 A Graham condenser in the first configuration is used to prevent the toluene from boiling away while it is being refluxed. A Graham condenser or coiled condenser is a piece of laboratory glassware. It consists of a large glass tube containing a hollow glass coil running its entire length. The ends of the large glass tube form one circuit, the ends of the glass coil form another. The ends are usually fitted with ground glass joints which allow apparatus to be set up quickly and easily. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1200x1600, 387 KB) Toluene is refluxed in sodium-benzophenone to remove oxygen and water, before being distilled. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1200x1600, 387 KB) Toluene is refluxed in sodium-benzophenone to remove oxygen and water, before being distilled. ...
Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, reminiscent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ...
Diagram of typical reflux apparatus. ...
Brown glass jars with some clear lab glassware in the background Laboratory glassware refers to a variety of equipment, traditionally made of glass, used for scientific experiments and other work in science, especially in chemistry and biology laboratories. ...
A reflux set-up with conically-tapered ground glass joints connecting the Graham condenser with the vacuum adapter (top) and two-necked flask. ...
Like other condensers, it is used for cooling hot vapors to condense them into liquids. During use, the coolant (usually tap water or ice water) is typically run through one of the circuits. Condensed vapors are fed into the other circuit, and the liquid product is collected at the other end. The term condenser has the following meanings: In electronics, it is another (old-fashioned) word for capacitor. ...
Water vapor condensing over a cup of hot tea Condensation is the change in matter of a substance to a denser phase, such as a gas (or vapor) to a liquid. ...
Configurations
There are two possible configurations for a Graham condenser. In the first, the spiral contains the coolant, and the condensation takes place on the outside of the spiral. This configuration maximizes flow capacity since vapors can flow over and around the spiral.
In the second configuration, the jacket tube contains the coolant, and the condensation takes place inside the spiral. This configuration maximizes collected condensate, since all the vapors must flow through the entire length of the spiral, thus having prolonged contact with the coolant.
Compared with the Liebig condenser, either configuration has a greater surface area available for the coolant and the rising vapors to come into thermal contact. Liebig condenser The Liebig condenser is a piece of laboratory equipment where a straight glass pipe goes through a water jacket (a glass cylinder through which water constantly flows). ...
 The two types of Graham condenser. Bule color denotes coolant. Image File history File links Graham_condensers. ...
Image File history File links Graham_condensers. ...
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