The Great Lakes Storm of 1913, historically referred to as the "Big Blow," the "Freshwater Fury," or the "White Hurricane," was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes basin in the United States Midwest and the Canadian province of Ontario from November 7, 1913, to November 10, 1913. Look up Blizzard in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about weather phenomena. ... The Great Lakes from space The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... A drainage basin is the area within the drainage basin divide (yellow outline), and drains the surface runoff and river discharge (blue lines) of a contiguous area. ... The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ... Map of Canada As shown by the map to the left, the North American nation of Canada is a federation which consists of ten provinces that, together with three territories, make up the worlds second largest country in total area. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English (de facto) Flower White Trillium Tree Eastern White Pine Bird Common Loon Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 106 24... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

The deadliest and most destructive natural disaster to ever hit the lakes¹, the Great Lakes Storm killed over 250 people, destroyed 19 ships, and stranded 19 others. The financial loss in vessels alone was nearly US$5 million, or about $100 million in present-day adjusted dollars. The large loss of cargo, including coal, iron ore, and grain, meant short-term rising prices for consumer products throughout North America. Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 A natural disaster is the consequence of the combination of a natural hazard (a physical event e. ... The Great Lakes Storm of 1913, historically referred to as the Big Blow, the Freshwater Fury, or the White Hurricane, was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes basin in the United States Midwest and the Canadian province of Ontario from November 7, 1913, to November... Italian ship-rigged vessel Amerigo Vespucci in New York Harbor, 1976 A ship is a large, sea-going watercraft. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory[1], the British Virgin Islands, Cambodia, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ... Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground mining or open-pit mining (surface mining). ... This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. ... This article is about cereals in general. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

The storm originated as the convergence of two major storm fronts, fuelled by the lakes' relatively warm waters—a seasonal process called a "November gale". It produced 90 mph (145 km/h) winds, waves over 35 feet (11 m) high, and whiteout snow squalls. A guide to the symbols for weather fronts that may be found on a weather map: 1. ... A gale is a wind of at least 28 knots, 32 MPH, or 51km/h; and up to 55 knots, 63 MPH, or 102km/h. ... Ocean waves Ocean surface waves are surface waves that occur in the upper layer of the ocean. ... Whiteout is a weather condition in which visibility is reduced by snow and diffuse lighting from overcast clouds. ... Animation of snowcover changing with the seasons Snow covering a leaf. ... A squall is a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed which usually is associated with active weather, such as rain showers, thunderstorms, or heavy snow. ...

The Detroit News, November 13, 1913, page 1

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (5670x4024, 1694 KB)Cover of the Detroit News, Nov. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (5670x4024, 1694 KB)Cover of the Detroit News, Nov. ... The Detroit News is one of the two major newspapers in Detroit, Michigan, the other being the Detroit Free Press. ... November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Cause: November gale

Convergence of systems to form the November gale.

During autumn, cold, dry air moving south from northern Canada converges with warm, moist air moving north from the Gulf of Mexico, forming large storm systems in the middle of the continent. Several of these systems move along preferred paths toward the Great Lakes. When the cold air from these storms moves over the lakes, it is warmed by the waters below. This added heat postpones the Arctic outbreak in the region, allowing the lakes to remain relatively warm for much longer than otherwise. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (658x629, 625 KB)Convergence of two storm tracks to form what is called the November gale, which was the cause of the Great Lakes Storm of 1913 , and the sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (658x629, 625 KB)Convergence of two storm tracks to form what is called the November gale, which was the cause of the Great Lakes Storm of 1913 , and the sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald. ... A gale is a wind of at least 28 knots, 32 MPH, or 51km/h; and up to 55 knots, 63 MPH, or 102km/h. ... Fall redirects here. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ...

In November, two storm tracks converge over the Great Lakes. One travels southeastward from the province of Alberta; the other brings storms from the lee of the central Rocky Mountains northeastward toward the Great Lakes. This convergence is commonly referred to as a "November gale" or "November witch". When a cyclonic system moves over the lakes, its power is intensified by the jet stream above, and warm waters below. This allows the storm to maintain hurricane-force winds up to 100 mph (160 km/h), produce waves over 50 feet (15 m) high, and dump several feet of snow or inches of rain. Fuelled by the warm lake water, these powerful storms may remain over the Great Lakes for days. Intense winds then ravage the lakes and surrounding shores, severely eroding the shoreline, and flooding the coasts. Motto: Fortis et liber (Latin: Strong and free) Official languages English (see below) Flower   Wild rose Tree Lodgepole Pine Bird Great Horned Owl Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong Premier Ed Stelmach (PC) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 28 6 Area Total  - Land  - Water  (% of total... Leeward is the side of a boat away from the direction where the wind is coming (i. ... Rockies may also refer to the National League Baseball team, the Colorado Rockies. ... A gale is a wind of at least 28 knots, 32 MPH, or 51km/h; and up to 55 knots, 63 MPH, or 102km/h. ... Radar image of a tropical cyclone in the northern hemisphere. ... Jet streams are fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents found in the atmosphere at around 12 km above the surface of the Earth, just under the tropopause. ... Ocean waves Ocean surface waves are surface waves that occur in the upper layer of the ocean. ... For the singer, see Rain (singer). ...

November gales have been a constant bane of the Great Lakes, with at least 25 killer storms striking the region since 1847. During the November gale of 1975, the giant ore bulk carrier SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank suddenly, without a distress signal. Iron ore (Banded iron formation) Manganese ore Lead ore Gold ore An ore is a volume of rock containing components or minerals in a mode of occurrence which renders it valuable for mining. ... The SS Edmund Fitzgerald, May 1975. ... A distress signal is an internationally recognized means of obtaining help by using a radio, displaying a visual object or making noise from a distance. ...

Prelude to the storm

The storm was first noticed on Thursday, November 6, on the western side of Lake Superior, rapidly moving toward northern Lake Michigan. The weather forecast in The Detroit News called for "moderate to brisk" winds for the Great Lakes, with occasional rains Thursday night or Friday for the upper lakes (except on southern Lake Huron), and fair to unsettled conditions for the lower lakes. November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. ... Lake Superior (known as Gichigami in an Ojibwe language), bounded by Ontario and Minnesota to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan in the south, is the largest of North Americas Great Lakes. ... Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, and the only one in the group located entirely within the United States. ... Modern weather predictions aid in timely evacuations and potentially save lives and property damage Weather map of Europe, 10 December 1887 Weather forecasting is the application of current technology and science to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. ... The Detroit News is one of the two major newspapers in Detroit, Michigan, the other being the Detroit Free Press. ... Ipperwash Beach, Lake Huron. ...

Around midnight, the steamer Cornell, while 50 miles (80 km) west of Whitefish Point in Lake Superior, ran into a sudden northerly gale and was badly damaged. This gale would last until late Monday, November 10, almost forcing Cornell ashore. This would be the shape of things to come. Paddle steamers — Lucerne, Switzerland. ... Theres also the village of Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin on Lake Michigan. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ...

See also: US weather maps for November 5 and November 6 (images) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x584, 225 KB)Weather map drawn by the Weather Bureaus Toledo observer and published in the Toledo Blade in Nov. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x579, 185 KB)Weather map drawn by the Weather Bureaus Toledo observer and published in the Toledo Blade in Nov. ...

The storm

November 7

Storm warning with northwesterly winds

On Friday, the weather forecast in the Port Huron Times-Herald in Port Huron, Michigan, described the storm as "moderately severe." By then, the storm was centered over the upper Mississippi Valley, and had caused moderate to brisk southerly winds with warmer weather over the lakes. The forecast predicted increased winds and falling temperatures over the next 24 hours. Image File history File links U.S. Storm Warning with Northwest Winds; White pennant above square red flag with black center. ... Image File history File links U.S. Storm Warning with Northwest Winds; White pennant above square red flag with black center. ... Port Huron is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning great river (gichi-ziibi big river at its headwaters), is the second-longest river in the United States; the longest is the Missouri River, which flows into the Mississippi. ...

At 10:00 AM, Coast Guard stations and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Weather Bureau offices at Lake Superior ports raised white pennants above square red flags with black centers, indicating a storm warning with northwesterly winds. The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the United States armed forces involved in maritime law enforcement, mariner assistance, search and rescue, and national defense, among other duties of coast guards elsewhere. ... The United States Department of Agriculture (also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA) is a United States Federal Executive Department (or Cabinet Department). ... A Maritime flag or Naval Jack is a national flag used exclusively on boats and other watercraft. ...

By late afternoon, the storm signal flags were replaced with a vertical sequence of red, white, and red lanterns, indicating that a hurricane with winds over 74 mph (119 km/h) was coming. The winds on Lake Superior had already reached 50 mph (80 km/h) and an accompanying blizzard was moving toward Lake Huron. This article is about weather phenomena. ...

See also: US weather map for November 7 (image) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x570, 212 KB)Weather map drawn by the Weather Bureaus Toledo observer and published in the Toledo Blade in Nov. ...

November 8

By Saturday, the storm had been changed to "severe" status, and was centered over eastern Lake Superior, covering the entire lake basin. The weather forecast from the Port Huron Times-Herald stated that southerly winds had remained "moderate to brisk". Northwesterly winds had reached gale strength on northern Lake Michigan and western Lake Superior, with winds up to 60 mph (97 km/h) at Duluth, Minnesota. NOAA scientists observe severe weather using a mobile doppler radar and a helicopter (in the distance) Severe weather phenomena are weather conditions that are hazardous. ... A drainage basin is the area within the drainage basin divide (yellow outline), and drains the surface runoff and river discharge (blue lines) of a contiguous area. ... Duluths canal connects Lake Superior to the Duluth-Superior harbor and the St. ...

That morning, assistant engineer Milton Smith of the bulk carrier Charles S. Price looked at the weather forecast in Cleveland, Ohio, and decided not to join the crew on their voyage. For the past few days, Smith had felt uneasy about this trip; he tried to talk his friend and neighbor, wheelsman Arz McIntosh, into leaving with him, but McIntosh claimed that he needed the money. Bert L. Reynolds of Cleveland was hired to replace Smith before Price departed from Ashtabula, Ohio. Nickname: The Forest City Motto: Progress and Prosperity Location in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, USA Coordinates: Country United States State Ohio County Cuyahoga Founded 1796 Incorporated 1836 Mayor Frank G. Jackson (D) Area    - City 82. ... Railyard in the port of Ashtabula Ashtabula is a city located in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and the center of the Ashtabula Micropolitan Statistical Area (as defined by the United States Census Bureau in 2003). ...

There was a false lull in the storm, called a sucker hole, allowing traffic to begin flowing again, both down the St. Marys River and up Lake Erie, and the Detroit and St. Clair rivers, into Lake Huron. The gale wind flags raised at over a hundred ports were ignored. Long ships traveled all that day through the St. Marys River, all night through the Straits of Mackinac, and early Sunday morning up the Detroit and St. Clair rivers. Sucker hole is a colloquial term referring to a short spate of good weather that suckers sailors into leaving port just in time for a storm to resume at full force. ... The St. ... Lake Erie (pronounced ) is the eleventh largest lake on Earth[2] and, of the five Great Lakes of North America, it is the fourth largest by surface area, the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume. ... Landsat satellite photo, showing Lake Saint Clair, as well as St. ... Landsat satellite photo, showing Lake Saint Clair, as well as St. ... The St. ... The Straits of Mackinac, spanned by the Mackinac Bridge, seen from the southern shore The Mackinac Straits is the strip of water that connects two of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron and separates the Lower Peninsula of Michigan from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. ...

See also: US weather map for November 8 (image) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x574, 271 KB)Weather map drawn by the Weather Bureaus Toledo observer and published in the Toledo Blade in Nov. ...

November 9

A wave breaking on the shore of Lake Michigan while a man watches from a bridge.

By noon on Sunday, weather conditions on lower Lake Huron were relatively normal for a November gale. Barometric pressures in some areas actually began to rise, bringing hope of an end to the storm. The low pressure area which had moved across Lake Superior was moving northeast, away from the lakes. Image File history File links Wave breaking on the shore of Lake Michigan by Lincoln Park while a man watches from High Bridge Chicago Daily News, Inc. ... Image File history File links Wave breaking on the shore of Lake Michigan by Lincoln Park while a man watches from High Bridge Chicago Daily News, Inc. ... Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, and the only one in the group located entirely within the United States. ... Atmospheric pressure is the pressure caused by the weight of air above any area in the Earths atmosphere. ... A large low-pressure system swirls off the southwestern coast of Iceland, illustrating the maxim that nature abhors a vacuum. ...

The Weather Bureau had sent out its twice daily reports at approximately 8:00 AM, and would not send another set of reports to Washington, D.C., till around 8:00 PM. This proved to be gravely unfortunate for the Great Lakes region, as the storm would have the better part of a day to build up hurricane forces before the Bureau headquarters in Washington, D.C., would have detailed information. Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Federal District District of Columbia  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack Evans...

Along southeastern Lake Erie, near the city of Erie, Pennsylvania, a southern low pressure area was moving toward the lake. This low had formed overnight, and so was absent from Friday's weather map. It had been traveling northward, and began moving northwestward after passing over Washington, D.C. Nickname: The Flagship City Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: County Erie County Founded 1795  - Mayor Joseph Sinnott Area    - City 72. ...

The intense counterclockwise rotation of the low was made apparent by the changing wind directions around its center. In Buffalo, New York, morning northwest winds had shifted to northeast by noon, and were blowing southeast by 5:00 PM, with the fastest gusts, 80 mph (130 km/h), occurring between 1:00 PM and 2:00 PM. Just 180 miles (290 km) to the southwest, in Cleveland, building winds remained northwest during the day, shifting to the west by 5:00 PM, and maintaining speeds over 50 mph (80 km/h). The fastest gust in Cleveland, 79 mph (127 km/h), occurred at 4:40 PM. Also of note is the dramatic drop in barometric pressure in Buffalo, from 29.52 inHg (999.7 hPa) at 8:00 AM to 28.77 inHg (974.3 hPa) at 8:00 PM. A clockwise motion is one that proceeds like the clocks hands: from the top to the right, then down and then to the left, and back to the top. ... Nickname: City of Good Neighbors, Queen City, City of Light Location of Buffalo in New York State County Erie County  - Mayor Byron Brown Area    - City 136. ... The use of water pressure - the Captain Cook Memorial Jet in Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra. ... HPA means Physiology Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis: The hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands work together to regulate hormone levels and maintain homeostasis. ...

The rotating low continued along its northward path into the evening, bringing its counterclockwise winds in phase with the northwesterly winds already hitting Lakes Superior and Huron. This resulted in an explosive increase in northerly wind speeds and swirling snow. Ships on Lake Huron that were south of Alpena, Michigan, especially around Harbor Beach and Port Huron in Michigan and Goderich and Sarnia in Ontario, were battered with huge waves moving southward toward St. Clair River. Alpena is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Harbor Beach is a city in Huron County in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Port Huron is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Area  Ranked 11th  - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 491 miles (790 km)  - % water 41. ... Goderich is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario and is the county seat of Huron County. ... Sarnia is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada (population 70,876 in 2001). ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English (de facto) Flower White Trillium Tree Eastern White Pine Bird Common Loon Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seats  - Senate seats 106 24...

From 8:00 PM to midnight, the storm became what modern meteorologists call a "weather bomb". Sustained hurricane-speed winds over 70 mph (110 km/h) ravaged the four western lakes. The worst damage was done down Lake Huron as numerous ships scrambled for shelter along its southern end. Gusts of 90 mph (140 km/h) were reported off Harbor Beach, Michigan. The lake's shape allowed northerly winds to increase unchecked, due to the lower surface friction of water compared to land, and the ability of wind to guide itself down the long axis of a body of water. Satellite image of Hurricane Hugo with a polar low visible at the top of the image. ... A weather bomb is a massive and powerful storm that develops quickly and without warning. ...

Cleveland streetcar stranded in the snow

In retrospect, weather forecasters of the time did not have enough data or understanding of atmospheric dynamics to predict or comprehend the events of Sunday, November 9. Frontal mechanisms, referred to then as "squall lines", were not yet understood. Surface observations were collected only twice daily at various stations around the country, and by the time this data was collected and hand-drawn maps were created, the information was already hours behind actual weather conditions. Image File history File links Cleveland after the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ... Image File history File links Cleveland after the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ... a historic postcard showing electric trolley-powered streetcars in Richmond, Virginia, where Frank J. Sprague successfully demonstrated his new system on the hills in 1888 A streetcar is a railway vehicle designed to carry passengers on tracks, usually laid in city streets. ... In physics, dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of objects. ... A guide to the symbols for weather fronts that may be found on a weather map: 1. ... A squall is a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed which usually is associated with active weather, such as rain showers, thunderstorms, or heavy snow. ...

November 10 and 11

On Monday morning, the storm had moved northeast of London, Ontario, dragging lake effect blizzards in its wake. An additional 17 inches (43 cm) of snow were dumped on Cleveland, Ohio that day, filling the streets with snow drifts 6 feet (2 m) high. Streetcar operators stayed with their stranded, powerless vehicles for two nights, eating whatever food was provided by local residents. Travelers were forced to take shelter and wait for things to clear up. Nickname: The Forest City Location of London in relation to Middlesex County and the Province of Ontario Coordinates: Country Canada Province Ontario County Middlesex County Settled 1826 as a village Incorporated 1855 as a city  - City Mayor Anne Marie DeCicco-Best  - Governing Body London City Council  - MPs Sue Barnes (LPC... Lake-effect precipitation coming off the Great Lakes, as seen from NEXRAD Lake effect snow, which can be a type of snowsquall, is produced in the winter when cold dry winds move across long expanses of warmer lake water, picking up water vapor which freezes and is deposited on the... a historic postcard showing electric trolley-powered streetcars in Richmond, Virginia, where Frank J. Sprague successfully demonstrated his new system on the hills in 1888 A streetcar is a railway vehicle designed to carry passengers on tracks, usually laid in city streets. ...

See also: US weather map for November 10 (image) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x600, 299 KB)Weather map drawn by the Weather Bureaus Toledo observer and published in the Toledo Blade in Nov. ...

By Tuesday, the storm was rapidly moving across eastern Canada. Without the warm lake waters, it lost power quickly. This also meant less snowfall, both because of the fast motion of the storm and the lack of lake effect snow. All shipping was halted on Monday and part of Tuesday along the St. Lawrence River around Montreal, Quebec. The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

Aftermath

Cleveland after the blizzard

Historically, storms of such magnitude and with such high velocities haven't lasted more than four or five hours. This storm, however, raged at an average speed of 60 mph (100 km/h) for over sixteen hours, with frequent bursts of over 70 mph (110 km/h). It crippled traffic on the lakes and throughout the Great Lakes basin region. Image File history File links Cleveland after the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ... Image File history File links Cleveland after the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ...

Surrounding shoreline

Along the shoreline, blizzards shut down traffic and communication, causing hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage. A 22-inch (56 cm) snowfall in Cleveland, Ohio, put stores out of business for two days. There were four-foot (122 cm) drifts around Lake Huron. Power was out for several days across Michigan and Ontario, cutting off telephone and telegraph communications. A Chicago, Illinois, park project, eight years in the making, was destroyed in as many hours. For delivered electrical power, see Electrical power industry. ... The telephone or phone is a telecommunications device which is used to transmit and receive sound (most commonly voice and speech) across distance. ... Optical Telegraf of Claude Chappe on the Litermont near Nalbach, Germany Telegraph and telegram redirect here. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ...

East 105th Street, Cleveland, Ohio, November 11.

After the final blizzards hit Cleveland, the city was paralyzed under feet of snow and ice, without power for days. Telephone poles had been snapped like twigs, and power cables lay in tangled masses. From the November 11 Cleveland Plain Dealer: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (680x692, 411 KB)E 105th St, Cleveland, Ohio, Nov 11, 1913. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (680x692, 411 KB)E 105th St, Cleveland, Ohio, Nov 11, 1913. ... Nickname: The Forest City Motto: Progress and Prosperity Location in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, USA Coordinates: Country United States State Ohio County Cuyahoga Founded 1796 Incorporated 1836 Mayor Frank G. Jackson (D) Area    - City 82. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... A telegraph post, telegraph pole or telephone pole is a post or pole upon which telephone network equipment is situated. ... A power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... The Plain Dealer is the major daily newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio. ...

"Cleveland lay in white and mighty solitude, mute and deaf to the outside world, a city of lonesome snowiness, storm-swept from end to end, when the violence of the two-day blizzard lessened late yesterday afternoon."

"Take it all in all—the depth of the snowfall, the tremendous wind, the amount of damage done and the total unpreparedness of the people—I think it is safe to say that the present storm is the worst experienced in Cleveland during the whole forty-three years the Weather Bureau has been established in the city." — William H. Alexander, Cleveland's official observer

The 504 ft (154 m) Charles S. Price, upside down on the southern end of Lake Huron.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x628, 405 KB)The , upside down near the southern end of Lake Huron. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x628, 405 KB)The , upside down near the southern end of Lake Huron. ...

On the lakes

The greatest damage was done on the lakes. Major shipwrecks occurred on all but Lake Ontario, with most happening throughout southern and western Lake Huron. A shipwreck is the remains of a ship after it has sunk or been beached as a result of a crisis at sea. ... Lake Ontario (French: lac Ontario), bounded on the north by Ontario and on the south by Ontarios Niagara Peninsula and by New York State, is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. ... Ipperwash Beach, Lake Huron. ...

Personal accounts of lake masters were that waves reached at least 35 feet (11 m) in height. Being shorter in length than waves ordinarily formed by gales, they occurred in rapid succession, with three waves frequently striking one after the other. Masters have also stated that the wind often blew in directions opposite to the waves below. This was the result of the storm's cyclonic motion, something rarely seen on the Great Lakes. Radar image of a tropical cyclone in the northern hemisphere. ...

Artist's rendition of how Price looked before finally sinking to the bottom.

In the late afternoon of November 10, an unknown vessel was spotted floating upside-down in about sixty feet of water on the eastern coast of Michigan, within sight of Huronia Beach and the mouth of the St. Clair River. Determining the identity of this "mystery ship" became of regional interest, resulting in daily front page newspaper articles. The ship eventually sank to the bottom, and it was not until early Saturday morning, November 15, that it was finally identified as Charles S. Price. The front page of that day's Port Huron Times-Herald extra edition read, "BOAT IS PRICE — DIVER IS BAKER — SECRET KNOWN". Milton Smith, the assistant engineer who decided at the last moment not to join his crew on premonition of disaster, aided in identifying any bodies that were found. Image File history File links This is an artists drawing of how the Charles S. Price looked before it disappeared beneath the waves and went to the bottom. ... Image File history File links This is an artists drawing of how the Charles S. Price looked before it disappeared beneath the waves and went to the bottom. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ...

The final tally of financial losses included US$2,332,000 for vessels totally lost, $830,900 for vessels that became constructive total losses, $620,000 for vessels stranded but returned to service, and approximately $1,000,000 in lost cargoes. This does not include financial losses in coastal cities. ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory[1], the British Virgin Islands, Cambodia, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ...

There were several long-term consequences of the storm. Complaints against the USDA Weather Bureau of alleged unpreparedness resulted in increased efforts to achieve more accurate weather forecasting and faster realization and communication of proper storm warnings. Criticism of the shipping companies and shipbuilders led to a series of conferences with insurers and mariners to seek safer designs for vessels. This resulted in the construction of ships with greater stability and more longitudinal strength. Immediately following the blizzard of Cleveland, Ohio, the city initiated a campaign to move all utility cables underground, in tubes beneath major streets. The project took half a decade. Modern weather predictions aid in timely evacuations and potentially save lives and property damage Weather map of Europe, 10 December 1887 Weather forecasting is the application of current technology and science to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. ... The term, longitudinal means front-to-back or top-to-bottom as opposed to transverse which means side-to-side. In automotive engineering, the term, longitudinal refers to an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented along the long axis of the vehicle, front to back. ...

Ships foundered

For details, see the full list at Shipwrecks of the 1913 Great Lakes storm. This is a list of shipwrecks during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ...

Ships wrecked during the storm.

Bodies from Wexford washed ashore near Goderich, Ontario.

The following list includes ships which sank during the storm, killing their entire crews. It is sorted geographically by the lake on which each ship disappeared, and alphabetically by the name of the ship. This list does not include the three victims from the freighter William Nottingham, who volunteered to leave the ship on a lifeboat in search of assistance. While the boat was being lowered into the water, a breaking wave smashed it into the side of the ship. The men disappeared into the near-freezing waters below. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1786x1194, 1076 KB)Shipwrecks during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1786x1194, 1076 KB)Shipwrecks during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x804, 621 KB)Bodies from the Wexford washed ashore near Goderich, Ontario, from the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x804, 621 KB)Bodies from the Wexford washed ashore near Goderich, Ontario, from the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ... Goderich is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario and is the county seat of Huron County. ... Severn class lifeboat in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. ...

• Lake Superior
  • Leafield: 18 victims
  • Henry B. Smith: 23 victims
• Lake Michigan
  • Plymouth (barge): 7 victims
• Lake Huron
  • Argus: 28 victims
  • James Carruthers: 22 victims
  • Hydrus: 25 victims
  • John A. McGean: 28 victims
  • Charles S. Price: 28 victims
  • Regina: 20 victims
  • Isaac M. Scott: 28 victims
  • Wexford: 20 victims
• Lake Erie
  • Lightship 82: 6 victims

Of the twelve ships that sank in the storm, five have never been found: Henry B. Smith, Leafield, James C. Carruthers, Hydrus, and the barge Plymouth. The most recent discovery was that of Wexford in the summer of 2000. Lake Superior (known as Gichigami in an Ojibwe language), bounded by Ontario and Minnesota to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan in the south, is the largest of North Americas Great Lakes. ... Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, and the only one in the group located entirely within the United States. ... Self propelled barge carrying bulk crushed stone A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. ... Ipperwash Beach, Lake Huron. ... Lake Erie (pronounced ) is the eleventh largest lake on Earth[2] and, of the five Great Lakes of North America, it is the fourth largest by surface area, the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume. ...

Quotations

• "I knew it was storming before I was told. The rooms, the corridors, everywhere within this building vibrates with the power of the storm outside. The storm waves, like sound waves or the waves of the wireless, will not be denied by stone walls and plate glass windows." — Helen Keller, trapped in a hotel during the Cleveland blizzard, after having completed a public lecture

• "Dear wife and Children. We were left up here in Lake Michigan by McKinnon, captain James H. Martin tug, at anchor. He went away and never said goodbye or anything to us. Lost one man yesterday. We have been out in storm forty hours. Goodbye dear ones, I might see you in Heaven. Pray for me. / Chris K. / P.S. I felt so bad I had another man write for me. Goodbye forever." — message found in a bottle 11 days after Plymouth disappeared, dictated by Chris Keenan, federal marshal in charge of the barge

• "No lake master can recall in all his experience a storm of such unprecedented violence with such rapid changes in the direction of the wind and its gusts of such fearful speed... It was unusual and unprecedented and it may be centuries before such a combination of forces may be experienced again." — excerpt from Lake Carriers' Association report, 1913

• "Erie, and Ontario, and Huron, and Superior, and Michigan — possess an ocean-like expansiveness, with many of the ocean's noblest traits... they are swept by Borean and dismasting blasts as direful as any that lash the salted wave; they know what shipwrecks are, for out of sight of land, however inland, they have drowned full many a midnight ship with all its shrieking crew." — Herman Melville, Moby-Dick (1851)

• Gordon Lightfoot, in the song The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald:

The legend lives on from the Chippewa on down

Of the big lake they call Gitche Gumee

Superior, they said, never gives up her dead

When the gales of November come early.

Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was a deafblind American author, activist and lecturer. ... United States Marshals star badge The United States Marshals Service (USMS) (sometimes incorrectly spelled “Marshals’ Service”) is an agency within the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 561) and is a federal police organization with special spheres of authority. ... Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, essayist and poet. ... Moby-Dick book cover Moby-Dick - the official title of the first edition - is a novel by Herman Melville. ... Lightfoot on the cover of 1975s Gords Gold Gordon Meredith Lightfoot Jr. ... The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald is a song written and performed by Gordon Lightfoot in commemoration of the sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald on Lake Superior on November 10, 1975. ...

Notes

1. Brown, 2002

References

Printed Media

• Brown, David G. (2002). White Hurricane: A Great Lakes November Gale and America's Deadliest Maritime Disaster. International Marine / McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138037-X.
• Hemming, Robert J. (1992). Ships Gone Missing: The Great Lakes Storm of 1913. Chicago: Contemporary Books, Inc. ISBN 0-8092-3909-4.
• Ratigan, William (1987). Great Lakes Shipwrecks and Survivals. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 0-8028-7010-4.
• Shipley, Robert and Fred Addis (1992). Wrecks and Disasters: Great Lakes Album Series. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-920277-77-2.
• The Port Huron Times-Herald (Nov. 1913). various dates and pages.

World Wide Web

• Isaac M. Scott. Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve. Retrieved on February 10, 2005.

February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Gallery of 1913 Great Lakes storm images
• List of victims of the 1913 Great Lakes storm
• Shipwrecks of the 1913 Great Lakes storm
• SS Edmund Fitzgerald

This gallery includes photographs and other images related to the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ... This is a list of shipwrecks during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. ... The SS Edmund Fitzgerald, May 1975. ...

External links

• The night 12 ships vanished on the Great Lakes, article in the Detroit News.
• Hell Hath' No Fury Like a Great Lakes Fall Storm
• The Great Storm of 1913, includes numerous articles transcripted from November 1913 issues of the Port Huron Times-Herald.
• A first-person account of the storm, from a 1914 article in the Marine Review
• Personal experiences of Captains of the Lake Fleet
• Photos of various discovered shipwrecks
• Article from the Pointe Aux Barques Lighthouse Society
• The Wexford: Elusive Shipwreck of the 1913 Great Storm
• The Great Blizzard of 1978, details the cause of the November gale.
• Great Lakes History and Shipwreck Directory
• Great Lakes Shipwreck Research
• Historical Collections of the Great Lakes, BGSU