Unofficial The Medici family was a powerful and influential Florentine family during the Renaissance, whose wealth and influence initially derived from the textile trade guided by the guild of the Becoming first bankers, and later politicians, clergy and nobles, the Medici attained their greatest prominence during the 15th through 17th centuries...Medici Rulers of Florence, 1434_1531
Cosimo di Giovanni de Medici ( April 10, 1389 – August 1, 1464), was the first of the Medici political dynasty, rulers of Florence during most of the Italian Renaissance; also know as Cosimo the Elder and Cosimo Pater Patriae. ...Cosimo de' Medici 1434_1464
Pope Leo X Leo X, né Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (December 11, 1475 - December 1, 1521), was the only pope who has bestowed his own name upon his age, and one of the few whose original extraction has corresponded in some measure with the splendour of the pontifical dignity. ...Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici 1512_1513
For the antipope (1378-1394) see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII Clement VII, né Giulio di Giuliano de Medici (1478 – September 25, 1534) was pope from 1523 to 1534. ...Cardinal Giulio de' Medici 1519_1523
Cosimo I de Medici in Armour by Agnolo Bronzino Cosimo I de Medici ( June 12, 1519 – April 21, 1574) was the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1537 to 1574, during the waning days of the Renaissance. ...Cosimo I de' Medici 1569_1574
Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1737-1801
Francis I Francis I (December 8, 1708 - August 18, 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany. ...Francis Stephen 1737_1765
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II Leopold II (May 5, 1747 _ March 1, 1792) was a Holy Roman Emperor (1790 _ 1792) and grand_duke of Tuscany. ...Peter Leopold 1765_1790
Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, or, more fully, His Imperial and Royal Highness Ferdinando III Giuseppe Giovanni Baptista Grand Duke of Tuscany, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, (May 6, 1769 _ June 18, 1824; born and died in Florence, Italy), was the son of Leopold II of...Ferdinand III 1790_1801
Bourbon_Parma Kings of Etruria, 1801_1807
Louis 1801-1803
Charles Louis 1803-1807
Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807-1814
Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814-1860
Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, or, more fully, His Imperial and Royal Highness Ferdinando III Giuseppe Giovanni Baptista Grand Duke of Tuscany, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, (May 6, 1769 - June 18, 1824; born and died in Florence, Italy), was the son of Leopold II of...Ferdinand III (restored) 1814_1824
Leopold II (October 3, 1797 _ January 29, 1870), of Habsburg_Lorraine, grand_duke of Tuscany. ...Leopold II 1824_1848
provisional republic 1848_1849
Leopold II (October 3, 1797 _ January 29, 1870), of Habsburg_Lorraine, grand_duke of Tuscany. ...Leopold II (restored) 1849_1859
Tuscany annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont, with Savoia upper left (pink) and Nizza (Nice) lower left (brown) both now French, and Sardinia in the inset The Kingdom of Sardinia is a former kingdom in Italy. ...Piedmont_Sardinia, 1860
The language of Tuscany is remarkable for its purity of idiom, and its adoption by Dante and Petrarch probably led to its becoming the literary language of Italy.
Siena was annexed (1559); the title of grandduke of Tuscany was conferred on that ruler in 1567 by Pope Pius V. and recognized in the person of Francis I. by the emperor Maximilian II.
Giovan Gastone was the last Medicean grandduke; being childless, it was agreed by the treaty of Vienna that at his death Tuscany should be given to Francis, duke of Lorraine, husband of the archduchess Maria Theresa, afterwards empress.
Leopold II was the son of the grand-duke Ferdinand III of Tuscany, whom he succeeded in 1824.
The revolution in Milan and Vienna aroused a fever of patriotic enthusiasm in Tuscany, where war against Austria was demanded; Leopold, giving way to popular pressure, sent a force of regulars and volunteers to co-operate with Piedmont in the Lombard campaign.
Leopold of Tuscany was a well-meaning, not unkindly man, and fonder of his subjects than were the other Italian despots, but he was weak, and too closely bound by family ties and Habsburg traditions ever to become a real Liberal.
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