The states in blue had the ten largest net gains of African-Americans, while the states in red had the ten largest net losses. [1] The Great Migration was the movement of approximately seven million [2] African Americans out of the Southern United States to the North, Midwest and West from 1915 to 1970. Precise estimates of the number of migrants depend on the timeframe. African Americans migrated to escape racism, to seek employment opportunities in industrial cities, to get better education for their children, and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better life.[2] Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
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African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ...
Historic Southern United States. ...
Racism in the United States has been a major issue in America since the colonial era. ...
Some historians differentiate between the Great Migration (1910-1940), numbering about 1.6 million migrants, and the Second Great Migration, from 1940-1970. The Second Migration had five million or more people relocating, but it had a different demographic, and migrants moved to more different places. Many particularly moved from Texas and Louisiana to California, where there was a new range of jobs in the defense industry.
- See also: Second Great Migration (African American)
Causes
When the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, less than eight percent of the African American population lived in the Northeast or Midwest. In 1900, approximately ninety percent of African-Americans resided in former slave-holding states.[3] Most African Americans migrated to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Minneapolis, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Cleveland, as well as to many smaller industrial cities. People tended to take the cheapest rail ticket possible. This resulted in, for example, people from Mississippi moving to Chicago and people from Texas moving to Los Angeles. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Emancipation Proclamation Reproduction of the Emancipation Proclamation at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two documents issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. ...
Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the state of New York and the entire United States. ...
Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area - City 369. ...
Baltimore redirects here. ...
Minneapolis redirects here. ...
Detroit redirects here. ...
Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 606. ...
For other places with the same name, see Milwaukee (disambiguation). ...
Nickname: Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Government - Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Area - City 66. ...
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This article is about the U.S. state. ...
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Between 1910 and 1930, the Northern African American population rose by about twenty percent. Cities such as Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Cleveland had some of the biggest increases in the early part of the century. Because changes were concentrated in cities, urban tensions rose as African Americans and new or recent European immigrants, chiefly from rural societies, competed for jobs and housing with the native white working class.
African-Americans moved as individuals or small family groups. There was no government assistance, but sometimes northern industries recruited people. The primary factor for immigration was the racial climate in the South and terrorism from the KKK. In the North, there were better schools and adult men could vote (joined by women after 1920). Burgeoning industries meant there were job opportunities. Terrorist redirects here. ...
KKK may refer to: // Ku Klux Klan, white supremacy group(s) Katipunan (Society), a revolutionary group from Philippine history; full name Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan Anak ng Bayan (roughly translated: Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the Nation) Kokusai Kogyo Kabushikigaisha, a Japanese bus and taxi company AG K...
- Many African-Americans left to escape the racial segregation of Jim Crow laws.
- The boll weevil infestation of Southern cotton fields in the late 1910s forced many sharecroppers to search for alternative employment opportunities.
- The enormous expansion of war industries created job openings for blacks—not in the factories but in the service jobs new factory workers vacated
- World War I and the Immigration Act of 1924 effectively put a halt to the flow of European immigrants to the emerging industrial centers of the Northeast and Midwest, causing shortages of workers in the factories
- The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 displaced hundreds of thousands of African-American farmers and farm workers
 Lynchings and racially-motivated murders in each decade from 1865 to 1965 Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial...
Binomial name Anthonomus grandis Boheman, 1843 Wikispecies has information related to: Boll weevil The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is a beetle measuring an average length of six millimeters (¼ inch). ...
For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ...
Sharecropping is a system of farming in which employee farmers work a parcel of land in return for a fraction of the parcels crops. ...
“The Great War †redirects here. ...
It has been suggested that National Origins Quota of 1924 be merged into this article or section. ...
Immigration is the movement of people into one place from another. ...
Regional definitions vary from source to source. ...
The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ...
The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 was the most destructive river flood in United States history. ...
Image File history File links Graph of lynchings in the United States over time Graph by B. Crowell, 2005, dual-licensed under GFDL and cc-by-sa. ...
Effects
Demographic changes The 20th century cultures of many of the United States' modern cities were forged in this period. For instance, in 1910, the African American population of Detroit was 6,000, by the start of the Great Depression in 1929, this figure had risen to 120,000. Other cities, such as Chicago, St. Louis, Cleveland, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, also experienced surges in their African American populations. At the same time, they were receiving hundreds of thousands of new immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. Major industrial cities were places of numerous languages, an influx of peoples from mostly rural cultures, and staggeringly rapid change in the early decades of the 20th century. The Great Depression was a decade of unemployment, low profits, low prices, high poverty and stagnant trade that affected the entire world in the 1930s. ...
The rapid scale of change could be seen also in Chicago. In 1900 the city had a total population of 1,698,575.[4] By 1920 Chicago had increased by more than 1 million residents. Its population of 2,701,705 included more than 1,000,000 Catholics; 800,000 foreign-born immigrants; 125,000 Jews; and 110,000 African Americans. It had fifteen breweries and 20,000 speakeasies to keep things lively during Prohibition.[5] As did some other cities, Chicago received the most African American migrants in the second wave of the Great Migration; from 1940-1960, the African American population in the city grew from 278,000 to 813,000. The South Side of Chicago was considered the black capital of America.[6]
In the South, the departure of hundreds of thousands of African Americans caused the black percentage of the population in most Southern states to decrease. In Mississippi and South Carolina, for example, blacks decreased from about 60% of the population in 1930 to about 35% by 1970.[citation needed]
Discrimination and working conditions While the Great Migration helped educated African Americans obtain jobs, enabling a measure of class mobility, the migrants encountered significant forms of discrimination. Because so many people migrated in a short period of time, the African American migrants were often resented by the white working class, fearing their ability to negotiate rates of pay, or to secure employment, was threatened by the influx of new labor competition. Sometimes those who were most fearful or resentful were the last immigrants of the 19th and new immigrants of the 20th c. In many cities, working classes tried to defend what they saw as "their" territories. A monument to the working and supporting classes along Market Street in the heart of San Franciscos Financial District, home to tens-of-thousands of professional and managerial middle class workers each day. ...
The migrants discovered racial discrimination in the North, even if it was sometimes more subtle than the South. Populations increased so rapidly among African American migrants and new European immigrants both that there were housing shortages, and the newer groups competed even for the oldest, most rundown housing. Ethnic groups created territories they defended against change. Discrimination often kept African Americans to crowded neighborhoods, as in Chicago. More established populations of cities tended to move to newer housing as it was developing in the outskirts. Mortgage discrimination and redlining in inner city areas limited the newer African American migrants' ability to determine their own housing, or even to get a fair price. In the long term, the National Housing Act of 1934 contributed to limiting the availability of loans to urban areas, particularly those areas inhabited by African Americans. [7] Mortgage discrimination or mortgage lending discrimination is the practice of banks, governments or other lending institutions denying loans to one or more groups of people primarily on the basis of race, ethnic origin, sex or religion. ...
For the automotive term, see redline. ...
The term inner-city is often applied to the poorer parts at the centre of a major city. ...
The National Housing Act of 1934 was passed during the Great Depression in order to make housing and home mortgages more affordable. ...
Integration, and non-integration As African Americans migrated, they became increasingly integrated into society. As they lived and worked more closely with whites, the divide existing between them became increasingly stark. This period marked the transition for many African Americans from lifestyles as rural farmers to urban industrial workers.
During the migration, migrants would often encounter residential discrimination in which white home owners and realtors would prevent migrants from purchasing homes or renting apartments in white neighborhoods. In addition, when blacks moved into white neighborhoods, whites would often react violently toward their new neighbors, including mass riots in front of their new neighbors' homes, bombings, and even murder. These tendencies contributed to maintaining the "racial divide" in the North, perhaps even accentuating it.
Since African American migrants sustained many Southern cultural and linguistic traits, such cultural differences created a sense of "otherness" in terms of their reception by others who were living in the cities before them. [8] Stereotypes ascribed to "black" people during this period often were derived from the migrants' rural cultural traditions, which were maintained in stark contrast to the urban environments in which the people resided.[8]
References - ^ The Great Migration 1920s
- ^ a b Great Migration, accessed 12/7/2007
- ^ The African-American Mosaic
- ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990. U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division.
- ^ Kenneth T. Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915-1930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967; reprint, Chicago: Elephant Press, 1992, p.93
- ^ African Americans, Encyclopedia of Chicago accessed 1 Mar 2008
- ^ Racialization and the State: The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration Kevin Fox Gotham Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Summer, 2000), pp. 291-317
- ^ a b ‘Ruralizing’ the City Theory, Culture, History, and Power in the Urban Environment
- Arnesen, Eric. Black Protest and the Great Migration: A Brief History with Documents (2002).
- Grossman, James R. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (1991).
- Lemann, Nicholas. The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (1991), on the 1940-60 migration.
- Scott, Emmett J., Negro Migration during the War (1920).
- Sernett, Milton. Bound for the Promised Land: African Americans' Religion and the Great Migration (1997).
| Demographics of the United States | | Demographic history | | Economic and social | Affluence · Educational attainment · Household income · Homeownership · Immigration · Income inequality · Language · Middle classes · Personal income · Poverty · Social class · Unemployment by state · Wealth An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...
African American history is the portion of American history that specifically discusses the African American or Black American ethnic group in the United States. ...
The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the Transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African persons supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. ...
The word Maafa (also known as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement) is derived from a Kiswahili word meaning disaster, terrible occurrence or great tragedy. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Military history of African Americans is that of African Americans in the United States since the arrival of the first black slaves in 1619 to the present day. ...
Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial...
For the automotive term, see redline. ...
Prominent figures of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. ...
Reparations for slavery is a movement in the United States, which suggests that the government apologize to slave descendants for their hardships, and bestow on them reparations, whether it be in the form of money, land, or other goods. ...
Image File history File links AmericaAfrica. ...
In the United States, African American culture or Black culture includes the various cultural traditions of African American communities. ...
African American studies, or Black studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of African Americans. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
In the United States, Historically black colleges and universities (HBCU) are colleges or universities that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the African American community. ...
Kwanzaa (or Kwaanza) is a week-long Pan-African festival primarily honoring African-American heritage. ...
African American art is a broad term describing the visual arts of the American black community. ...
African American dances in the vernacular tradition (academically known as African American vernacular dance) are those dances which have developed within African American communities in everyday spaces, rather than in dance studios, schools or companies. ...
The Color Purple by Alice Walker African American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. ...
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This reproduction of a 1900 minstrel show poster, originally published by the Strobridge Litho Co. ...
Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843 The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the American Civil War, African Americans in blackface. ...
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The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and social/political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 with the self-proclaimed goal of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social, economic condition of the black man and woman of America and belief that God will bring...
Black Hebrew Israelites (also Black Hebrews, African Hebrew Israelites, and Hebrew Israelites) are groups of people of African ancestry situated mostly in the United States who claim to be descendants of the ancient Israelites. ...
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Black Capitalism is a name for a movement among African Americans to build wealth through the ownership and development of businesses. ...
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The Black Panther Party (originally called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was an African American organization founded to promote civil rights and self-defense. ...
Pan-African people are all people with African physical features. ...
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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ...
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The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ...
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The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1915 as The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History by Carter G. Woodson and Jesse E. Moorland. ...
United Negro College Fund logo The United Negro College Fund (UNCF) is a Fairfax, Virginia-based American philanthropic organization that fundraises college tuition money for African-American students and general scholarship funds for 39 historically black colleges and universities. ...
National Black Chamber of Commerce The National Black Chamber of Commerce, (NBCC), was “incorporated in March of 1993, in Washington D.C.†The organizations mission is “To economically empower and sustain African American communities, through the process of entrepreneurship and capitalistic activity within the United States and via interaction with...
The National Pan-Hellenic Council, Inc. ...
The Links, Incorporated is an exclusive non-profit organization based upon the ideals of combining friendship and community service and was was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 9, 1946, from a group of ladies known as the Philadelphia Club to have focuses on civic, cultural, and educational endeavors[1...
The National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) was founded in 1935 by Mary McLeod Bethune, child of slave parents, distinguished educator and government consultant. ...
Bud Fowler, the first professional black baseball player with one of his teams, Western of Keokuk, Iowa The Negro Leagues were American professional baseball leagues comprising predominantly African-American teams. ...
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logo of Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) is a College athletic conference consisting of historically black colleges located in the southern United States. ...
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The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
The Gullah language (Sea Island Creole English, Geechee) is a creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called Geechees), an African American population living on the Sea Islands and the coastal region of the U.S. states of South Carolina and Georgia. ...
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Notable African-American or Black people, other than Black Caribbeans. ...
African-Americans are a demographic minority in the United States. ...
This is a list of landmark legislation, court decisions, executive orders, and proclamations in the United States significantly affecting African Americans. ...
This is an alphabetical list of African-American-related topics: Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A African American African American contemporary issues African American culture...
Population of the United States, 1790 to 2000 The demographics of the United States depict a largely urban nation, with 57 percent of its population living in places more than 100 miles away from the ocean (2003). ...
// 2000 282,338,631 2010 309,162,581 2020 336,031,546 2030 363,811,435 2040 392,172,658 2050 420,080,587 2060 450,505,985 2070 480,568,004 2080 511,442,859 2090 540,405,985 2100 571,440,474 The US population in 1900 was...
The percentage of households and individuals over the age of 25 with incomes exceeding $100,000 in the US.[1][2] Affluence in the United States refers to an individuals or households state of being in an economically favorable position in contrast to a given reference group. ...
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Single family homes such as this are indicative of the American middle class. ...
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Language Spoken at Home is a data set published by the United States Census Bureau on languages in the United States. ...
A monument to the working and supporting classes along Market Street in the heart of San Franciscos Financial District, home to tens-of-thousands of professional and managerial middle class workers each day. ...
For information on household income, see Household income in the United States. ...
Percent below each countrys official poverty line, according to the CIA factbook. ...
A monument to the working and supporting classes along Market Street in the heart of San Franciscos Financial District, home to tens of thousands of professional and managerial middle class workers each day. ...
Below is a comparison of the unemployment rates by state, ranked from highest to lowest. ...
Wealth in the United States is commonly measured in terms of net worth which is the sum of all assets, including home equity minus all liabilities. ...
|  | | Religion | Buddhist Americans · Christian Americans · American Jews · American Sikhs · Hindu Americans · Mormons · Muslim Americans Covering 15 acres (61,000 m²), California’s Hsi Lai Temple is one of the largest Buddhist temples in the western hemisphere. ...
The Washington National Cathedral, located in the capital of the U.S., is one of the largest churches in the country. ...
American Jews, or Jewish Americans, are Jews who are American citizens or resident aliens. ...
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Arab Americans · Hispanics · Pacific Islander Americans · White Americans Race and ethnicity in the United States Census, as defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB), is a self-identification data item in which residents choose the race or races with which they most closely identify. ...
By county. ...
2000 US Census logo The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13. ...
In 2007 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the US Department of Labor finalized its update of the EEO-1 report format and guidelines to come into an effect on September 30, 2007. ...
Racism in the United States has been a major issue in America since the colonial era. ...
This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ...
Native Hawaiians (in Hawaiian, kÄnaka Åiwi or kÄnaka maoli) are member[s] or descendant[s] of the indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands.[2] Native Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to the first Marquesan and Tahitian settlers of Hawaii (possibly as early as AD 400), before the...
Alaska Natives are indigenous peoples of the Americas native to the state of Alaska within the United States. ...
An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...
Africans in the United States, in the scope of this article, are recent immigrants to the United States from continental Africa and their descendants. ...
An Asian American is a person of Asian ancestry or origin who was born in or is an immigrant to the United States. ...
European American is a term for an American of European descent, who are usually referred as White or Caucasian. ...
Arab Americans constitute an ethnicity made up of several waves of immigrants from 22 Morocco in the west to Oman in the east. ...
Hispanic Americans (Spanish: Hispano Americano) are Americans of Hispanic ethnicity who largely identify with the Hispanic cultural heritage. ...
// Demographics in 2000 US Census Pacific Islander Americans represent the smallest group counted on the 2000 US Census. ...
The term white American (often used interchangeably and incorrectly with Caucasian American[2] and within the United States simply white[3]) is an umbrella term that refers to people of European descent residing in the United States. ...
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