The title Grand Empress Dowager (simplified and traditional Chinese: 太皇太后, pinyin tai4 huang2 tai4 hou4) was given to the grandmother or a woman from the grandmother generation of the Chinese dynastic ruler. Some grand empress dowagers held regency within the beginning years of reign of an underage or young emperor. Nevertheless the most prominent and infamous dowagers extended long periods of regency even if the emperor was matured enough to govern alone, which was a source of political turmoil according to traditional view of Chinese history.
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich was attacked for his role in persuading Nicholas II to abdicate, thus precipitating the fall of the dynasty.
In 1889, Grand Duke Peter Nikolayevich of Russia married Princess Militza of Montenegro,[65] a daughter of an Orthodox sovereign, Prince Nicholas I of Montenegro.
The 1924 accession manifesto specified Grand Duke Kirill as Emperor and Grand Duke Wladimir as Grand Duke-Tsesarevich.
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