Italian physician, educator, philosopher, humanitarian and devout Catholic; she is best known for her philosophy and method of education of children from birth to adolescence. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Standards-based education reform. ... Cognitive Load is a term (used in psychology and other fields of study) that refers to the level of effort associated with problem solving, thinking and reasoning (including perception, memory, language, etc. ... Education reform in the United States since the late 1980s has been largely driven by the setting of academic standards for what students should learn and be able to do. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Standards-based education reform. ... Developmentally appropriate practice (or DAP) is a perspective within early childhood education whereby a teacher or child caregiver nurtures a childs social/emotional, physical, and cognitive development by basing all practices and decisions on (1) theories of child development, (2) individually identified strengths and weaknesses of each child uncovered... The Earth seen from Apollo 17. ... For other uses, see Constructivism. ... Block scheduling is a type of academic scheduling in which each student has fewer classes per day for a longer period of time. ... Standards based tests use holistic grading to establish scoring of a paper. ... Active learning, as the name suggests, is a type of instruction which some teachers employ to involve pupils during the learning process. ... Problem-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogical strategy of active learning often used in higher education, but it can be adapted for use in K-12 education. ... Discovery Learning is a method of inquiry-based instruction. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into inquiry-based learning. ... Inventive, or invented, spelling is the non-conventional spelling of a word created by a novice reader or writer. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Open classroom. ... The Small schools movement, also known as the Small Schools Initiative, in the United States of America holds that many high schools are too large and should be reorganized into smaller, automonous schools each with their own character. ... In mathematics, inclusion is a partial order on sets. ... A key goal in education reform in many states is excellence and equity. ... Education reform in the United States since the late 1980s has been largely driven by the setting of academic standards for what students should learn and be able to do. ... An achievement gap refers to the observed disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. ... Learning Standards is a term used to describe standards applied to education content, particularly in the US K-12 space. ... The National Science Education Standards (NSES) are a set of guidelines for the science education in primary and secondary schools in the United States, as established by the National Research Council in 1996. ... From the National Reading Panel About section of their homepage: In 1997, Congress asked the Director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) at the National Institutes of Health, in consultation with the Secretary of Education, to convene a national panel to assess the effectiveness of... Principles and Standards for School Mathematics is a document produced in 1989 by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [5] (NCTM) to set forth a national vision for precollege mathematics education in the US and Canada. ... President Bush signing the bipartisan No Child Left Behind Act at Hamilton H.S. in Hamilton, Ohio. ... Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) is a term defined by the No Child Left Behind Act. ... The National Education Goals were set by the U.S. Congress in the 1990s to set goals for standards-based education reform. ... School-to-work transition is on-the-job training, apprenticeships, cooperative education agreements or other programs designed to prepare students to enter the job market. ... Principles and Standards for School Mathematics was a document produced by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [1] to set forth a national vision for precollege mathematics education in the US and Canada. ... The National Skill Standards Board was a coalition of community, business, labor, education, and civil rights leaders. ... A standards based test is one based on the outcome-based education or performance-based education philosophy. ... Authentic assessment is an umbrella concept that refers to the measurement of intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningfulâ€ (Wehlage, Newmann, & Secada, 1996, p. ... A test is said to be criterion-referenced when provision is made for translating the test score into a statement about the behavior to be expected of a person with that score. ... A test is said to be norm-referenced when the translated score tells where the person stands in some population of persons who have taken the test. ... A standards based test is one based on the outcome-based education or performance-based education philosophy. ... According to a 2006 study by the Center on Education Policy, two-thirds of the 15 million public high school students in the United States of America were required to pass a graduation examination to get a diploma of completion of studies. ... A standardized test is a test administered and scored in a consistent manner. ... A standardized test is a test administered and scored in a standard manner. ... Standardized testing is used as a public policy strategy to establish stronger accountability measures for public education. ... Decodable text is a term used to describe a particular method of reading instruction. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... For the study of sounds and speech sounds, see Acoustics and Phonetics. ... Whole language describes a literacy instructional philosophy which emphasizes that children should focus on meaning and moderates skill instruction. ... Traditional education is usually the absence or target of destruction by Education reform. ... Traditional mathematics is the term used for the style of mathematics instruction used for a period in the 20th century before the appearance of reform mathematics based on NCTM standards, so it is best defined by contrast with the alternatives. ... Direct Instruction (DI) is an instructional design and teaching methodology originally developed by Siegfried Engelmann and the late Wesley C. Becker of the University of Oregon. ... It has been suggested that Rote memory be merged into this article or section. ... A lecture on linear algebra at the Helsinki University of Technology A lecture is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a university or college teacher. ... Tracking is the practice of separating students by ability into different classes or schools. ... The following is a list of the algorithms described in Wikipedia. ...

Contents