In a phonologicalorthography a grapheme corresponds to one phoneme. In spelling systems that are non-phonemic — such as the spellings used most widely for written English — multiple graphemes may represent a single phonemes. These are called digraphs (two graphemes for a single phoneme) and trigraphs (three graphemes). For example, the word ship contains four graphemes (s, h, i, and p) but only three phonemes, because sh is a digraph. An example of a trigraph is the tch in itch.
Different glyphs can represent the same grapheme. For example, the minuscule letter a can be seen in two variants, with a hook at the top, and without. Not all glyphs are graphemes; for example the logogramampersand (&) represents the word and, which contains three phonemes.
Each grapheme is realized in writing or print by its graphs, such as the different ways of writing and printing an a or a t.
The smallest unit in the written form of a language, usually a letter or combination of letters representing a single phoneme, such as the b in book, the s in sip, the sh in ship, or the ph in photograph.[From Greek graphema a letter, from graphein to write]...
Predicting children's word-spelling difficulty for common English words from measures of orthographic transparency, phonemic and graphemic length and word frequency.
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