Grafted apple tree Malus sp., consolidated 'V' graft

Fuchsia x hybrida, grafted specimen. The scion (upper part) has been grafted onto a rootstock stem to raise the plant for aesthetic reasons

A grafted tree showing two different color blossoms

Grafting is a method of plant propagation widely used in horticulture, where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another. It is most commonly used for the propagation of trees and shrubs grown commercially. (Grafting is limited to dicots and gymnosperms. Monocots lack the vascular cambium required.) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (531x709, 84 KB) Description = Zweijährige Geißfußveredelung Source = photo taken by Kobako Date = Dec. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (531x709, 84 KB) Description = Zweijährige Geißfußveredelung Source = photo taken by Kobako Date = Dec. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1512x2016, 1020 KB) Pictures from Longwood Gardens taken by Raul654 On May 1, 2005. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1512x2016, 1020 KB) Pictures from Longwood Gardens taken by Raul654 On May 1, 2005. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2112 × 2816 pixel, file size: 3. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2112 × 2816 pixel, file size: 3. ... Headline text PLANT PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES Adrian Arias Biology 109 October 28, 2005 There are many ways to create new plants; they can be created by sexual or asexual techniques. ... Concern has been expressed that this article or section is missing information about: horticulture as used in anthropology, a label for agriculture as used in small-scale societies. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ... Gymnosperms are seed-bearing, vascular plants. ... Orders Base Monocots: Acorus Alismatales Asparagales Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales Family Petrosaviaceae Commelinids: Arecales Commelinales Poales Zingiberales Family Dasypogonaceae Monocotyledons or monocots are a group of flowering plants usually ranked as a class and once called the Monocotyledoneae. ... The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem: The vascular cambium is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and hence is located between these tissues in the stem. ...

In most cases, one plant is selected for its roots, and this is called the stock or rootstock. The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and is called the scion. Grafting is a method of plant propagation by which one woody plant is mechanically attached to another so that the two eventually fuse together. ... Stem showing internode and nodes plus leaf petiole and new stem rising from node. ... A Phalaenopsis flower Rudbeckia fulgida A flower, (<Old French flo(u)r<Latin florem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...

In stem grafting, a common grafting method, a shoot of a selected, desired plant cultivar is grafted onto the stock of another type. In another common form called budding, a dormant side bud is grafted on the stem of another stock plant, and when it has fused successfully, it is encouraged to grow by cutting out the stem above the new bud. In botany, the shoot is one of two primary sections of a plant; the other is the root. ... High magnification view of a budding yeast Budding is the formation of a new organism by the protrusion of part of another organism. ...

For successful grafting to take place, the vascular cambium tissues of the stock and scion plants must be placed in contact with each other. Both tissues must be kept alive till the graft has taken, usually a period of a few weeks. Successful grafting only requires that a vascular connection takes place between the two tissues. A physical weak point often still occurs at the graft, because the structural tissue of the two distinct plants, such as wood may not fuse. The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem: The vascular cambium is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and hence is located between these tissues in the stem. ... For the TV station in the Peoria-Bloomington, Illinois market, see WEEK-TV. A week is a unit of time longer than a day and shorter than a month. ... Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ...

Reasons for grafting

• To induce dwarfing or cold tolerance or other characteristics to the scion. Most apple trees in modern orchards are grafted dwarf or semi-dwarf trees planted at high density. They provide more fruit per unit of land, higher quality fruit, and reduce the danger of accidents by harvest crews working on ladders.
• Because the scion is difficult to propagate vegetatively by other means, such as by cuttings. In this case, cuttings of an easily rooted plant are used to provide a rootstock. In some cases, the scion may be easily propagated, but grafting may still be used because it is commercially the most cost-effective way of raising a particular type of plant.
• To speed maturity of hybrids in fruit tree breeding programs. Hybrid seedlings may take ten or more years to flower and fruit on their own roots. Grafting can reduce the time to flowering and shorten the breeding program.
• Because the scion has weak roots or the roots of the stock plants have roots tolerant of difficult conditions. e.g. many showy Western Australian plants are sensitive to dieback on heavy soils, common in urban gardens, and are grafted onto hardier eastern Australian relatives. Grevilleas and eucalypts are examples.
• In order to provide a strong, tall trunk for certain ornamental shrubs and trees. In these cases, a graft is made at a desired height on a stock plant with a strong stem. This is used to raise 'standard' roses, which are rose bushes on a high stem, and it is also used for some ornamental trees, such as certain weeping cherries.
• To provide pollenizers. For example, in tightly planted or badly planned apple orchards of a single variety, limbs of crab apple may be grafted at regularly spaced intervals onto trees down rows, say every fourth tree. This takes care of pollen needs at blossom time, yet does not confuse pickers who might otherwise mix varieties while harvesting, as the mature crab apples are so distinct from other apple varieties.
• To repair damage to the trunk of a tree which would prohibit nutrient flow, such as the stripping of the bark by rodents which completely girdles the trunk. In this case a bridge graft may be used to connect the tissues receiving flow from the roots to the tissues above the damage which have been severed from the flow. Where a watersprout, sucker or sapling of the same species is growing nearby, any of these can be grafted to the area above the damage by a method called inarch grafting. These alternatives to scions must be of the correct length to span the gap of the wound.
• To change the cultivar in a fruit orchard to a more profitable cultivar, called topworking. It may be faster to graft a new cultivar onto existing limbs of established trees than to replant an entire orchard.
• For raising curiosities:

Example of arborsculpture

• A practice sometimes carried out by gardeners is to graft related potatoes and tomatoes so that both are produced on the same plant, one above ground and one underground.
• Cacti of widely different forms are sometimes grafted on to each other.
• Multiple cultivars of fruits such as apples are sometimes grafted on a single tree. This so-called "family tree" provides more fruit variety for small spaces such as a suburban backyard, and also takes care of the need for pollenizers. The drawback is that the gardener must be sufficiently trained to prune them correctly, or one strong variety will usually "take over".
• Occasionally, a so-called "graft hybrid" or "chimaera" can occur where the tissues of the stock continue to grow within the scion. Such a plant can produce flowers and foliage typical of both plants as well as shoots intermediate between the two. The best-known example is probably +Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', a graft hybrid between laburnum and broom, which originated in a nursery near Paris, France in 1825. This small tree bears yellow flowers typical of Laburnum anagyroides, purple flowers typical of Chamaecytisus purpureus and curious coppery-pink flowers which show characteristics of both "parents".
• Ornamental and functional, arborsculpture uses grafting techniques to join separate trees or parts of the same tree to itself. Furniture, hearts, entry archways are examples. Axel Erlandson was a prolific arborsculptor growing over 75 mature shaped and grafted trees.

This article is about the satellite APPLE. For the fruit apple, see Apple. ... A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in Westcliff on Sea (Essex, England) An orchard is an intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food production. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Plant cuttings are a technique for vegetatively (asexually) propagating plants in which a piece of the source plant containing at least one stem cell is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. ... Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person (3rd) Population (December 2006)  - Population  2,050,900 (4th)  - Density  0. ... Binomial name Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants called root rot or dieback. infects the roots by zoospores entering the root behind the root tip. ... The eastern states of Australia are the states on the eastern coast of Australia. ... Species See text Grevillea is a diverse genus of evergreen flowering plants in the protea family (Proteaceae). ... natural range Species About 700; see the List of Eucalyptus species Eucalyptus (From Greek, eu + καλύπτω = True Cap) is a diverse genus of trees (and a few shrubs), the members of which dominate the tree flora of Australia. ... Trunk may be: Look up trunk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Species Between 100 and 150, see list Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rosa A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa, and the flower of this shrub. ... The words pollenizer (polleniser) and pollinator are often confused. ... A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in Westcliff on Sea (Essex, England) An orchard is an intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food production. ... Species - Southern Crab - Siberian Crabapple - Sweet Crabapple - Apple - Japanese Crabapple - Oregon Crab - Chinese Crabapple - Prairie Crab - Asian Wild Apple - European Wild Apple Malus, the apples, is a genus of about 30-35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including most importantly the domesticated Orchard or... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... Species - Southern Crab - Siberian Crabapple - Sweet Crabapple - Apple - Japanese Crabapple - Oregon Crab - Chinese Crabapple - Prairie Crab - Asian Wild Apple - European Wild Apple Malus, the apples, is a genus of about 30-35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including most importantly the domesticated Orchard or... Suborders Sciuromorpha Castorimorpha Myomorpha Anomaluromorpha Hystricomorpha Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents. ... A bridge graft is used to supply nutrients to the upper portions of a woody perennial when the bark, and therefore the conductive tissues, have been removed from part of the trunk. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A gardener is any person involved in the growing and maintenance of plants, notably in a garden. ... Binomial name Solanum tuberosum L. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a perennial plant of the Solanaceae, or nightshade, family, commonly grown for its starchy tuber. ... Binomial name Solanum lycopersicum L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... This article is about the desert plant. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... In microeconomics, pruning taken as a metaphor from gardening, refers to the removal of excess items from a budget. ... The small tree +Laburnocytisus Adamii is a spectacular example of a graft-chimaera in horticulture, a graft-chimaera may arise in grafting at the point of contact between rootstock and scion and will have properties intermediate to those of its parents. A graft-chimaera is not a true hybrid but... “Foliage” redirects here. ... Binomial name +Laburnocytisus ? +Laburnocytisus Adamii (also known as Adams laburnum or broom laburnum) is a horticultural curiosity; a small tree which is a graft-chimaera between two species, a laburnum, Laburnum anagyroides, and a broom, Chamaecytisus purpureus (syn. ... Species Laburnum anagyroides Laburnum alpinum Laburnum is a genus of two species of small trees in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae, Laburnum anagyroides (Common Laburnum) and (Alpine Laburnum). ... Genera Argyrocytisus:1 species Cytisus: about 30-35 species Genista: about 90 species Petteria: 1 species Podocytisus: 1 species Retama: 4 species Spartium: 1 species Ref: ILDIS Version 6. ... Nursery can refer to: Nursery (children), a place for the temporary care of children in the absence of their parents Nursery (horticulture), a place where young plants or trees are raised Nursery, a place where immature stages of insects are reared Nursery school, a daycare facility for preschool-age children... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Book Cover Arborsculpture - Solutions for a Small Planet, is a book by Richard Reames who believes that trees hold the key to stabilizing the climate and, as he shows, this vital element of the environment can also be sculpted into a work of art. ... Look up furniture in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Axel Erlandson (1884-1964) was an American arborist who specialized in arborsculpture. ...

Grafting Methods

The easiest and most common form of grafting is cleft grafting. This method simply splits the stock and inserts the scion. The stock is best when 2-7 cm in diameter and the cleft is optimum when around seven centimeters deep. At that point the scion (best when they have 3-5 buds.) can be cut in a wedge shape and inserted into the tree with the cambium. Use grafting compound to cover the bare stock. This must be done because otherwise the cambium layer will quickly dry out and the graft will be unsuccessful.

Cleft grafting requires a large section of the tree’s framework to be cut. Stub grafting however retains the shape of a tree and is useful when a stock of 2-7 centimeters is not available. Also scions are generally of 6-8 buds in this process. Take the branch and make a small incision of one centimeter above. Then as before, wedge the scion and force it into the branch making sure that the angle of the scion to the parent tree is no more than 35º so that the crotch may remain strong. Cover it all with grafting compound.

Awl grafting takes the least resources and the least time must is best done by an experienced grafter for fear that the grafter would accidentally drive his tool too far into the stock and then the scion would have a reduced chance of survival. Awl grafting can be done by using a screwdriver to make a slit in the bark but just so far as the cambium layer. Then inset the wedged scion into the incision.

This final method is for stocks that are far bigger than practical for cleft grafting. Veneer or inlay grafting is for stocks that are larger than three centimeters in diameter. A stock is taken and cut. Then clefts are made of the same size as the scion (which is recommended to be the thickness of a lead pencil). Then simply wedge the scion and insert it. Wrap the scion in PVC tape to the scaffolding branches to give it more strength. Remember to set the scions to the side of the scaffolding branches and not on top.

Another great way to graft is something called Renewing fusion in which new species of plants can be easily created. What you do is take a limb at least a centimeter wide, then you find the tree you would like to graft it to, find one the main branches on that tree, measure to make sure it is at least 3 inches long and 2 and a half inches long and divide by how long the branch is. Shave that many centimeters of the bark. Place the branch you would like to graft on the center of the shaved area then drill in the circle to the core of the branch then insert the twig. Tape around it with a thin strip of duct tape to prevent insects from getting in the excess part of the whole and hold it up with diagonal lashings.

Natural grafting

The tree roots of the same species will sometimes naturally graft where they contact each other. A group of trees can share water and mineral nutrients via root grafts, which may be advantageous to weaker trees. A problem with root grafts is that they allow transmission of certain pathogens, such as Dutch elm disease. Natural grafting also sometimes occurs where two stems on the same tree, shrub or vine contact each other. This is most common in plants such as strawberries and potatoes. Branch death, or Flagging, at multiple locations in the crown of a diseased elm. ...

Scientific uses

Grafting has been important in flowering research. Leaves or shoots from plants induced to flower can be grafted onto uninduced plants and transmit a floral stimulus that induces them to flower.^[1]

The transmission of plant viruses has been studied using grafting. Virus indexing involves grafting a symptomless plant that is suspected of carrying a virus onto an indicator plant that is very susceptible to the virus so shows symptoms quickly.

Herbaceous grafting

Nonwoody plants are often grafted including tomato, cucumber, eggplant and watermelon.^[2] The main advantage of grafting is for disease-resistant rootstocks. In Japan an automated process using grafting robots exists. Binomial name Solanum lycopersicum L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Binomial name Cucumis sativus L. The cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, and in the same genus as the muskmelon. ... Binomial name Solanum melongena L. The eggplant, aubergine or brinjal (Solanum melongena) is a solanaceous plant bearing a fruit of the same name, commonly used as a vegetable in cooking. ... Binomial name Citrullus lanatus (Thunb. ... ASIMO, a humanoid robot manufactured by Honda. ...

References

See also

• Fruit tree propagation for more on grafting and budding.

Fruit tree propagation is usually carried out through asexual reproduction by grafting the desired variety onto a suitable rootstock. ...

Other meanings

• See: graft (disambiguation page)
• Honeybee female larvae are "grafted" from their cells into artificial queen cell cups by honeybee breeders to rear queen bees.

Graft may refer to: Grafting, where the tissues of one plant are affixed to the tissues of another. ... Species Apis andreniformis Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Apis florea Apis koschevnikovi Apis laboriosa Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta Apis nuluensis Honey bees are a subset of bees which represent a far smaller fraction of bee diversity than most people... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... Species Apis andreniformis Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Apis florea Apis koschevnikovi Apis laboriosa Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta Apis nuluensis Honey bees are a subset of bees which represent a far smaller fraction of bee diversity than most people... The queen bee is an adult, mated female in a honeybee colony or hive; she is usually the mother of all the bees in the hive. ...

External link

Look up grafting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Steps to inarching techinique
• Asexual Propogation (with diagrams)
• grafting methods (with diagrams)