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In linguistics, the term particle is often employed as a useful catch-all lacking a strict definition. In general, it is understood that particles are function words that tend to be uninflected — that is, words which do not have suffixes, for example, that reflect grammatical gender, tense or person. However, the term may have a broader definition. For the journal, see Linguistics (journal). ...
Function words are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. ...
In the context of linguistic morphology, an uninflected word is a word that has no morphological marks (inflection) such as affixes, Umlaut, Ablaut, consonant gradation, etc. ...
Depending on its context, the meaning of the term may overlap with such notions as "morpheme", "marker", or even "adverb" (another catch-all term). Like many linguistic concepts, the precise content of the notion is very language-specific. In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest lingual unit that carries a semantic interpretation. ...
In linguistics, a marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word or sentence. ...
Adverbs redirects here. ...
The term particle is often used in descriptions of Japanese and Korean, where they are used to mark nouns according to their case or their role (subject, object, complement, or topic) in a sentence or clause. Some of these particles are best analysed as case markers and some as postpositions. In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ...
Look up case in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
According to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle, every sentence can be divided in two main constituents, one being the subject of the sentence and the other being its predicate. ...
An object in grammar is a sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. ...
A complement is a phrase that fits a particular slot in the syntax requirements of a parent phrase. ...
In linguistics, the topic (or theme) is the part of the proposition that is being talked about (predicated). ...
In grammar, an adposition is an element that, prototypically, combines syntactically with a phrase and indicates how that phrase should be interpreted in the surrounding context. ...
Under the strictest definition, which demands that a particle be an uninflected word, English deictics like this and that would not be classed as such (since they have plurals), and neither would Romance articles (since they are inflected for number and gender). In pragmatics and linguistics, deixis (Greek: δειξις display, demonstration, or reference, the meaning point of reference in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus, Stoica 2,65) is a process whereby words or expressions rely absolutely on context. ...
The Romance languages, also called Romanic languages, are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire. ...
On the other hand, if a particle is defined as simply an invariable word, interjections are to be classed as particles, as well as sentence-tagging particles like Japanese and Chinese question markers.
Different types of particles in English
Articles, infinitival, prepositional, and adverbial particles - The definite article the (the indefinite article a or an cannot really be classed as uninflected as in the plural it is not used)
- the infinitive to, as in to walk
- prepositions, such as over as in I went over the hill
- adverbs, such as even as in even the youngest of them; or phrasal verbs, such as put off as in we put it off too long
In the English language, a phrasal verb is a verb combined with an uninflected preposition, an adverb, or an adverbial particle; for example, stand up. A phrasal verb is also called verb-particle construction, verb phrase, multi-word verb, or compound verb. ...
Interjections, sentence connectors, and conjunctions Sentence connectors, tags or tag questions (also called sentence-finals), and conjunctions connect to what has been said in a previous clause or sentence. These three types of grammatical particles (similarly to modal particles in some other languages) also reflect the speaker's mood and attitude toward what has come before in the conversation, or is likely to follow later. Because of their similar functions,Interjections, sentence connectors, and conjunctions should be grouped together: Tag questions (or: question tags) are a grammatical structure in which a declarative statement or an imperative is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment (the tag). The term tag question is generally preferred by American grammarians, while British ones prefer question tag. // In most languages, tag questions...
An interjection is a part of speech that usually has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker, although most interjections have clear definitions. ...
Interjections The list of interjections is probably never-ending as it belongs to the open class word category and is subject to new creations at all times. Zzz may refer to: Look up zzz in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
An open word class, in linguistics, is a word class that accepts the addition of new items, through such processes as compounding, derivation, coining, borrowing, etc. ...
Sentence connectors - so (as in So what)
- well (as in Well, we can’t help that)
- still (as in Still, it could have been a lot worse)
- yet (as in I am older now, yet I still enjoy some of the things I used to do)
- as
- also
- however
- nevertheless
- otherwise
- moreover
- in addition
- furthermore
- besides
- first
- second
- finally
- last but not least
- still
- thus
- hence
- on the other hand
- anyway
- then
- too (as in that, too, has been said in the past}
- "...didn't they?"; "...wasn't it?"; "...shouldn't it?", etc.
Tag questions (or: question tags) are a grammatical structure in which a declarative statement or an imperative is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment (the tag). // Forms and uses In most languages, tag questions are more common in colloquial spoken than in formal written usage. ...
Conjunctions - and (together with)
- or
- nor
- but
- while (while it is true that all line repairs are undertaken on Sundays, not all trains should be assumed to be late)
- although/though
- for (as in she could not see the film, for she was too young
- because
- unless
- since (as in since you asked, I will tell you)
See also In classical Chinese philology, words are divided into two classes: the shizi (å¯¦å— lit. ...
Function words are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. ...
Japanese particles, joshi ) or teniwoha ), in Japanese grammar are suffixes or short words which come after other words such as nouns, verbs and adjectives, indicating a wide range of grammatical functions. ...
In the context of linguistic morphology, an uninflected word is a word that has no morphological marks (inflection) such as affixes, Umlaut, Ablaut, consonant gradation, etc. ...
External links - Thai Particles (Large list of Thai particles with explanations and example sentences).
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