Grapefruit
Grapefruits
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species: C. paradisi
Binomial name
Citrus paradisi Macfad.

The grapefruit is a sub-tropical citrus tree grown for its fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados.^[1] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (960 × 1280 pixel, file size: 366 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Grapefruits Pomelos o toronjas The content of this image was reviewed by Barcex and afterwards uploaded by FlickrLickr. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Orders See text. ... Orders See text The botanical Sub-class Rosidae is a large dicotyledonous flowering plant taxon, containing over 58,000 species grouped within 108 families. ... Families See text Sapindales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. ... Genera About 160 genera; selected important genera: Amyris - West Indian Sandalwood Choisya - Mexican orange Citrus - Citrus Dictamnus - Burning-bush Fortunella - Kumquat Melicope - Corkwood, Alani Murraya - Curry tree Phellodendron - Cork-trees Poncirus - Trifoliate orange Ptelea - Hoptree Ruta - Rue Skimmia - Skimmia Tetradium (Euodia) - Euodias Zanthoxylum - Toothache trees Rutaceae is a family of... Species & major hybrids Species Citrus aurantifolia - Key lime Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus ×sinensis - Sweet Orange Citrus ×aurantium - Bitter Orange Citrus ×paradisi - Grapefruit Citrus ×limon - Lemon Citrus ×limonia - Rangpur lime Citrus ×latifolia - Persian lime See also main text for other hybrids Citrus... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Species & major hybrids Species Citrus aurantifolia - Key lime Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus ×sinensis - Sweet Orange Citrus ×aurantium - Bitter Orange Citrus ×paradisi - Grapefruit Citrus ×limon - Lemon Citrus ×limonia - Rangpur lime Citrus ×latifolia - Persian lime See also main text for other hybrids Citrus... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...

These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5-6 m tall, although they can reach 13-15 m. The leaves are dark green, long (up to 150 mm) and thin. It produces 5 cm white four-petalled flowers. The fruit is yellow-skinned, largely oblate and ranges in diameter from 10-15 cm and has an acidic yellow segmented pulp. The numerous cultivars include the white grapefruit and the red, of which the 1929 US Ruby Red (of the Redblush variety) has a patent. The fruit has only become popular from the late 19th century; before that it was only grown as an ornamental plant. The US quickly became a major producer of the fruit, with orchards in Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California. In Spanish, the fruit is known as toronja or pomelo. metre or meter, see meter (disambiguation) The metre is the basic unit of length in the International System of Units. ... For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation). ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... For other uses, see Patent (disambiguation). ... A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in Westcliff on Sea (Essex, England) An orchard is an intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food production. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ...

History

Grapefruit and pomelo output in 2005

The fruit was first documented in 1750 by Rev. Griffith Hughes describing specimens from Barbados.^[2] Currently, the grapefruit is said to be one of the "Seven Wonders of Barbados".^[3] It had developed as a hybrid of the pomelo (Citrus maxima) with the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), though it is closer to the former. It was brought to Florida by Odette Philippe in 1823. Further crosses have produced the tangelo (1905), the minneola (1931) and the sweetie (1984). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 60 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of grapefruit and pomelo output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (USA - 923,510 tonnes). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 60 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of grapefruit and pomelo output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (USA - 923,510 tonnes). ... Binomial name Merr. ... Events March 2 - Small earthquake in London, England April 4 - Small earthquake in Warrington, England August 23 - Small earthquake in Spalding, England September 30 - Small earthquake in Northampton, England November 16 – Westminster Bridge officially opened Jonas Hanway is the first Englishman to use an umbrella James Gray reveals her sex... // This article is about a biological term. ... Binomial name Merr. ... Binomial name (L.) Osbeck Orange—specifically, sweet orange—refers to the citrus tree Citrus sinensis (syn. ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Binomial name ??? The tangelo is a citrus fruit that is a hybrid of any mandarin orange, popularly known as a tangerine, and either a pomelo or a grapefruit. ... The Minneola tangelo is a citrus fruit hybrid of a grapefruit and a tangerine. ... Sweetie fruit, whole and cross section. ...

The grapefruit was known as the shaddock or shattuck until the 1800s. Its current name alludes to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to grapes. Botanically, it was not distinguished from the pomelo until the 1830s, when it was given the name Citrus paradisi. Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s. This led to the official name being altered to Citrus × paradisi.^[4][5][6] Grapefruit peel oil is used in aromatherapy and it is historically known for its aromatic scent.^[7] // Invention of the Jacquard loom in 1801. ... It has been suggested that Veraison be merged into this article or section. ... // Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Evolutionary theorist Charles Darwins expedition on the HMS Beagle. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Aromatherapy Candles be merged into this article or section. ... In chemistry, an aromatic molecule is one in which electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms, which are alternately singly and doubly bonded to one another. ... Olfaction, the sense of smell, is the detection of chemicals dissolved in air (or, by animals that breathe water, in water). ...

Colors and flavors

Pink grapefruit

Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by the pigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness and genetic bent.^[8] The most popular varieties cultivated today are red, white, and pink hues, referring to the inside, pulp color of the fruit. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat bitter to sweet and tart.^[8] Para-1-menthene-8-thiol, a sulfur-containing terpene, is one of the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odour of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.^[9] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Red (disambiguation). ... This article is about the color. ... This article is about the color. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Standard atomic weight 32. ... Many terpenes are derived from conifer resins, here a pine. ...

Drug interactions

Main article: List of drugs affected by grapefruit

Grapefruit can have a number of interactions with drugs, often increasing the effective potency of compounds. Grapefruit contains naringin, bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin, which inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A4 in the intestine. It is via inhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of buspirone (Buspar), carbamazepine, several statin drugs (such as simvastatin), terfenadine, felodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, estradiol, tacrolimus, dextromethorphan (significant only at recreational doses), benzodiazepines, and ciclosporin.^{[10][11][12][13][14]} The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. However, the effect became well-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing on medication.^[15] This page has a list of drugs that are known to be affected by grapefruit. ... This page has a list of drugs that are known to be affected by grapefruit. ... Many drugs are provided in tablet form. ... Naringin is the major bioflavonoid in grapefruit juice . ... Bergamottin is a natural furanocoumarin found principally in grapefruit juice. ... Bergamottin is a natural furanocoumarin found principally in grapefruit juice. ... Cytochrome P450 Oxidase (CYP2E1) Cytochrome P450 oxidase (commonly abbreviated CYP) is a generic term for a large number of related, but distinct, oxidative enzymes (EC 1. ... In biology, a protein isoform is a version of a protein with some small differences, usually a splice variant or the product of some posttranslational modification. ... Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) (EC 1. ... Buspirone (brand-names Ansial, Ansiced, Anxiron, Axoren, Bespar, BuSpar, Buspimen, Buspinol, Buspisal, Narol, Spitomin, Sorbon) is an anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. ... Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Lovastatin, the first statin to be marketed The statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) form a class of hypolipidemic agents, used as pharmaceutical agents to lower cholesterol levels in people with or at risk for cardiovascular disease. ... Simvastatin (INN) (IPA: ) is a hypolipidemic drug belonging to the class of pharmaceuticals called statins. It is used to control hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) and to prevent cardiovascular disease. ... Terfenadine is an antihistamine formerly used for the treatment of allergic conditions. ... Felodipine is a calcium channel blocker (calcium antagonist), a drug used to control hypertension (high blood pressure). ... Nifedipine (brand name Adalat and Procardia) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. ... Verapamil (brand names: Isoptin®, Verelan®, Calan®) is a medical drug that acts as an L-type calcium channel blocker. ... Estradiol (17β-estradiol) (also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. ... Tacrolimus (also FK-506 or Fujimycin) is an immunosuppressive drug whose main use is after allogenic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patients immune system and so the risk of organ rejection. ... Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is an antitussive (cough-suppressant) drug found in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. ... It has been suggested that Triple C be merged into this article or section. ... Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ... Ciclosporin (INN), cyclosporine or cyclosporin (former BAN), is an immunosuppressant drug. ...

Nutritional properties

Pink Grapefruit in slices.

Grapefruit is an excellent source of many nutrients and phytochemicals, for a healthy diet. Grapefruit is a good source of vitamin C,^[8][16] pectin fiber,^[17] and the pink and red hues contain the beneficial antioxidant lycopene.^[8][18] Studies have shown grapefruit helps lower cholesterol^[8][19] and there is evidence that the seeds have low levels of antioxidant properties.^[20] Grapefruit forms a core part of the "grapefruit diet", the theory being that the fruit's low glycemic index is able to help the body's metabolism burn fat.^[21] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3000 × 2000 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3000 × 2000 pixel, file size: 1. ... A nutrient is either a chemical element or compound used in an organisms metabolism or physiology. ... Phytochemicals are sometimes referred to as phytonutrients; these terms are often used interchangeably. ... Maintaining a healthy diet is the practice of making choices about what to eat with the intent of improving or maintaining good health. ... This article is about the nutrient. ... Pectin, a white to light brown powder, is a heterosaccharide derived from the cell wall of higher terrestrial plants. ... Fiber or fibre[1] is a class o f materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. ... Lycopene is a bright red carotenoid pigment, a phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits. ... Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol), a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and is transported in the blood plasma of all animals. ... Space-filling model of the antioxidant metabolite glutathione. ... The Grapefruit Diet also known as the Hollywood Diet, an 18-day diet, dates to 1930 Hollywood. ... Glycemic index (also glycaemic index, GI) is a ranking system for carbohydrates based on their effect on blood glucose levels. ... A few of the metabolic pathways in a cell. ... For other uses, see FAT. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ...

Grapefruit seed extract has been claimed to be a strong antimicrobial with proven activity against bacteria and fungi. However, studies have shown the efficacy of grapefruit seed extract as an antimicrobial is not demonstrated. Although GSE is promoted as a highly effective plant-based preservative by some natural personal care manufacturers, studies indicate the universal antimicrobial activity associated with GSE preparations is merely due to contamination with synthetic preservatives.^{[22][23][24][25][26]} Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), also known as citrus seed extract, is a liquid derived from the seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit. ... An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or slows the growth of microbes like bacteria (antibacterial activity), fungi (antifungal activity), viruses (antiviral activity), or parasites (antiparasitic activity). ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... The Lachine Canal, in Montreal, is badly polluted Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. ... General chemical structure of a paraben (a para-hydroxybenzoate) where R = an alkyl group Parabens are a group of chemicals widely used as preservatives in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. ...

A 2007 study found a correlation between eating a quarter of grapefruit daily and a 30% increase in risk for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. The study points to the inhibition of CYP3A4 enzyme by grapefruit, which metabolizes estrogen.^[27] Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ... Menopause is the physiological cessation of menstrual cycles associated with advancing age in women. ... Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) (EC 1. ... Estriol. ...

Effects of scent

A study conducted recently at the Smell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation, Chicago, found that men who were in the presence of the scent of pink grapefruit judged women to be an average six years younger than their actual age^[28].

This suggests that women who apply the scent of pink grapefruit to their person would appear considerably younger to most men they encounter.

The research suggested no effect on womens judgement of others age.

See also

• Grapefruit juice
• Grapefruit spoon

Grapefruit juice is the fruit juice coming from grapefruits. ... A grapefruit spoon is usually similar in design to a teaspoon with a serrated front edge, the intent of the serrations being to separate the grapefruit from the rind. ...

References

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• Graedon's Guide to Grapefruit Interactions.
• Grapefruit from "Fruits of warm climates" by Julia F. Morton.
• World's Northernmost Fruiting Grapefruit? in the Chelsea Physic Garden, London.
• Vegetarians in Paradise/Grapefruit History/Grapefruit Nutrition/Grapefruit Folklore/GrapefruitRecipe.